Waylon Wong (2:56)

the Trump administration's massive tax and spending law gave $750 million to something called the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers. These are the facilities that train recruits for U.S. border Patrol and U.S. customs and Border Protection.

Darian Woods (3:11)

Mark Brown taught at the main campus near Brunswick, Georgia for five years.

Mark Brown (3:15)

I enjoy training. I like when the light bulb goes off, so to speak.

Darian Woods (3:19)

The Georgia facility is so big that it has its own zip code. There are dorms, classrooms, and shooting ranges. There's even a mini replica of a city spread out over more than 35 acres.

Mark Brown (3:30)

It has storefronts, shops, federal buildings. And then you have like neighborhoods behind it where you have houses, you have duplexes, trailers, apartment style buildings. Because when we would teach crowd control, we would go over there. We would use that city to be, to show them, okay, this is how you're going to line up on the street.

Waylon Wong (3:49)

So Mark would get the trainees lined up on the street of this fake city and he would tell them, this is what you do if you're trying to arrest someone and a crowd starts to form, or maybe there are protesters.

Mark Brown (4:00)

If they're protesting on the sideline, on the sidewalk, they have the right to protest your presence. So that's not something for you to engage in. And then as soon as your person is handcuffed, let's get them up and get them out of there. Like, we don't need to stick around. We don't talk to the crowd. We're not actively going back and forth. We're not here to debate their points. They're allowed to protest our presence. That's fine. Our biggest thing is keeping everybody safe.

Darian Woods (4:25)

Mark says he's not seeing those protocols in some of the videos of federal agents that are circulating. And that makes him wonder about the training that the newly recruited ICE or CBP agents are getting or not getting.

Waylon Wong (4:37)

So how much instruction do new ICE recruits get? Well, there's been a lot of contradictory information on this, including from the government.

Darian Woods (4:45)

Different officials within the DHS have said that the training for immigration agents has been shortened. At the same time, the agency says media outlets are spreading lies about ICE training.

Waylon Wong (4:54)

We reached out to DHS for clarification. Spokesperson Tricia McLaughlin told us that officers are getting the same number of training hours.

Darian Woods (5:03)

Here's what we were able to figure out based on the numbers we got from DHS. New ICE recruits get 14 weeks of training. This is fewer weeks than what ICE agents were previously getting. It's also shorter than the national average for state and local law enforcement officers.

Waylon Wong (5:17)

Matthew Ross is an economist at Northeastern University who studies police training. He says he's concerned that the program for ICE officers has changed significantly in a short amount of time.

Mark Brown (5:27)

I think there's a lot of reasons to be quite worried about what the long term implications of that are going to look like. And even what we're seeing sort of seeing in places like Minneapolis, it might be a direct result of that.

Waylon Wong (5:39)

One major change in the ICE training has to do with learning Spanish. Previously, new ice agents got five weeks of Spanish instruction. DHS spokesperson Tricia McLaughlin told us that the agency replaced those classes with translation services covering multiple languages. It is not clear what those services are.

Darian Woods (5:58)

Matthew says he's also concerned that ICE recruits aren't getting enough high quality field training. That's when new offices are paired with more experienced ones to learn on the job.

Waylon Wong (6:08)

Matthew and some other researchers studied field training using data from the Dallas Police Department. They found that if a recruit was assigned to a more aggressive field training officer, that recruit was significantly more likely to use force.

Mark Brown (6:21)

The furthest we could look out just based on the data we had was three years. And from what it from, as far as we can tell, if you happen to get paired up with a, with a field training officer that used force frequently, you were just more likely to use force for the entirety of that three year period. And in fact, it could be true that you just use force more for the rest of your career.

Darian Woods (6:40)

In other words, new law enforcement officers model their behavior after more experienced ones. And direction from senior officers, whether explicit or implicit, could be a bigger influence on new recruits than their formal training. That's according to Steph Stoughton. He's a law professor at the University of South Carolina and a policing expert. He's also a former police officer himself.

Steph Stoughton (7:02)

I would be shocked if some of what we see that's problematic in the way that ICE agents and CBP agents are handling these various tasks. I would be shocked if it's actually a training failure at this point because some of the agents that have been publicly identified are long standing veterans.

Waylon Wong (7:26)

Case in point in Minneapolis, US Citizen Alex Preddy appeared to be recording agents on his cell phone as an observer. The two agents who shot and killed him have been since 2014 and 2018, according to ProPublica.

Steph Stoughton (7:40)

Doesn't matter how you're trained. If your supervisor says you run up to those cars and if they don't get out immediately, you break the windows. Even if you are trained to not do that, even if you were trained about why that's a really bad tactic, about why that's likely to provoke resistance, about how that's likely to contribute to an otherwise avoidable use of force, and if that's what you're told to do by your supervisor. And if that's what you think the peers around you expect you to do, that's what you're going to do.

Waylon Wong (8:13)

But Seth and economist Matthew Ra say they expect the administration to face multiple lawsuits over how ICE and other federal agencies are conducting their immigration crackdown. Seth doesn't believe that the possibility of costly future legal settlements will motivate the administration to change its current tactics.

Steph Stoughton (8:30)

One of the things that we've seen from ice, at least and from CBP is an approach to accountability that I think communicates to agents that it's just performative. That really removes one of the legs from the stool that we use to get officers and agents to perform as professionals. The financial incentives alone probably aren't going to do anything, especially not with an agency that just views that as the cost of doing business.

Waylon Wong (9:05)

For her part, DHS spokesperson Tricia McLaughlin told us that ICE recruits get the same training they always have. By the way, DHS confirmed to NPR last week that McLaughlin will be leaving the agency. She's been the administration's public face in defending the mass deportation policy over the last year. Earlier this week, a former ICE lawyer spoke at a forum held by congressional Democrats. He said the agency's training program was, quote, deficient, defective and broken. Democratic Senator Richard Blumenthal's office also released documents it said came from ICE whistleblowers. The documents appear to show that new ICE recruits are getting 250 fewer hours of training than previous cohorts. In a statement this week, DHS said again that ICE officers are getting the same amount of training as before. After the break, we look at how ICE is planning to spend over $38 billion on detention cent one rural town in Georgia is trying to balance the economic benefits with the tension associated with an ICE facility in its own backyard.

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Waylon Wong (12:10)

There are about 71,000 people in detention right now, which is a record high. So at this point, you might be asking yourself, where are these increasing numbers of people being held? To help me explain all of this, I'm joined by NPR's Sergio Martinez Beltran. He covers immigration. Welcome to the Indicator, Sergio.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (12:30)

Hey Waylon, thanks so much for the invite. And you know, the short answer to that question you posed is that the administration is building and expanding huge detention centers across the country, many in small, economically depressed towns.

Waylon Wong (12:44)

The Trump administration has dramatically changed how we as a country approach immigration enforcement. Remember, there were millions of removals under President Obama, but the majority of those removals were at the border. The Trump administration is going hard on enforcement in the interior, picking people up in cities like Minneapolis and Chicago.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (13:04)

And we know Trump is ambitious. His administration has said it even wants to be able to carry out even more detentions. The goal, Wayland, is to be able to detain about 93,000 immigrants all at the same time.

Waylon Wong (13:16)

And DHS has a lot of money right now to follow through on these big ambitions. Despite the shutdown over the agency's funding, it got a big chunk of change from the so called big beautiful bill.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (13:27)

The administration plans to spend more than $38 billion of those funds to build and expand its new detention facilities. They'll be located in big cities but also in small towns.

Waylon Wong (13:38)

And you reported on one of them in Georgia. Can you tell us about what you found?

Sergio Martinez Beltran (13:42)

Yes. I want to take you to Folkestone, Georgia. It's a rural community of close to 5,000 people, mostly black, with about one third of the population living under the poverty line. It's also home to one of the largest ICE detention facilities in the U.S. glenn hall was the administrator of Charlton county, where Folkestone is, and he is very blunt about what he thinks having this center could mean for his county.

Glenn Hall (14:06)

I won't put it in the words of quid pro quo, but we are supporting a major federal policy with this administration, and we need a hospital, we need emergency medical care, we need dollars.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (14:21)

He told me that as a county administrator, one of his jobs was to focus on jobs, you know, and creating them. And this is an opportunity for that. What's now the ICE facility used to be a state prison, but it closed. And in 2017, the GEO Group started running an immigration detention center out of it. That's the prison corporation, also in charge of the expansion of the facility that's happening now with the new dollars.

Waylon Wong (14:46)

Now, this sounds like a story we've heard before. A small town that has no industries gets a lifeline in the form of a prison or an immigration detention center, Right?

Sergio Martinez Beltran (14:56)

And now you drive by the ICE detention center in Folkestone, and it's at least three city blocks. Shiny barbed wire surrounds the whole area, and the parking lot is full of employee cars.

Glenn Hall (15:08)

Obviously, you can see the economic development that it has here, the impact that it has on our community with all those jobs and potentially more.

Waylon Wong (15:16)

Up until last year, the facility used to have 1100 beds, but it's been expanded to hold up to 3000 people. So far, this has brought about 200 new jobs with an hourly rate ranging from around $18 to about $50, with higher rates for physicians and dentists.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (15:34)

The expansion of the facility is also giving the local county and the city of Folkestone about a million dollars.

Waylon Wong (15:40)

This doesn't sound like a lot of money, especially after you compare it to the $96 million contract the GEO Group has with the feds. But for this area, that's a lifeline.

Glenn Hall (15:51)

I hate to say it, but if it's not here, it's somewhere else. And, you know, so you take advantage of the stuff that you have on your table. And, you know, I hate to simplify that, because these are people's lives and families, but that's the reality of it.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (16:12)

When I visited Folkestone late last year, Glenn actually drove me and a producer around the ICE facility. And as we were down a side road by it. A group of detainees were outside in our recreational area. And they got close to the fence and started shouting at us, help.

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Help.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (16:31)

They ain't treating us good out here. One of the men yelled, help. They ain't treating us good out here. I asked Glenn what he thought about hearing the men shouting this at us.

Glenn Hall (16:41)

If I was. If I was detained behind barbed wire like that, I would be only help, too, to somebody coming down a dirt road, no doubt. I mean, that's. That's. That's the humanity side of this, right?

Waylon Wong (16:54)

He is clearly conflicted, and many residents in the community are conflicted, too.

Darian Woods (16:59)

Right.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (16:59)

And it's interesting, Wayland, because for many residents, the detention center has been a place that could help them earn some money. That's what Folkestone native Savannah Pollock told me.

Savannah Pollock (17:08)

I know for several of us, we just see it as just like a place that you could always get a job. And that's really what it has been treated as a kind of, you know, if you didn't pursue college and if you didn't go into a trade area or you're waiting or whatever, you know, the prison was always an option at that time.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (17:29)

Of course, by prison, she's talking about the detention center, and she says there's one big thing that attracts people to apply to work there.

Savannah Pollock (17:36)

It offers benefits. You know, sometimes benefits are better than making money. Sometimes, you know, knowing that you have insurance and knowing that your kids have insurance at your house. And that's one of the things that the GEO Group offered to people here was this promise of good benefits and of a decent wage, which a lot of people thought was a really good thing. And it gave them a leverage, you know, at least if they didn't want to stay out there for long, it got them enough in their pocket to go somewhere else.

Waylon Wong (18:07)

Still, Savannah is very much against this detention center. In fact, she's been advocating for it to shut down.

Savannah Pollock (18:14)

Morally. I don't think we should ever be tied to a system that hurts black and brown bodies. And not just that, a system that puts on a fake, fake aid of criminality. These individuals haven't committed a crime.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (18:28)

Savannah is studying medicine at Mercer University, about two hours north of Folkestone. But all her family still lives in Folkestone. She says sometimes she feels like she's in the minority here because she says having the time to think about the morality of it all is a luxury

Savannah Pollock (18:43)

when you're in a poverty level. We're just thinking about, how can I get money in my pocket? And that's where they bring up this, you know, we just don't have jobs conversation. But I say that this is just something you don't want to build your future upon, something that changes every four years.

Waylon Wong (18:58)

She's talking about how immigration policy changes with each new president, so the center might shut down with the new administration,

Sergio Martinez Beltran (19:06)

and that's something local leaders like Glenn hall understand. Glenn no longer works for Charlton county, but when I spoke to him late last year, he agreed that the county should not rely on the detention center in the long term.

Glenn Hall (19:18)

I'm hopeful that the prison will work itself out of a job if this is the truth, that we close our borders and deport all the illegal immigrants.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (19:29)

But that would be less jobs for the county.

Glenn Hall (19:31)

Absolutely would be.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (19:33)

As of now, the Trump administration needs Folkestone as well as the other communities saying yes to having an ice facility in their backyard. Up to 24 new facilities are being planned.

Waylon Wong (19:47)

Sergio, thank you so much for bringing us the story today.

Sergio Martinez Beltran (19:50)

You're welcome. Thanks for inviting me.

Waylon Wong (19:52)

If you learned something from this episode, please send it to a friend who would get something out of it, too. Word of mouth is how we grow, so spreading the word is supporting our journalism. Or you can come see us live in person on our book tour in April. Check the link in the Show Notes to find out about tickets and dates. If you're in Chicago, I will see you there. Meanwhile, Kenny and Sarah and Nick are on the West Coast. Each stop has storytelling, special guests and best of all, a chance to meet you. Click the link in the show notes or go to planetmoneybook.com the episodes of the indicator were produced by Julia Ricci with engineering by Jimmy Keeley. Your Fashion Fact Checked by Sarah Juarez. Kicking Cannon is our show's editor. This episode of Planet Money was produced by Luis Gaia with help from James Sneed. It was edited by Planet Money's executive producer, Alex Goldmark. I'm Waylon Wong. This is npr. Thanks for listening.

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