How Microsoft Excel Conquered Corporate America

Summary

How Microsoft Excel Conquered Corporate America

Odd Lots – Bloomberg
Episode Date: December 7, 2025

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Overview

In this episode, Bloomberg’s Sarah Holder explores the unlikely journey of Microsoft Excel from a humble business tool to an essential part of the global corporate ecosystem. The conversation, featuring Max Chafkin (BusinessWeek writer and co-host, Everybody’s Business), dives into how Excel transcended its spreadsheet origins to become a cultural touchstone, its impact on both workplace dynamics and capitalism, and its resilience in the face of new technologies like Google Sheets and AI. The show highlights the fervor of Excel enthusiasts and investigates why, despite advancements in technology, Excel remains irreplaceable for so many.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Excel as an Esport and Cultural Touchstone

• The episode opens at the Excel World Championship, complete with pro-style entrances and live commentary ([02:15]).

• Excel competitions have evolved from financial modeling contests to accessible esports events, now featuring games modeled within spreadsheets ([03:18]).

  “It’s the XL world championship. Who is going to win?”
  — Max Chafkin ([02:51])

• Even for laypeople, watching Excel ‘wizards’ race through functions can be oddly thrilling ([04:47]).

2. Ubiquity and Emotional Resonance of Excel

• Excel is used by about 500 million people, from CFOs to social media influencers to college students ([08:31]).

• Steve Ballmer, former Microsoft CEO, tracks almost every aspect of his life in Excel ([09:05]–[09:43]).

• Public perceptions of Excel are mixed: it’s a symbol of corporate drudgery—and also an expression of skill and creativity.

  “Excel just symbolizes drudgery, right? …It’s every workplace movie stereotype.”
  — Bloomberg Narrator ([06:47])

  “If you get laid off, like, guaranteed you were laid off because of a cell on an Excel spreadsheet.”
  — Max Chafkin ([07:05])

  “Like, we’re all just numbers in an Excel file at the end of the day.”
  — Sarah Holder ([07:34])

  “This software is insanely powerful…yet what you’re doing is getting around the fact that you have to use the software in the first place.”
  — Max Chafkin, on people watching Wall-E inside Excel ([08:13])

3. Origins: From VisiCalc to Excel Dominance

• The spreadsheet revolution began with VisiCalc in the 1970s, invented by Dan Bricklin ([10:19]).

• Microsoft’s vision: “A computer on every desk and in every home running Microsoft software” ([11:08]).

• Excel began as “Project Odyssey” in 1983, inspired by—and improved upon—earlier programs like VisiCalc and Lotus ([11:48]).

• Excel’s leap to dominance hinged on bundling with Office and tying software deeply to workplace infrastructure.

  “If you’re trying to understand, like, how did Microsoft sort of use Excel to, to propel itself to this dominance? Like in one word, it’s bundling.”
  — Max Chafkin ([13:15])

• Bundling made switching away from Excel (and Office) almost impossible for enterprises ([13:42]).

  “The CIO just looked at his CEO like, you sweet summer child. That, that is not a thing.”
  — Bloomberg Narrator ([14:11])

4. Challengers to Excel: Google Sheets and AI

• Google Sheets has made inroads, especially in education, but in the workplace, Excel is still king ([17:44]).

• Entrenched workplace habits and infrastructure have stymied any mass migration.

  “…when you hit the workforce you get assigned your Office license.”
  — Sarah Holder ([18:40])

AI as a Threat—or Not?

• Theoretically, AI could process data as easily as a spreadsheet, but large language models are poor at reliable computation ([18:56]).

• Most “AI for spreadsheets” tools are either Excel copycats or act as assistants on top of Excel files ([19:30]).

• Fundamental weakness: AI cannot explain its logic the way a spreadsheet can.

  “AI models are really bad at, like, at telling you why they arrived at a given answer. And that is a thing that spreadsheets are awesome at.”
  — Max Chafkin ([19:58])

• Even “AI assistants” mainly serve to make users better at Excel, not replace it.

5. The Enduring Appeal and Future of Excel

• Excel persists because its fundamental interface—a table of numbers—satisfies an ancient and durable need ([20:58]).

  “Maybe there is something fundamental to a spreadsheet that, like, we wouldn’t actually want to process data in another way.”
  — Max Chafkin ([20:58])

• Microsoft isn’t seeking to build an entirely new “AI spreadsheet”; their aim is to make assistant features (Copilot) help users reach world-champion proficiency ([21:14], [22:00]).

  “…with the help of Copilot, [you] can do the same kinds of advanced modeling that [the champions] do. I don’t think it’s quite there yet, but that’s the promise.”
  — Max Chafkin ([22:00])

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Memorable Moments & Notable Quotes

• Steve Ballmer’s Obsession:

  “Most people think it’s pretty weird. I keep a spreadsheet of how I spend my hours.”
  — Steve Ballmer ([08:52]) “His entire brain is just a series of endless spreadsheets. That’s the way he thinks.”
  — Bloomberg Narrator ([09:35])

• Pop Culture Hackery:

  “The most popular [Excel Reddit] post of all time is somebody explaining how to watch Wall E inside of Microsoft Excel in order to trick their company’s workplace software into thinking they’re using Excel when they’re in fact watching a movie.”
  — Max Chafkin ([07:38])

• Market Entrenchment:

  “There’s no Microsoft, …almost $4 trillion market cap company that like dominates the business software market without Excel.”
  — Max Chafkin ([14:32])

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• Excel Esports & World Championship: [02:15] – [04:47]
• Public Love/Hate for Excel: [05:59] – [08:31]
• Steve Ballmer’s Spreadsheet Usage: [08:52] – [09:54]
• History: VisiCalc to Excel: [10:19] – [13:05]
• Bundling and Market Dominance: [13:05] – [14:32]
• Challenges: Google Sheets & AI: [17:18] – [20:38]
• The Spreadsheet Endures: [20:50] – [22:00]

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Conclusion

This Odd Lots episode reveals why Excel is not only a corporate staple but has become a symbol of the modern workplace—and, by extension, modern capitalism. Born from the spreadsheet experiments of the 1970s, Excel conquered the corporate world through technical improvements, clever integration with other Microsoft products, and an uncanny knack for embedding itself in the fabric of business operations. Despite the rise of competitors and AI, Excel’s combination of transparency, reliability, and universality seems likely to keep it dominant for years to come—making both workplace drudgery and wizard-level expertise possible for nearly half a billion users worldwide.

Transcript

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[Bloomberg Narrator]

Bloomberg Audio Studios Podcasts Radio News.

[Sarah Holder]

This week in Las Vegas, a group of elite players faced off to compete for a coveted world championship title.

[Max Chafkin]

Everyone seems to know the score.

[Bloomberg Narrator]

It really does feel like you're, you know, at Madison Square Garden watching the Knicks starting five run out.

With a little bit less excitement.

[Sarah Holder]

Maybe the competitors enter the arena through a tunnel, pro sports style.

[Bloomberg Narrator]

Everybody runs out to cheers. You know, befitting their celebrity and skill in the world of spreadsheets.

[Max Chafkin]

It's the XL world championship. Who is going to win? It's the xl.

[Sarah Holder]

Yep, that's right. We're talking about the world championship of Microsoft Excel. Dina Bass, who's covered Microsoft for decades and now writes about AI, says since the first competition in 2012, Microsoft excelling has become something of a serious esport.

[David Fox]

All right, audience, we're going to need your help. We're going to count it down. We're going to start at 5.

[Palantir Narrator]

Let's go.

[Sarah Holder]

It even has commentators.

[David Fox]

3, 2, 1.

[Bloomberg Narrator]

Have you ever seen, like, video games speedrunning, where people try to finish, like a Mario game as quickly as possible that also has that, like, play by play commentary because otherwise, like, normal people wouldn't understand what's going on. They sort of give them something to solve. And you're watching it, but it moves so quickly you kind of don't know what you're watching the right side of.

[David Fox]

The screen as well. If you're wondering what's flashing on the right side there, those are his keys and his shortcuts. So obviously at this level, what you're.

[Sarah Holder]

Watching these pro spreadsheeters do isn't too different from what millions of office workers around the country do every day. Sit at a computer and put numbers into cells.

[Max Chafkin]

The genesis of this competition was financial modeling.

[Sarah Holder]

That's Max Chaffkin, who writes for BusinessWeek and co hosts the magazine's podcast, Everybody's Business.

[Max Chafkin]

So it used to be a competition to see who is the best at financial modeling, which is, of course, how most people use Microsoft Excel. And they changed it a couple years back to make it more accessible. So now what they model are games. But at the end of the day, viewers are, like, looking at a spreadsheet, like a normal Excel spreadsheet with. And there's like a little, little mini screen inside, like an inset screen, like on a video game, where you see the athlete, you know, clicking the mouse and, like, and manipulating the, you know, the cells.

[Sarah Holder]

It's not exactly an NBA game, but watch an Excel wizard input functions at warp speed and your pulse might start racing, which is not the kind of emotion people usually associate with Excel. Somehow, despite its association with badly lit offices and boring capitalist grunt work, Excel has become one of the most influential computer programs in the world. And not just in the world of esports.

[Max Chafkin]

Excel is like, the most. I think it's like, probably the most important piece of software that has ever been created. Basically, like, it runs almost every single business it runs every single nonprofit it runs. Like any big organization you can think about is in some sense operating on Microsoft Excel because it's the dominant spreadsheet platform.

[Sarah Holder]

I'm Sarah Holder, and this is the big take from Bloomberg News today. On the show, Microsoft Excel is now 40 years old. In an age of AI and Google Sheets, can it last another 40?

For many people, Microsoft Excel's classic green and white grid and its seemingly infinite scroll of columns and rows bring up strong feelings.

[Max Chafkin]

How do you feel about Microsoft Excel?

[David Fox]

I love using it.

[Sarah Holder]

This is something our producer David Fox does. Discovered walking around New York City's Bryant park during a lunch break.

[Max Chafkin]

Do you have a favorite Excel formula or function?

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[Max Chafkin]

Love accountif or account.

[Sarah Holder]

A xlookup HEA is a good one.

[Max Chafkin]

I use a lot of ifan statements. I like being able to, like, copy things, you know, when you just drag the cursor down.

[Sarah Holder]

I mean, if you're really a pro, you don't use the mouse. But I will use the mouse just for efficiency. Bloomberg's Dina Bass and Max Chaffkin say those kinds of reactions are pretty typical.

[Bloomberg Narrator]

Excel just symbolizes drudgery, right? It's every workplace movie stereotype. You know, it's the office in Slough, it's office space and your nine bosses. The user interface is dull. It hasn't really changed much.

[Max Chafkin]

It's also, and this was suggested to me by Mish Kapoor, who's, who's a spreadsheet pioneer. But it's also an embodiment of the things that we hate most about capitalism, right? Like, Excel is about cutting costs. It's about optimizing. If you get laid off, like guaranteed you were laid off because of a sell on an Excel spreadsheet. And I think we all, like, kind of understand that. It's like the unfun parts of capitalism, right?

[Sarah Holder]

Like, we're all just numbers in an Excel file at the end of the day.

[Max Chafkin]

I mean, I think for, for many people, including many power users, it's like, it is like a thing that they hate and a thing that they also appreciate. The thing for me, that kind of epitomized this, there's a very active community on Reddit for Excel. The most popular post of all time is somebody explaining how to watch Wall E inside of Microsoft Excel in order to trick their company's workplace software into thinking that they're using Excel when they're in fact watching a movie.

[Sarah Holder]

So they're on Excel for like an hour and 45 minutes, but they're just watching.

[Max Chafkin]

I love it. Because it totally epitomizes. First of all, this software is insanely powerful. Like, you can add up numbers, but you can also run full on programs. And yet, like, with all of that power, what you're doing is getting around the fact that you have to use the software in the first place.

[Sarah Holder]

There are something like 500 million paying Excel users out there. According to Max and Dena's calculations based on Microsoft's public disclosures. Those users range from Excel social media influencers to employees at the US Department of War, finance guys, college students, and people like Steve Ballmer.

[Steve Ballmer]

Most people think it's pretty weird. I keep a spreadsheet of how I spend my hours.

[Max Chafkin]

When we interviewed Steve Ballmer, he was like, oh, yeah, I mean, I'm not really an Excel guy. And then he showed us all these, like, all these insane ways that he was using it.

[Sarah Holder]

Steve Ballmer headed Microsoft sales in the 80s and went on to become the company's CEO. He now owns the Los Angeles Clippers.

[Steve Ballmer]

Okay, can you guys see that?

[Max Chafkin]

Oh, my God.

[Sarah Holder]

He showed Max and Dina the Excel spreadsheet he uses to organize his life.

[Steve Ballmer]

So this is. This is kind of my spreadsheet. 25 budget. 2020, 25 actual year to date. How many nights am I away from home? What nights were they?

[Bloomberg Narrator]

I've known Steve Ballmer for more than two decades. His entire brain is just a series of endless spreadsheets. That's the way he thinks.

[Max Chafkin]

I of course, asked him, like, where's the bathroom time go? He's like, oh, that's personal time.

[Steve Ballmer]

Everything nine to five. I keep track of and anything Clippers at night.

[Sarah Holder]

Extreme as it may be, Ballmer's spreadsheet habit speaks to how Excel has morphed from a computational tool to a ubiquitous part of people's everyday lives. But how did the digital spreadsheet revolution start? Max says it begins in the 1970s, not with Microsoft or Excel, but with a program called VisiCalc.

[Max Chafkin]

We spoke to the inventor of VisiCalc, this guy named Dan Bricklin, who dreamed it up while he was in a business school class. There are things that look like spreadsheets, you know, from ancient Mesopotamia. But like, he was like, wouldn't it be great if you could have one of these tables with numbers where it just calculates instantly? And he created, with a co founder, Bob Frankston, basically this kind of rough hewn spreadsheet called VisiCalc for the Apple II. It really was, I think, the thing that started the personal computing revolution.

[Sarah Holder]

At the time, computers were mostly used by Universities or large companies. They weren't in lots of people's homes or in most people's desks at work. But big technology companies like Microsoft were hoping to change that.

[Bloomberg Narrator]

Microsoft's, like, early motto was, you know, a computer on every desk and in every home running Microsoft software. But the problem is you have to convince people that they want this. Why would anybody want their own one of these things?

[Sarah Holder]

Microsoft realized that spreadsheet software could be part of that pitch for selling more personal computers. So they decided to take what VisiCalc pioneered and iterate on it. They started working on a digital spreadsheet competitor. Was there a moment when Microsoft kind of realized this could be a really big deal for them as a company?

[Max Chafkin]

I mean, they knew from the jump. By the time the Excel project started in 83, which was originally called Project Odyssey, spreadsheets were a thing. Like, everyone knew that there were basically like two cool things you could do with a computer. One was word processing, like desktop publishing, and the other is spreadsheets. So Microsoft's like frantically like trying to like make their own spreadsheet. And they made, they made this original one which was like a VisiCalc knockoff called MultiPlan that did not work out. And then they started working on another knockoff which was a Lotus knockoff. Lotus being like at the time the most successful spreadsheet program. And they made this decision, which I think in retrospect it looks inspired to put it on the Mac. And not only did that help propel the Mac, it also ends up propelling Microsoft because spreadsheets using this kind of graphical interface, the point and click thing, it's just like a way more elegant version of, of the experience. And that then sort of propels Excel to become the dominant spreadsheet platform. And then that gets juiced by like a ton of sort of Microsoft, you know, hard nosed business behavior.

[Sarah Holder]

One of the key business strategies was selling subscriptions to several of their software apps together as a package. That package was called Microsoft Office.

[Max Chafkin]

I think if you're trying to understand like, how did Microsoft sort of use Excel to, to propel itself to this dominance? Like in one word, it's bundling. As Microsoft evolved into the 90s, they start making all these deals with big companies and with computer manufacturers. So it becomes this like, thing where you can't really switch your spreadsheet without making a bunch of other changes that could be potentially disruptive to your business.

[Bloomberg Narrator]

The bundle got even bigger sort of in the cloud era because ultimately Microsoft winds up doing this, you know, Cloud license offering where if you're a corporation, every employee gets everything in one thing, but ends up becoming, it ends up being called Microsoft 365 and you can't take those pieces apart. And look, I had a CIO tell me while I was researching a different story about a year ago that his CEO was trying to figure out how they could save money on software and came over to him and said, look, you know, I personally don't use Excel. Can you go to Microsoft and you can save some money on my license? I don't need Excel. Don't pay them for Excel for me. And the CIO just looked at his CEO like, you sweet summer child. That, that is not a thing.

[Sarah Holder]

With the benefit of hindsight, how important was Excel in turning Microsoft into the company that it is today?

[Max Chafkin]

I mean, I think there's no Microsoft, the 4 trillion, almost $4 trillion, you know, market cap company that like dominates the business software market without Excel.

[Sarah Holder]

In four decades, Excel has managed to conquer the corporate world and seep into our culture. But it's no longer the only game in town. The challenges to Accel's dominance, that's coming up next.

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[Sarah Holder]

When Microsoft Excel was first released in 1985, it built on the work of early digital spreadsheet programs like VisiCalc and Lotus. And pretty much since then Excel has been synonymous with spreadsheets. But Bloomberg's Dina Bass says that hasn't stopped other companies from trying to compete with it. Like Google, which introduced Google Sheets in 2006.

[Bloomberg Narrator]

Several people we spoke to, including Ray Ozzie, who after his time at Lotus actually ended up at Microsoft working on their cloud strategy, said to us, look, people thought, we thought Sheets was going to and just Google's Office competitors in general were going to be the thing that took out Excel, but it just never really happened. And look, I mean Google does have a number of their Office competitor is particularly strong in schools. Most kids when they go to school they get a Chromebook and it comes with the Google applications. And so you end up with a generation of people that are growing up not using Office but instead using the Google rivals. And so there has been this question I think for the last 10 years or so about what would happen when those folks hit the workforce. But but we're still really not seeing a mass migration away from Office. It seems like when you hit the workforce you get assigned your Office license.

[Sarah Holder]

So far Excel has managed to fend off its free cloud based competitor, but now it's also confronting another big technological shift. I have to ask what about AI? What kind of threat does AI pose to Excel?

[Max Chafkin]

So if you think like at the furthest remove, the promise of AI is it's going to take a large amount of data of information and allow you to ask questions of it and get answers in an easy way. And that's like what a spreadsheet does. And so there are lots of potential Excel competitors. There are sort of like AI versions of Excel. There are these kind of, like, AI tools that are designed essentially to work with Excel, but, like, part of the problem is that these AI tools are really just either copycats of Excel, like, they're sort of just like, doing exactly what Excel does, or they're just little pieces that are designed to work with Excel. So it's like an AI assistant that will spit out a spreadsheet, but that spreadsheet ends up being an Excel file. But then there's other issue with AI, which is, like, AI is not great at math. Like, just the. Like. Just like the most basic Excel function is like, sum. Like, add up a big, long list of numbers. And like, large language models are not awesome at computation because, like, they're going for approximation, not the. Not the perfect answer. And then the other thing is, AI models are really bad at, like, at telling you why they arrived at a given answer. And that is a thing that spreadsheets are awesome at.

[Sarah Holder]

And Dina says that even some of the AI products that are aiming to replace Excel still rely on spreadsheets to manage their data.

[Bloomberg Narrator]

What people are trying to do is not reinvent the underlying spreadsheet layer. It's basically create a copilot or an assistant that works on top of the data in the spreadsheet and answers questions for you. Now, Microsoft, of course, is trying to do the same thing with their copilot.

[Max Chafkin]

And so even if you're using an AI algorithm to generate a spreadsheet, my guess is it's going to spit it out and you're going to be right back in Microsoft Excel, just like your parents and maybe even your grandparents were.

[Sarah Holder]

Max says there might be something deeper at play here, something intangible that's kept people coming back to Excel year after year.

[Max Chafkin]

Maybe there is something fundamental to a spreadsheet that, like, we wouldn't actually want to process data in another way that, like, really, this is just like a table of numbers. Like I said, people have been using tables of numbers for a very long time.

[Sarah Holder]

Yeah, if it was good enough for Mesopotamia.

[Max Chafkin]

Yeah, it's like, it's how Steve Ballmer's brain works. Maybe it's how all of our brains work in some sense. And like, the, The. The prospect of trying to reinvent that, it doesn't make that much sense. Which is why, like Dina said, like, Microsoft strategy is not to make an AI version of Excel. It's just to have, like, an assistant inside of Excel. That. And this is, you know, barring the language that Microsoft executives use when they talk about it, but it's basically like they're, they want to make you as good as the world champion. Three, two, one. And we're done. Wow. So you watch those world champions on tv. You're really impressed. You're thrilled.

[David Fox]

A huge Congratulations to our 2025 Microsoft Excel World champion. Dermid early.

[Max Chafkin]

And now you, with the help of Copilot, can do the same kinds of advanced modeling that they do. I don't think it's quite there yet, but that's the promise.

[Sarah Holder]

This is the big take from Bloomberg News. I'm Sarah Holder. To get more from the big and unlimited access to all of bloomberg.com subscribe [e-mail] podcastoffer thanks for listening. We'll be back tomorrow.

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