Podcast Summary: Les Clés – Pourquoi la Belgique s’oppose à l’utilisation des fonds russes gelés ?
Podcast: Les Clés
Host: Arnaud Ruyssen (RTBF)
Guests: Bruno Coleman (financier), Pierre Klein (professeur de droit international, ULB), Bart De Wever (Premier ministre belge, cité)
Date: December 3, 2025
Overview
This episode dives into the high-stakes debate over the 190 billion euros in frozen Russian assets held in Belgium (mainly at the financial infrastructure giant Euroclear), and why Belgium is so reluctant to see these funds used to support Ukraine’s war effort. Arnaud Ruyssen and his guests unpack the complex financial, legal, political, and moral implications tied to the European Commission’s push to leverage these assets, exposing the risks Belgium faces on the international stage.
Key Discussion Points & Insights
1. What is Euroclear and Why Are Russian Assets There?
- Euroclear is described as “one of the pillars of international finance, the notary or safe of the financial world” holding and clearing securities on a massive scale.
- Bruno Coleman: “Le montant d'actifs qui est géré ou déposé chez Euroclear, c'est à peu près 40% du PIB mondial. Donc c'est stupéfiant.” (03:09)
- Euroclear receives not only private funds but also central bank assets, making it pivotal for sovereign states, including Russia, for global financial operations.
- Coleman: “La banque centrale russe a déposé des titres auprès d'Euroclear… pour un ensemble de transactions, Euroclear est quasiment inévitable.” (06:34)
2. How Did Russian Assets Get Frozen?
- Most of the 190 billion euros (mostly central bank assets) were immobilized as a response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Initially, the action was a freeze—not a confiscation—limiting Russia’s access but not altering the formal ownership.
3. Why Does Europe Want to Use the Funds Now?
- The European Commission proposes underwriting a 90 billion euro loan to Ukraine, potentially backed by these frozen Russian assets. Two options are considered:
- Raising money on capital markets (needs unanimous EU support — blocked by Hungary and Slovakia)
- Using frozen Russian funds at Euroclear and similar institutions as collateral.
- Ursula von der Leyen’s position: The move is framed as a means to help Ukraine and make the war more costly for Russia.
- Quote: “Nous devons augmenter aussi ce que cette guerre coûte à la Russie…” (10:30)
4. Belgian Resistance: Risks & Concerns
a. Financial Risks
- If the move backfires (legal or political), Belgium could be left solely liable for compensating Russia, with a bill far exceeding its financial capacity.
- Coleman: “C'est la Belgique qui est en ligne de mire... une perte pour la Belgique, une perte pour Euroclear…” (11:24)
- Bart De Wever: “Je veux, avant qu'on lâche les milliards de M. Poutine, voir de tous les États membres un contrat qui dit... moi je suis responsable pour X% de l'opération et je vais immédiatement verser à la Belgique la liquidité nécessaire.” (15:18)
b. Risk of Russian Retaliation
- Russia could seize Belgian assets in Russia (Euroclear has €16bn immobilized there), or escalate by pressuring allies to follow suit.
- De Wever: “Euroclear a 16 milliards d'avoirs immobilisés en Russie, ils vont les prendre… Peut-être que la Russie peut convaincre des autres États comme le Belarus, la Chine... d'appliquer des arrêts, des cours russes, pour confisquer des avoirs occidentaux.” (15:56)
c. Reputation and Legal Concerns
- A forced action risks Belgium’s international financial reputation. Would other countries still trust Belgium or Euroclear with their assets?
5. The Legal Debate: Can This be Justified?
- Pierre Klein (ULB law professor) argues that international law offers a rationale for so-called “countermeasures” in response to grave violations, even by states not directly attacked.
- Klein: “Des mesures de ce type-là pouvaient pleinement être justifiées au titre de ce qu'on appelle des contre-mesures, c'est-à-dire des ripostes à un acte illicite initial…” (19:17)
- Extension from freezing to confiscating is “an application… plus étendue de la même théorie...” (20:35)
- Yet, even Klein admits there's real economic risk—particularly the “disproportionné” potential impact on Belgium if left alone to foot the bill.
6. Morality vs. Prudence
- Arnaud Ruyssen challenges: Given Ukraine's desperate situation, is it not a moral imperative for Europe to take more risks to support it?
- Coleman: “La Belgique est un petit pays avec des finances publiques déjà extrêmement fragiles… On arriverait à une situation où on se mettrait en risque d'émultiplier parce que la Commission n'arrive pas à fédérer ces pays.” (25:13)
7. The Political Chessboard
- The issue pivots on whether Belgium can secure a binding pan-European guarantee—an uncertain prospect.
- Even so, EU procedures may allow other member states to act without Belgian consent, further isolating Belgium.
Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments
-
Bruno Coleman (03:09):
“Le montant d'actifs qui est géré ou déposé chez Euroclear, c'est à peu près 40% du PIB mondial. Donc c'est stupéfiant.”
-
Bart De Wever (14:53):
“C'est une illusion totale. La Russie ne va jamais perdre cette guerre... La Belgique sera incapable de sortir 210 milliards en liquidités.”
-
Ursula von der Leyen (10:30):
“Nous devons augmenter aussi ce que cette guerre coûte à la Russie...”
-
Pierre Klein (19:17):
“Des mesures de ce type-là pouvaient pleinement être justifiées au titre de ce qu'on appelle des contre-mesures…”
-
Coleman on economic catastrophe (25:13):
“Ça représente à peu près 40% de la richesse nationale créée chaque année... On se mettrait en risque d'émultiplier parce que la Commission n'arrive pas à fédérer ces pays.”
-
Bart De Wever’s warning (15:18):
“Je veux... un contrat qui dit, si ça tourne mal, moi je suis responsable pour X% de l'opération et je vais immédiatement verser à la Belgique la liquidité nécessaire.”
Timestamps & Segment Guide
- [01:11–04:57]: What is Euroclear? The “notary of international finance.”
- [06:34–08:00]: Why did Russia use Euroclear? Global financial systems and standardization.
- [08:50–10:47]: EU strategy—using Russian frozen assets for Ukraine’s war loan.
- [11:24–13:39]: Why Belgium finds the plan dangerous. Analysis from Bruno Coleman.
- [14:06–16:39]: Bart De Wever’s public position—moral, financial, and geopolitical hazards.
- [16:58–17:58]: Economic dominoes—what could retaliation or arbitration cost Belgium?
- [19:17–24:25]: Legal analysis with Prof. Pierre Klein—are countermeasures justified?
- [25:13–26:22]: The moral dilemma and the specter of Belgian bankruptcy.
- [26:22–end]: The decision timeline and the realpolitik of EU summits.
Conclusion
This episode lays bare the predicament facing Belgium—a collision of moral obligations, financial realities, and European disunity. While the EU seeks to strike at Russia’s resources to bolster Ukraine’s defense, Belgium risks being left as the sole target of Russian retaliation and legal judgments if the plan goes awry. Both legal and ethical arguments can be made, but without robust European solidarity, acting alone could push Belgium’s finances to the brink and undermine the integrity of its global financial institutions.
The future now hinges on whether the EU can unite in both purpose and guarantee, or if Belgium will be forced to absorb disproportionate risks for the sake of a fragile continent’s response to war.
