
“Don’t Pass Bar” & too much AI can be a bad thing
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Kayla Lopez
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Toby Howell
Foreign.
Neal Freyman
Daily Show I'm Neal Freyman.
Toby Howell
And I'm Toby Howell.
Neal Freyman
Today, American soybean farmers are scrambling after being snubbed by their biggest customer.
Toby Howell
Then AI Workslop is giving employees headaches and costing businesses millions. It's Thursday, September 25th. Let's ride.
Neal Freyman
Man, it feels good to be back. Toby, thanks to you and Kyle for holding down the fort while I gorged myself on apples and honey. You know, over the last few days, I had some downtime, and all I could think about was how excited I am for our holiday party coming up in December. There are already hundreds of you signed up to come, and after today, there's going to be a lot more.
Toby Howell
Yes, Neil, that's because we've been in the presale portion of selling tickets. But now the sale is open to everyone. As a reminder, this event has the potential to be the greatest evening of business news you can have with your clothes on. You'll hear us relive some shows from the past year, play some games, and most importantly, meet Neil, myself, and hundreds of other listeners in person. Even if you don't live in New York City, I'd say this is worth a trek to Brooklyn for. So, yes, presale period is over. The sale is now open to absolutely everyone, and you can sign up for tickets by heading to the link in the show description. Go pause the show, give it a click right now, and we will see you all there. And now a word from our sponsor. Remarkable. Neil, do you feel like more of a writer or a texter?
Neal Freyman
What's the difference?
Toby Howell
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Neal Freyman
Sounds to me like someone's jealous that I have all these friends texting me.
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Neal Freyman
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Neal Freyman
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Toby Howell
That's remarkable.com Wall street has found a new way to potentially make money off of Trump's tariffs that is risky, but has some asymmetric upside. Investors have begun buying up claims to tariff refunds from American companies that have been hit with Trump's import duties. The idea is importers have been dutifully paying their customs import fees, but may be entitled to refunds if the Supreme Court ultimately rules that some of the tariffs Trump pass are unconstitutional. But since that is still a big if, hedge funds and investment firms have been offering up cash at a discount of the claim's value. For example, if an importer paid $50 million in reciprocal tariffs, an investment firm might buy the refund claim for $10 million, or about 20% of its face value. But not all tariffs are the same or carry the same risk of being overturned. Trump's first set of tariffs, announced in February on imports from China, Mexico and Canada tied to the fentanyl crisis, are considered a lot more legally durable, so investors are only paying about 5 cents on the dollar for those claims. His second set, the so called Liberation Day tariffs that were first announced in April, are viewed as more vulnerable in court, making those refund rates fetching closer to 20 cents on the dollar. So Neil, investors are dipping a toe into buying these tariff refund claims for pennies on the dollar, hoping for a massive payout if some Supreme Court decisions fall their way. With while importers are happy to have a little cash in their pockets now rather than hope for a refund, there really is a market for anything and everything.
Neal Freyman
It really is the rights to tariff refunds. I think we've seen it all and I'm expecting a Michael Lewis book and subsequent movie starring Steve Carell coming soon. There is so much money at stake here. The United States government is bringing in so much money through these tariffs. They have brought in $80 billion through June 3rd 30 that are subject to these particular that could be subject to refund. So there is so much money at stake here. The United states government through June 30 has brought in $80 billion in connection with these particular emergency tariffs. And Apollo, a big private equity firm, estimates that right now the United States government is bringing in $350 billion in tariffs annualized, which corresponds to 18% of annual household income tax payments. So even if the Supreme Court invalidates these tariffs and orders refunds, the government is going to fight tooth and nail in order to, you know, prevent these refunds from going out, which is why we're seeing this particular price being placed on these refunds.
Toby Howell
Why would a company sell their right to a refund, though? Because there is a lot of money at play. Why wouldn't you just sit on your haunches, hope the Supreme Court strikes it down, and take a lot more money down the line? It's kind of like a bird in the hand is worth taking. Who in the bush right now? Legal challenges are very slow to move. Government is going to drag this process out for sure. And immediate cash does cushion some of these current tariff losses that you're taking. A lot of these businesses are paying far more money in import fees than they have in the past. And they're having a Wall street firm come to them and say, hey, we're not going to pay you the full amount, but we'll pay you some cash right now. And some people are looking at that check and saying, absolutely, I don't think that these are ever going to. I'm ever going to see these. I need the cash now. I need to stay in business now. So, yes, I will take your money right now. That is why companies are selling their rights to a refund.
Neal Freyman
Yeah. The Washington Post talked to an executive or just the leader of a maker of drawstring bags, and he's paying an extra $75,000 on each shipping container from China and $50,000 extra on goods from Cambodia. Because of the tariffs, he's had to cut his workforce from nine employees to just three. So it's kind of just a mom and pop operation at this point. He's paying so much money and in tariffs, and then you got Wall street coming to him saying, yeah, I'll pay you a couple million dollars here to cushion the blow. And if you're looking at the, you know, the court landscape and how long these legal challenges might take, take to wind through, or you'll actually receive your refund payments. Just a huge if. And you're seeing a check in front of you right now. So it's very understandable why these importers would take this deal.
Toby Howell
Now. Is this going to happen? Is the Supreme Court going to strike down some of these tariffs, there is certainly a possibility. Scott Besant this Treasury secret. He's confident in Trump's tariff, but said that if the court says it will have to do it, that's in reference to paying half the tariff revenue they've collected back to importers. So he's definitely saying that it would cause a massive disruption, it wouldn't be good for America. But there is a very real risk that if the Supreme Court rules one way, especially on these a little bit more legally tenuous tariffs that were applied reciprocally to basically the entire world, there are some a lot more legally sound tariffs. Section 230, for instance, right. Requires a lengthy review process into certain industries like steel, that will be able to stand up to court. But some of the ones that Trump kind of passed down through executive emergency action, that's where you're seeing a little bit less stable footing. And that's why you're seeing a real fund, a real risk of a refund.
Neal Freyman
Oral arguments for this begin on November 5th. Both sides, both the government and the company's challenges in court want an expedited ruling. So there's just clarity.
Toby Howell
If you've ever received an email from a colleague that contained a few too many dashes and far too many uses of the word delve, you might have been on the receiving end of work slop. Coined in the Harvard Business Review by researchers From Stanford and BetterUp Labs, Workslop is the new term for AI generated content that looks polished but lacks substance and usually ends up creating more work for others. Consider this example. I send Neil a message about what I think we should cover on the show. But but I use an LLM, which suggests stories that are a week out of date. Neil is left with a few options, all of them bad. He can call me out, which is awkward because we're co hosts. He can ask someone else to look for stories like producer Ray, but then that's just more work for Ray. Or he can do it himself, which is more work for Neil. When I toss a little work slop out there, what I'm really doing is transferring effort downstream from the sender me to the receiver Neil. And that has real costs on a business. The researchers took a survey of over a thousand US employees, and 40% said they had encountered workshop in the last month. Respondents also said they were wasting nearly two hours on correcting, debugging or redoing each instance of workshop they encountered. And based on self reported salaries, that comes out to about $186 a month in wasted effort, which when you scale it to an organization of 10,000 to totals 9 million wasted dollars a year, Neil, AI is supposed to be making people more productive, not less. What is going on here?
Neal Freyman
Well, these researchers are trying to square a circle here because they're looking at a couple stats and trying to figure out what's going on here. So According to Gallup, AI use has doubled at work since 2023, from 21% to 40%. So a lot more people are using AI at work. However, an MIT Media Lab report found that 95% of organizations don't see a measurable return on their investment in AI, despite 30 to 40 billion dollars in enterprise investment into generative AI. So they're seeing so many people are using AI at work and it seems helpful on the surface, but then 9, 95 out of 100 organizations aren't seeing any return. So what is going on here? And they think they've identified at least one of the primary factors and that is the proliferation of workshop. That imposes a lot of costs. It's not beneficial, it's it imposes a lot of costs.
Toby Howell
And the cost does have a dollar amount because it is just wasted time. If I'm giving you work that you have to go then do yourself, that is time that you could be spent doing other stuff and that's wasted time for you. But then maybe a more insidious cost is the fact that it just erodes trust and reputation of people within a business. 50% of senders see people who send them workshop as less creative, capable and reliable. 37% see them as less intelligent and, and 1/3 say they're less likely to work with that colleague again. So if someone sends you something that is clearly AI generated over time, you're just not going to respect that person, which creates all sorts of issues in an organization. You need to be able to collaborate, you need to be able to trust your fellow employees. So that is probably even a bigger cost than the actual dollar amount assigned to that wasted work.
Neal Freyman
And the researchers say this is a direct result of AI being mandated by employers to use for everything. I know I've talked to friends who say that their bosses are even higher up in the organ say for every single email you send, you need to put it through AI first. Before any time you do a personal reflection or any sort of mid year report or full year report on something, you need to put it into AI. There it feels like there's this top down mandate to use AI, but instead, and that's leading to a lot of worksload because employees are just being told to do this by their bosses, so they're just following orders. But instead it should be maybe more piecemeal, more more targeted, these researchers say. Be more specific about when AI use is appropriate. Treat AI output as that of an untrained intern that makes factual and stylistic errors. Just always be skeptical of and don't send it along unless you've checked it for first. And then finally, use AI to polish work, not to create it. Moving on these Soybean harvest has gotten underway in the Midwest, but there's just one problem. The biggest customer is mia. China has not placed any orders this fall for American soybeans. None. And that's extremely concerning because in a typical year, more than half of the soybeans grown in the US Are sent to China, its largest buyer. Without any Chinese purchases, farmers in states like North Dakota and Iowa fear of a financial wipeout that echoes the widespread bankruptcies of the 1980s that gutted rural America. One North Dakota farmer told the New York Times that this is the first time in the farm's 76 year old operation that China has stopped buying soybeans, which will cause it to lose $400,000 this year. China's snub of US soybeans is directly related to the trade war. After President Trump slapped tariffs on China back in February, China raised tariffs on American soybeans to 34%, making them pricier than other producers like Brazil. Beyond the tariff, American farmers believe that China has stopped ordering US Soybeans altogether as a negotiating tactic to win concessions from the White House. Toby for decades the US has grown its soybean infrastructure in order to directly supply China, the world's biggest buyer of the crop. Now the rug has been pulled from under them and there are no good solutions.
Toby Howell
I really want to call out Iowa here too because the hot guys are getting wrecked by this. Iowa soybean market is almost $6 billion a year and the knock on effects from China not buying soybeans from Iowa are huge because you have all the manufacturers that supply industrial ag equipment to soybean farmers, John Deere, Vermeer, then you have crop insurance is a huge business in Iowa as well. They are going to start losing business and then just the logistics that make the entire operation work, the processors, the rail, the storage facilities, these all depend on consistent revenue coming in from China. And Iowa State economist Chad Hart said, we've built our entire production system around China's demand. If that disappears, it's hard to replace. They're seeing just how Frail that decision was because. Yeah, if your buyer goes missing, what are you supposed to do?
Neal Freyman
Yeah. So where's China buying soybeans from if not the United States? Because, you know, they're buying soybeans. There's a lot of mouths to feed over there. Well, they're buying from Brazil. So let's take a quick history lesson. For many decades, the US Was the leading exporter of soybeans. But Brazil came on very strong. And in 2013, Brazil overtook the US in soybean shipments for the first time and then have just expanded their market share to till now. And with the with China drawing down its purchases of the United States, it's really ramping up its purchases from Brazil. And from January through August, Brazil set a record for shipments to China. So that's where China is turning toward. It's not just Brazil, but also Argentina. So it's really boosting the South American agriculture economy at the expense of American farmers.
Toby Howell
So what is going to be the knock on effects from this even further? I did mention storage. Farmers are going to have to sit on a lot of these unsold beans. It's going to put a lot of stress on there because. Because there's only so much space you can have for, you know, storing soybeans. And then also there's again, chatter about a potential farm bay bailout being floated. A similar thing happened back in the 2018 trade war. So you might be seeing some more push for that because again, this is a very large industry within the U.S. if you lose your biggest buyer, then you got to find out a way to, you know, help these farmers survive. So this is just a geopolitical story, though. China's cozying up to, you know, those brics nations, Brazil and Argentina. It does feel like this is about to be, you know, ground zero for debate around trade policy is now Iowa soybean fields. We're going to take a quick break and come back with some news numbers.
Neal Freyman
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Toby Howell
Oh, you mean like that reoccurring nightmare where I show up for the podcast in my underwear?
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Neal Freyman
To Neil's Numbers, the segment where I share three stats from the week's news that will make you the friend who says, well, actually my first number is 3 billion, which is how many monthly users Instagram now has. So if you're not getting any so if you're not getting any engagement on your reels, it's not because there aren't people out there to like them. For Metta, which announced the milestone yesterday, Instagram becomes the third app in its pantheon to reach 3 billion users, joining Facebook and WhatsApp. But Instagram's rise in particular will go down in the business history books. Back in 2012, Facebook bought the startup photo sharing app for $1 billion in a deal many criticized as way overpriced. These days, it's considered one of the savviest acquisitions ever, as Instagram's become one of the most popular consumer apps of all time. To stay relevant and keep growing, Instagram has evolved from a feed of square personal photos and in the face of competition from Tik Tok and to a lesser extent, Snapchat, more than 50% of the time, people Spend on Instagram now involves watching videos, most of which are made by people you don't even follow. And private messages have largely replaced sharing to the public feed. Instagram says DMs are the most popular way people share on the app, followed by stories in second place. Tell me whether you want to call it adapting to changing trends or blatantly ripping off competitors. Instagram has defied the critics time and time again to become met as crown jewel.
Toby Howell
It's an absolute wagon, but it has absolutely evolved over time as well, adam Mosseri, the head of Instagram, said @mediconnect. People think of us, they think of a feed of square photos, but that's just not how people use Instagram and hasn't been for a long time. To reflect those changes, Instagram is trying to tweak its app a little bit. They're moving messaging and reels more front and center and, and they were also doing some of these tests in India where when you open Instagram and automatically opens two reels, basically trying to take on Tik Tok directly rather than seeing, you know, your friend's baby photos anymore. It is trying to say like, hey, short form video is the future. Let's just make it the whole app at this point.
Neal Freyman
There's been a lot of backlash to that because it is not the Instagram of old. But you know, when you look at the actual data, that's what you're spending time on Instagram doing. So they're going to test this in India, in South Korea, and then another way they're trying to tweak the their product a little bit to change with with the times is that you're going to be able to type in directly keywords or topics that you want to see in your algorithm. And this is kind of what, what TikTok also pioneers is the concept that this is my algorithm, this is the kind of stuff that I want to see in Instagram is following in that footsteps. The very explicit way to get to get the content you see right in your face when you open up the app for my next number. The Broadway musical Impressive as a third date. Less impressive from a financial perspective. According to the New York Times, none of the 18 commercial musicals that opened on Broadway last season have made any money, revealing a deep slump at the epicenter of American musical theater. Unprofitability is afflicting new shows and revivals alike. New musicals like Tammy Faye, Boop and Smash have flamed out, but old classics Cabaret, Gypsy and Sunset Boulevard have also failed to break Even there are 525,600 reasons to be worried. Andrew Lloyd Weber, who is doing his part by writing Phantom and Cats, said Broadway is not a business anymore. The statistics are terrible. I'm very worried. I look at the economics of this and I just don't see how it can sustain. Broadway has a deep bench of musicals that continue to play to pack theaters. Hamilton is enjoying a resurgence as audiences embrace the cringe. Wicked got a boost from a two parter movie and Disney stalwarts Lion King and Aladdin continue to chug along. But finding the next Hamilton or Wicked is proving to be a daunting challenge. Of the 46 new musicals that have opened on Broadway since the pandemic, just three are profitable. Toby. As Sir Andrew said, the economics of Broadway just aren't adding up.
Toby Howell
Yeah, this is a business at the end of the day. And every single input cost has gotten more expensive over time. Labor is more expensive, materials are more expensive, rent, vendors, everything just costs more money these days. You can open a musical now, you'd be able to open it for around like 50, 15, $20 million. Now it's costing $30 million plus. And then at the same time that costs are rising, ticket prices aren't rising. The average Broadway musical ticket was $127 last season. That's only up 3.25% since pre pandemic era. So that is not rising in line with inflation because people are very price sensitive to the top musicals. Like you mentioned, Hamilton, Wicked, Lion King, they can charge whatever they want. But Tammy Faye can't raise prices above $130 before people just stop wanting to go. So it is a power law where the rich are getting richer. The best musicals are still charging whatever they want, but everyone else can't.
Neal Freyman
Sure doesn't feel like the tickets are saying the same, but I suppose the data show something different. There is a sector of Broadway that's doing really well and that is plays. Seven plays that opened last Broadway season were profitable ones that have a ton of star power. Goodnight and Good Luck, which had George Clooney, Othello, which had Denzel Washington and Jake Gyllenhaal. They all broke box office records. Records. But the problem with plays is that first of all, they're just not as good as musicals. And second of all, they just don't last as long. There's only so long you can keep Denzel Washington going on stage night after night after night so it doesn't turn into one of these years long or decades long blockbusters. Like a wicked Aladdin or Lion King. So, yeah, times are tough on Broadway. There's going to be two new musicals opening in the fall, and I would be doing my part to keep musical theater alive in America. My final number is $30,000, which is how much some Long island homeowners are charging on Airbnb and VRBO for four nights this weekend. It's because of the Ryder Cup. The US vs Europe golfing slugfest, which begins tomorrow, is transforming the economy of Farmingdale, the small town of 8,500 people where the tournament will be played. More than 50,000 attendees will stream into the Bethpage Black Golf Course each day of the event, and many of them need places to stay. Enter local homeowners who say renting out their properties is a rare financial windfall they just can't pass up. One resident told the New York Post that his daughter has an upcoming Bat Mitzvah and his son just started at college. So quote, the extra cash is nice, and golf fans for whom the Ryder cup is a once in a lifetime experience seem happy to pay up. All told, booked revenue for short term rentals this week in Farmingdale and surrounding towns totals $2.1 million, a 345% increase compared to the same week last year. And that's not counting driveways, which some homeowners are renting out for as much as 100 bucks a day because parking is going to be a nightmare. Tell me this is the biggest to do on Long island since Gatsby's party.
Toby Howell
This is just the Augusta playbook being played out on Long Island. Augusta says where the Masters happens every year and that is just a massive boom time for airbn hosts. There's $8.5 million in booked rental revenue across the seven days surrounding the tournament. In total, the month of August brings in $20 million. That is a massive increase from a normal day in Augusta, Georgia. And we are seeing this in every mega event. When the Olympics came to Rio, hosts earnings averaged $4,000 a month. And I was just perusing the Airbnb host subreddit and looking ahead to the World cup which is coming to America. And one person owns a house near MetLife where the finals are going to be. And they were like, do you think I can get away with charging $650 a night or can I get all the way up to a thousand? And so it was like a thousand a night? Dude, you could get up to $3,000. And he said that. I know folks in Augusta who cover their mortgage for six months Plus a spring break beach vacation with Masters week rent. So these, you know, mega events that they send on small towns are just boon times for Airbnb.
Neal Freyman
If you are a homeowner in suburban New Jersey, anywhere near East Ruther, definitely think about Airbnb being your house because you're going to make so much money, especially if there's a big match up in the semifinals or finals next summer. But right now they're running the playbook over in Farmingdale, Long island, and they're probably not even getting as much as they could in other parts of the country because there will be trains running from New York City to out there, 35 miles. But it's going to be, you know, it's going to be a zoo. Okay, let's sprint to the finish with some final headlines in health care news not related to Tylenol. Huntington's disease was treated successfully for the first time in a gene therapy trial the lead scientists called absolutely huge and a treatment for one of the world's most terrible diseases. Huntington's disease is indeed terrible, an illness that kills brain cells and leads to declining cognitive function, muscle control, and eventually death. So far, there is no cure. But this gene therapy slowed the progress of the disease by 75% in patients after three years, allowing people with Huntington's to live significantly longer independent lives. Unicure, the biotech behind the treatment, plans to submit it for FDA approval in the first quarter of next year.
Toby Howell
This is also a proof of concept for other genetic disease. Huntington's is caused by a single faulty gene. They're just targeting this one Huntington's gene. And that raises hope for other single gene disorders like sickle cell anemia, like certain forms of als. So that's one aspect of it too. And then also it kind of changes the calculus of medical economics a little bit too, because a one time treatment like this cure that Unicure came up with or treatment that Unicur came up with could totally shift the way health care costs are assigned. Usually it is this long term, like lifetime cost, but if you have single treatments, then how does that change pricing? How does that change insurance coverage and access? So, but it's also just a big news for all these families who have had someone affected by Huntington's because now they are going to look at this and say, hey, maybe genetic testing and genetic cures are an option for us. So it just changes a lot of calculus a lot in a lot of things around this disease.
Neal Freyman
It was also great for Unicure shareholders because the stock shot up 250% yesterday. And that's what happens when a really small biotech has a really big breakthrough in a trial.
Toby Howell
Ben Stiller has played a dodgeball pro, a museum night security guard, a supermodel, and now you can add CPG founder to his list as he just announced he's launching a line of sodas called Stiller's Soda. While Stillers Audi appears to be a famous comedy actor. Stillers any really likes the beverage market, marketing the brand as a classic soda for a new world. To Stiller, that means leaning into nostalgic branding with a vintage design with three classic flavors to start. Root beer, lemon, lime and Shirley Temple. What's the unique innovation Stillers is bringing to the market? Not much. It's low sugar and low cal and also comes with some extra vitamins added. But it's not trying to reinvent the wheel here. According to Stiller, we kept it simple, great taste, nothing weird, just added vitamins to make it a little better for you. Neil, on a scale of a dethroning Coca Cola to lighting millions of dollars on fire, where do you think Stillers is going to end up?
Neal Freyman
Well, I will say it's refreshing to see a soda brand that's just soda and not supposed to heal your gut or save the world, which is maybe surprising for the head of Globo Gym, but this guy got defeated by the Average Joe's once. I think he's learned some things and he won't let it happen again. I think the nostalgia play is big here. I don't know how many people are actually going to buy this soda, but you can see, thanks to the branding, it might be sort of a status play to have one in your fridge when people open it, because it is kind of a beautiful can that evokes, you know, sodas of decades past. And maybe if you're going to a party and people aren't bring drinkers there. If you bring a six pack of these things, it looks kind of cool and people probably ask about it and it'll be a conversation starter.
Toby Howell
I'm just going to speculate and dive into the mind of Ben Stiller, but he probably heard his last name Stillers and goes, that sounds like a classic Coca Cola brand. It really does. It just rolls off the tongue like, hey, pass me the Stillers over here. And I want to imagine that he thought I sound like a soda, let me make a soda. And he's going for it. So I'm rooting for you, Stiller, and I will happily try.
Neal Freyman
So I don't think he thought through the SEO implications, though, because I typed in Steelers and the first thing it gave me was the Pittsburgh Steelers schedule, and that's kind of how people in Pittsburgh record pronounced the Steelers. So that is all the time we have. Thanks so much for starting your morning with us. Have a wonderful Thursday. If you have any feedback on today's show, send a note to Morning Brew daily at Morning Broadcom. Let's roll the credits. Emily Milian is our executive producer. Raymond Lu is our producer. Our associate producers are Olivia Graham and Olivia Lake. Hair and makeup. The musical is one I'd invest in. Devin Emery is our president, and our show is a production of Warren Brew.
Toby Howell
Great show today, Danielle. Let's run it back tomorrow.
Kyle Hagee
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Morning Brew Daily
Episode: "Wall St. Thirsts For Tariff Refunds & AI ‘Workslop’ Hurts More Than Helps"
Date: September 25, 2025
Hosts: Neal Freyman & Toby Howell
This episode dissects some of the week’s most compelling business and economic headlines: Wall Street’s creative new market in Trump-era tariff refunds, the hidden productivity costs of generative AI “workslop” in the workplace, China’s strategic snub of American soybeans, and three “Neil’s Numbers” covering viral Instagram stats, Broadway’s financial woes, and how mega-events are supercharging Airbnb earnings. The show wraps up with news of a breakthrough Huntington’s treatment and Ben Stiller’s surprising entry into the soda business. Neal and Toby deliver their trademark blend of sharp analysis, accessible explanations, and dry humor.
Neal on tariff speculation:
"There really is a market for anything and everything." (04:13)
Toby on AI productivity:
"AI is supposed to be making people more productive, not less. What is going on here?" (09:26)
Neal on Instagram’s reinvention:
"Instagram's rise will go down in business history. Back in 2012, Facebook bought the startup...for $1 billion...these days, it's considered one of the savviest acquisitions ever." (17:45)
Toby on the Iowa soybean crisis:
"We've built our entire production system around China's demand. If that disappears, it's hard to replace." (13:15, quoting an Iowa State economist)
Neal on Broadway’s decline:
"There are 525,600 reasons to be worried...the economics of Broadway just aren't adding up." (19:47)
This episode walks listeners through the surprising creation of a financial market for tariff refund rights, warns about AI-generated “workslop” becoming a drag on productivity and reputation, and tracks the ripple effects of China’s trade war maneuvering on American soybean farmers. Neil’s Numbers segment provides three case studies in adaptation, struggle, and windfalls — from Instagram’s reinvention, to the collapse of the Broadway business model, to homeowners’ sudden Airbnb riches around mega-events. The show closes with hopeful news in gene therapy and a left-field celebrity entrepreneurship effort. With wry quips, clear explanations, and tight pacing, Neal and Toby ensure listeners walk away both informed and entertained.