Podcast Summary: Not Just the Tudors – Episode: Sir Christopher Wren

Introduction

In the December 30, 2024 episode of Not Just the Tudors hosted by Professor Susannah Lipscomb, the spotlight shines on Sir Christopher Wren, a multifaceted genius whose influence permeated architecture, science, and beyond. Celebrating the 350th anniversary of some of Wren's most significant architectural endeavors, Professor Lipscomb is joined by esteemed historian Professor Adrian Tinniswood to delve deep into the life and legacy of this extraordinary figure.

Early Life and Intellectual Foundations (00:00 – 07:58)

Sir Christopher Wren was born on October 20, 1632, in East Noel to a family deeply rooted in the Anglican Church. His father, a clergyman, and his uncle, Bishop Matthew Wren, were prominent High Church figures, aligning closely with Archbishop Lord’s circle. The turmoil of the English Civil War profoundly impacted Wren's upbringing. His father's ejection from East Noel and his uncle's 18-year imprisonment in the Tower of London shifted the family's circumstances, steering young Wren away from a clerical path.

From an early age, Wren exhibited prodigious intellect and a penchant for mathematics and mechanics. Professor Tinniswood highlights, “Wren's part of that and it seems ordinary for us today, it was revolutionary” (06:19). Engaging with experimental philosophers influenced by Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis, Wren embraced a scientific approach that was ahead of its time, challenging prevailing superstitions and embracing empirical methods.

Academic and Scientific Pursuits (07:58 – 13:15)

Wren's academic journey led him to graduate from Merton College, Oxford, and by his twenties, he had secured a professorship in astronomy at Gresham College in London—a remarkable achievement for his age. At Gresham, Wren's contributions extended beyond astronomy; he was involved in early medical experiments, including performing the first known canine splenectomy. Professor Tinniswood notes, “He does that because no one is quite sure what the spleen is doing in the system” (08:53).

In 1660, Wren became a founding member of the Royal Society, a hub for experimental philosophy and scientific discourse. This period marked a pivotal transition from his primary focus on astronomy to an emerging interest in architecture, influenced by commissions like the chapel at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford.

Transition to Architecture and the Rebuilding of London (13:15 – 23:40)

The Great Fire of London in 1666 catalyzed Wren’s architectural career. Initially commissioned to repair St. Paul’s Cathedral alongside Roger Pratt, Wren proposed an ambitious dome design that was met with resistance. After the fire, the need for a new cathedral provided Wren with the opportunity to realize his grand architectural visions. Despite setbacks, including bureaucratic challenges and the daunting task of rebuilding over 80 churches, Wren's perseverance saw the completion of St. Paul’s Cathedral—a masterpiece that took 35 years to build. Professor Tinniswood emphasizes, “Wren is probably the first person in Britain to have built a cathedral and seen it through to the end” (17:53).

As Surveyor General of the King's Works from 1669, Wren oversaw major projects like the Royal Hospital Chelsea, Kensington Palace, and the Monument to the Great Fire of London. While he designed several high-status churches himself, much of the rebuilding effort was a collaborative endeavor under his administration.

Architectural Challenges and Innovations (23:40 – 33:44)

Wren's architectural prowess was not without its challenges. Designing large-scale structures like St. Paul’s required innovative solutions, such as his double-skin dome to support the massive cupola. Professor Tinniswood recounts a critical moment where Wren had to address structural failures in the dome: “he wraps them in bands of iron and hope for the best” (28:02).

Despite his successes, Wren often felt constrained by political and financial limitations. Ambitious projects like Whitehall and Hampton Court Palace never fully materialized to his vision, leading to frustration. His masterpiece, the Great London Fire Monument, faced criticism for its perceived extravagance and religious symbolism, yet St. Paul’s ultimately stood as his crowning achievement.

Personal Life and Character (33:44 – 36:18)

Beyond his professional endeavors, Wren's personal life was marked by complexity. He was married twice and devoted to his children, though tragedy struck with the early death of his daughter Jane. His son Christopher was ill-suited to inherit his formidable legacy, and his other son, William, struggled with undisclosed issues. Wren was known for his reserved and serious demeanor, often blurring the lines between his private and professional lives. Professor Tinniswood describes him as, “not a jolly chap, by a long way” (32:21).

Wren's religious beliefs remained conventional Anglican, harmonizing his scientific pursuits with his spirituality. He saw no conflict between science and religion, viewing both as avenues to understand and celebrate the divine.

Legacy and Recognition (36:18 – 37:50)

Sir Christopher Wren's legacy has evolved over the centuries. Initially celebrated, his prominence waned in the 18th century before experiencing a revival in the 19th and 20th centuries. St. Paul’s Cathedral, resilient through events like the Blitz, remains a symbol of his enduring impact. Professor Tinniswood reflects, “St. Paul’s is being called the parish church of Empire” (34:19), underscoring its significance in British national consciousness.

Wren’s contributions extend beyond architecture; his role in founding the Royal Society and his interdisciplinary expertise cement his status as one of Britain’s greatest polymaths. Despite his frustrations and the monumental scale of his projects, Wren’s innovative spirit and vision continue to inspire.

Conclusion

Professor Susannah Lipscomb and Professor Adrian Tinniswood provide a comprehensive exploration of Sir Christopher Wren’s multifaceted life, emphasizing his unparalleled contributions to architecture and science. Wren's ability to navigate and influence various spheres—despite personal and professional challenges—illustrates the depth of his genius. As the episode concludes, it becomes clear that Wren's legacy is not merely in the structures he left behind but in the enduring spirit of innovation and resilience he embodied.

Notable Quotes:

• Professor Lipscomb [03:15]: "It's really wonderful to have a chance to talk with you and what a wonderful subject. We have got most intensely interesting, incredibly talented person that we're going to be thinking about together."

• Professor Tinniswood [06:19]: "Wren knows everything in a world where it is possible to know everything."

• Professor Tinniswood [22:18]: "Absolutely it is. But I know where you're coming from."

• Professor Tinniswood [36:51]: "No, indeed. Thank you so much for talking to me about him."

Final Remarks

For listeners eager to delve deeper into the life of Sir Christopher Wren and other captivating historical narratives, subscribing to Not Just the Tudors on History Hit promises a treasure trove of engaging stories and expert insights.