There Will Be Flood

Summary

Planet Money: "There Will Be Flood"

Host: Alexi Horowitz Ghazi & Mary Childs
Release Date: December 6, 2024
Host/Author: NPR's Planet Money

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Introduction: The Struggle Against the Gulf's Encroaching Waters

In the latest episode of Planet Money, hosted by Alexi Horowitz Ghazi and Mary Childs, the spotlight shines on Wendell Curall, a dedicated levee district manager in southern Louisiana. The episode delves into the intricate battle between manmade infrastructure and nature’s relentless forces, exploring how individual determination can clash with federal regulations in the face of escalating natural disasters.

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Wendell Curall: A Lifetime Dedicated to Protection
[02:25]

Wendell Curall, a man in his mid-70s with a deep-rooted connection to Cajun country, has spent over four decades working alongside the federal government to construct and maintain levees that protect his community from the Gulf Coast’s persistent threats. Born and raised in a French-speaking household of shrimp fishermen and oil rig workers, Wendell's pride in his homeland is palpable.

"The big picture is that the land is sinking and open water from the Gulf keeps increasing, so there's less to slow down any wave action."
— Wendell Curall [04:38]

Standing on a grassy ridgeline that serves as a natural barrier between land and water, Wendell explains the delicate balance required to maintain these levees. His levee system, a 48-mile-long ring, safeguards a community of over 10,000 residents. However, building and sustaining such infrastructure is far from straightforward.

---

The Federal Partnership and Its Limitations
[09:35]

As the head of the South Lafourche Levee District since 1980, Wendell has navigated the complexities of collaborating with the Army Corps of Engineers. This federal entity, historically responsible for flood control and levee construction along the Mississippi River, plays a pivotal role in shaping local defense mechanisms against hurricanes.

"When I took the job, I said, look, this is life and death for people. I had to tell myself from the beginning, people can die. You better make sure you do the best job possible."
— Wendell Curall [09:35]

The Army Corps operates under stringent economic assessments to determine whether federal funds should be allocated for flood prevention or post-disaster response. This cost-benefit analysis often pits local urgencies against broader federal priorities, leading to challenging decisions about where to invest limited resources.

---

Hurricane Katrina: A Turning Point
[16:33]

The devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 was a watershed moment for flood management in the United States. The catastrophic failure of New Orleans' levee system highlighted the dire need for robust and reliable flood defenses.

"The Corps changed their specifications for how thick the levees had to be. Wendell says they started requiring heavier and more expensive clays that often had to be transported from further away."
— Mary Childs [17:39]

In response, the Army Corps overhauled their construction standards, demanding higher and more resilient levees. For Wendell and his district, this meant navigating increased costs and bureaucratic red tape, which threatened the timely enhancement of their own levee system.

---

Wendell’s Gamble: Going Rogue
[19:16]

Faced with the limitations of federal processes and the escalating threat of larger storms, Wendell made a pivotal decision to take matters into his own hands. Rejecting the Corps' slower, more expensive methods, he opted to elevate the levees beyond federal specifications.

"Elevation is a salvation to inundation."
— Wendell Curall [18:32]

To fund this ambitious push, Wendell spearheaded a campaign to secure a 1% sales tax in South Lafourche—a politically challenging proposition in a region typically resistant to new taxes. Through strategic community engagement and transparent communication, he successfully garnered 82% approval at the polls.

---

Building Higher, Faster: The Independent Approach
[20:02]

With newfound funding and state support, Wendell’s team began constructing levees up to 18 feet high, bypassing the Army Corps’ stringent approval processes. This bold move was met with resistance from federal authorities, culminating in threats to decertify the local levee district and remove it from federal support programs.

"We're not going to spend our money in the bank and fix one problem and spend so much money we can't do our other problems."
— Wendell Curall [19:16]

Undeterred by potential financial repercussions and legal challenges, Wendell pushed forward, driven by the urgent need to safeguard his community against increasingly severe hurricanes.

---

Hurricane Ida: Testing the Resilience
[26:21]

Sixteen years after Katrina, Hurricane Ida posed a formidable challenge to southern Louisiana. As Ida approached as a Category 4 storm with winds reaching 150 mph and massive storm surges, Wendell and his team braced for impact.

"I guarantee you, if we had listened to the Corps and done everything that they wanted us to do, our levee would have been 4 to 5ft lower than it was for Hurricane Ida, and we would have lost people's lives."
— Wendell Curall [29:13]

When Ida struck, Wendell’s elevated levees held firm, preventing catastrophic flooding and saving countless lives. The community's resilience stood as a testament to Wendell’s unorthodox methods and unwavering commitment.

---

Aftermath and Reconciliation
[30:21]

In the wake of Ida, acknowledgment from the community poured in. Despite initial federal disapproval, the success of the levees demonstrated the efficacy of Wendell’s approach.

"Heath says there's a good chance this levee will get back into the Army Corps system."
— Mary Childs [32:07]

Heath Jones of the Army Corps of Engineers recognized the value of Wendell’s efforts, emphasizing the importance of adherence to standards while also acknowledging the necessity of effective local solutions.

"We would absolutely welcome South Lafourche Levee District back into the program if they do the work that was originally required to get those permits and make sure that they're up to our standards."
— Heath Jones [32:07]

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Conclusions: Balancing Federal Oversight and Local Innovation

Wendell Curall’s story underscores the delicate balance between federal guidelines and local innovation in disaster preparedness. While federal standards aim to provide consistency and reliability across regions, Wendell’s independent actions highlight the critical need for flexibility and responsiveness to immediate, localized threats.

"It's not solving everything. It's minimizing the loss of life and the loss of property. Minimizing? You don't control God."
— Wendell Curall [33:09]

As southern Louisiana continues to grapple with sinking land and increasingly powerful storms, the episode poses essential questions about the future of flood management: How can federal agencies better support proactive local initiatives? And what lessons can be learned from Wendell’s blend of adherence and defiance to optimize community resilience?

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Notable Quotes:

• "Elevation is a salvation to inundation." — Wendell Curall [18:32]
• "If we can see grass on the ground tomorrow, which means flooded waters didn't come in, it's a good day. Nothing else matters." — Wendell Curall [27:49]
• "We're not going to spend our money in the bank and fix one problem and spend so much money we can't do our other problems." — Wendell Curall [19:16]
• "It's not solving everything. It's minimizing the loss of life and the loss of property. Minimizing? You don't control God." — Wendell Curall [33:09]

---

Final Thoughts

"There Will Be Flood" paints a vivid portrait of resilience, innovation, and the complex interplay between local needs and federal policies. Wendell Curall’s unwavering dedication offers valuable insights into effective disaster prevention strategies, emphasizing that sometimes, taking calculated risks is essential for the greater good.

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Produced by: Emma Peace
Edited by: Jess Zhang
Fact-Checked by: Sierra Juarez
Engineered by: Gilly Moon
Executive Producer: Alex Goldmark
Special Thanks: Ricky Boyette, Josh Howe, Rachel Rhode, and journalist Katie Thornton of The Guardian

Transcript

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[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

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A while back, I went down to southern Louisiana, just a few minutes drive from the Gulf coast, to meet up with a guy named Wendell Cural. Howdy. Howdy, Wendell.

[Wendell Curall]

Good to meet you, Alexi. Okay, where's home again?

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Santa Fe, New Mexico.

[Wendell Curall]

Santa Fe?

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Yeah, it's a lot wetter down here.

[Wendell Curall]

It is exact opposite. Our land over here was brought here by water. That's how wet it is.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Wendell's in his mid-70s, got a chock of white hair and twinkly green Eyes. He was born and raised here in Cajun country, Grew up in a French speaking household of shrimp fishermen and oil rig workers. And hearing him talk, it's clear how proud he is to be from this place.

[Wendell Curall]

You know, the Midwest is the nation's bread basket. South Louisiana is a seafood platter, arguably.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

More delicious than a bread basket.

[Wendell Curall]

I know it. You don't hear people traveling to Milwaukee for the tremendous meal.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Sorry, Milwaukee. But delicious as it is, Wendell explains, this part of the country is also in the middle of this kind of slow moving existential crisis. Biblical proportions because of where it sits on the edge of the ocean. Wendell and I are standing on the spine of a massive grassy ridgeline, a kind of fortress wall dividing the land from the water. On one side we can see little houses in neat rows. There are gumbo restaurants and shacks by the side of the road selling fresh shrimp.

[Wendell Curall]

You look to the left and you see a regular town. Streets, you know, pretty typical trees. But you look to the right, the landscape is mostly water.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

On the other side, open water stretches to the horizon. It's speckled with little tufts of land and marsh, a few far off oil tanks. Wendell tells me it's a watery no man's land and a war between the open ocean and the people who live on Louisiana's southern coast. Because this part of the country, he says, was formed over the course of thousands of years by sediment carried here on the Mississippi River. But manmade engineering over the last century has changed the river so much that sediment isn't building up anymore, and southern Louisiana is actually sinking back into the Gulf. And Wendell says that is putting the people who live here closer and closer to the front lines of hurricanes.

[Wendell Curall]

The big picture is that the land is sinking and open water from the Gulf keeps increasing, so there's less to slow down any wave action.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Now, the reason I came to visit Wendell is because he has spent almost his entire professional life, over 40 years working with the federal government to build the thing we are standing on, to build a system of levees, a last line of defense against those hurricane force waves. We're standing on a kind of like grassy knoll like mound here.

[Wendell Curall]

And that's what a levee is. It's just like a ridge, but it's an artificial ridge. It was made by man.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

A typical levee is a very intentionally constructed pile of dirt covered in grass or gravel that holds the water out. Wendell's levee, as it's come to be known in these parts, is basically a giant ring 48 miles long. Protecting this community of over 10,000 people. Now, a levee can seem like a deceptively simple piece of technology, But Wendell explains that building and maintaining them in the right way is essentially. For decades, Wendell headed up a local government agency. He worked hand in hand with the federal government in order to build this levee to very specific standards. Because if waves spill over the top, they can erode the levee from behind. If wild hogs root around in them, they can create places for the waters to break through.

[Wendell Curall]

I mean, every day of the year, I think about what could cause a problem for this levee. Everything from having armadillos dig holes in it to people riding too many horses or having cows on it. Anything that takes away the resilience of the levee, we gotta stop.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

And the resilience of the levee is really at the heart of this story. After hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana nearly two decades ago, it caused a massive rethinking of how these levee systems should be built. And in the wake of that, Wendell decided to take a gamble. A gamble that put him at odds with his partners in the federal government. He decided that the best thing he could do to protect his community was to go rogue.

[Wendell Curall]

The way I looked at it is that man, I'm not going to sit on my hands with money in the bank. We don't want money in the bank. We want money on the bank.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Okay?

[Wendell Curall]

Because you flood from a hurricane, your city is destroyed.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Hello, and welcome to Planet Money. I'm Alexi Horowitz Ghazi.

[Mary Childs]

And I'm Mary Childs. A couple decades ago, Wendell Kurall found himself at a fork in the road. On one path, he could stay within the framework the federal government had laid out to build these hurricane defenses. And on the other, he could create his own path, building his levees as high as possible, as fast as possible in a race against larger and larger storms. And he knew his decision could mean life or death for over 10,000 people.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Today on the show, what the story of Wendell's levee can teach us about how the federal government calculates and manages the risk of natural disasters. And how those calculations can look a lot different to the people staring straight into the eye of the storm.

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[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Of college back in the late 70s when he first started thinking about what kinds of fortifications it might take to protect South Lafourche Parish, the place he calls home.

[Mary Childs]

Growing up in southern Louisiana, the specter of hurricanes hung over everything. Over the last century and a half, whole towns here have been decimated and ultimately abandoned after flooding from hurricanes. Wendell's own great grandparents had to resettle after a hurricane in 1893 flooded their town and killed half the population.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

So when he heard about a job leading the South Lafourche Levee District, it felt like a way to serve the place that he loved. The Levee district was this local office with a mandate to help the federal government build hurricane protection around the community.

[Wendell Curall]

When I took the job, I said, look, this is life and death for people. I had to tell myself from the beginning, people can die. You better make sure you do the best job possible.

[Mary Childs]

And one of the first things Wendell learned about the job was that it entailed a close partnership with the part of the federal government that builds these levy systems, the Army Corps of Engineers.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

The Army Corps is part of the US Military, and it oversees this very specific system, partnering with local communities in order to build the country's defenses against hurricanes. There are hundreds of people like Wendell all around the country working to build not only levees but also flood walls and pump stations, all sorts of infrastructure meant to mitigate natural disasters.

[Mary Childs]

To hear the story of how this branch of the military got put in charge of the nation's flood protection, we called up Heath Jones. He's the emergency manager for the Corps New Orleans District and apparently something of a Star wars fan.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Heath, can you hear me?

[Heath Jones]

Now I can.

[Wendell Curall]

Great.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Is that R2D2?

[Heath Jones]

That's my text phone. Let me turn my damn phone off. So it it is.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Heath says. The Army Corps of Engineers was founded to help build forts during the Revolutionary War.

[Mary Childs]

Their Logo is actually a little castle.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Yes. And because for a long time, the corps trained the majority of the country's engineers. By the late 1800, they were tasked with helping to clear and tame the Mississippi River.

[Mary Childs]

Their job was to help bring all the products of America's burgeoning breadbasket down to the port of New Orleans and out to the rest of the world. And by the late 1920s, the Corps was also drafted into building systems to fight floods.

[Heath Jones]

The 1927 flood was the big driver for the flood protection on the Mississippi River.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

The great Mississippi flood killed hundreds of people and caused an estimated billion dollars in damage, nearly a third of the entire federal budget at the time. It became clear that some sort of national system was needed to try to prevent these disasters. So Congress put the Army Corps in charge of preventing floods along the Mississippi.

[Heath Jones]

That project, through a series of diversions and levies, set us up in the flood control business and have been building those projects ever since then, by the.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Mid-1960S, a series of devastating hurricanes pushed Congress to expand the Army Corps mandate to include hurricane flood protection. And that is how we got the system that Wendell was walking into when he first took the job.

[Mary Childs]

And here is how the system is set up. If a local community like South Lafourche finds itself facing repeated flooding, they can lobby Congress to have the Corps come in and solve it. And then the Corps has to decide, well, does it make economic sense to protect this community? Harsh. But building flood infrastructure can get really expensive, and communities around the country are competing for these resources.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

So they've come up with this system that basically sets out to answer this one fundamental Will it cost the federal government more to try to prevent flooding in this specific area? Or will it cost more to try to deal with the damages after the fact?

[Mary Childs]

Because when a major disaster strikes, some huge portion of the costs will fall to the federal government. That could be in the form of temporary housing or food for people who have been displaced, or money to repair basic infrastructure like the power grid or drink drinking water supply. Or it could come in the form of federal flood insurance, which often pays out over a billion dollars in claims a year.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

So what the Army Corps has to figure out first is how much the damages in this particular area would be if it were hit by a major storm.

[Mary Childs]

They do this, Heath explains, by conducting a sort of economic census. They'll take a place like Wendell's community in South Lafourche and tally up the number of structures. First, all the homes.

[Heath Jones]

But it's not just houses that are flooding. I mean, if there are, say, oil refineries in the area, or if there's seafood production happening, or agriculture, you know, like in case of South Lafourche, there's a lot of sugar cane fields out there.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

The court then compares the estimated cost of repairing damages to houses and businesses against the cost of a slate of potential engineering solutions.

[Mary Childs]

If it's a rural area with low population density, they might suggest elevating individual buildings.

[Heath Jones]

We say, hey, that house is not safe up to this level, and we'll go raise it on pylons, essentially.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

So you're basically putting the houses on stilts.

[Heath Jones]

Yep.

[Mary Childs]

But if the value of homes and businesses is high enough, they may propose building something bigger, like a series of levies.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

And at the end of all of this, if the Army Corps determines that the costs of one of those solutions would generate a positive return on investment, meaning if the cost of prevention would be less than the costs of repairs and response, they will often propose that solution to Congress.

[Mary Childs]

And that is exactly what happened to Wendell's community in South LA. Back in the mid-1960s, the Army Corps determined that it would be worth the estimated initial $5.5 million in federal investment to build a system of levies around this part of South Louisiana.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Congress approved the plan. They appropriated the funds. By the mid-70s, ground was broken on the levees. And in 19. In 1980, Wendell Curall accepted the job as general manager of the levee district, where he immediately threw himself into learning as much as he could.

[Wendell Curall]

If you read Zheng Su, the Chinese general, well, to me, everything's a battle, everything's football, okay? And so you learn about the enemy. So I want to know everything about hurricanes and everything about levees and everything about the engineering that goes to it.

[Mary Childs]

Now, Wendell's job as the head of the levee district was to partner with the Army Corps to build this massive ring of levies around his community. He had to raise funds every year to keep construction going, because the way this system was designed, local organizations like his were responsible for paying around 30% of the costs of any Army Corps project in order for the feds to pick up the rest.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

So Wendell lobbied the state legislature for funds. He convinced big landowners to donate their land, and occasionally he had to appropriate private property in the name of the public goods. People were not always happy. He was sued by angry landowners and companies.

[Wendell Curall]

Yeah, I've been cursed at. I've been threatened a couple of times, and that's not too bad. But one time, this. I knew this guy was not Totally stable and threatened me. And that. That concerned me a little bit.

[Mary Childs]

But Wendell powered through this incremental, bureaucratic, and occasionally threatening process. And by the early 2000s, nearly three decades after breaking ground, thanks to Wendell and the Army Corps, there was now a dirt fortress around his community, reaching as high as 13ft.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

And then a few years later, a storm hit the Gulf coast that changed the way almost everybody had been thinking about the levee system. We're talking, of course, about Hurricane Katrina.

[Mary Childs]

New Orleans is called the big Bowl.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

When Katrina breached the levees that held.

[Heath Jones]

The water back, the bowl was swamped.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

The scene is nothing short of apocalyptic. 80% of New Orleans, including much of.

[Mary Childs]

Downtown, is underwater now, lowering huge sandbags.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

To start repairing one of the levee breaks that caused all of the flooding.

[Wendell Curall]

I mean, I love New Orleans. I remember driving into the city at night with no lights, to not have any lights and then just drive around. I mean, no people. Before people could start coming back. It tears at your soul.

[Mary Childs]

The failure of the New Orleans levy system took the country by surprise, and the Army Corps took a lot of the blame for having allowed it to happen.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

In the aftermath, the Army Corps decided to do a major rehaul of all their levee construction requirements, focused on beefing up their structural integrity.

[Wendell Curall]

And so the Corps just wanted to make sure everything was done by the letter, dot the I's, cross the t's, and due to our standards, or nothing at all, because that had happened.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

So Katrina, the kind of levy failures that happened during Katrina, changed the way.

[Wendell Curall]

The Corps office worked.

[Mary Childs]

The Corps changed their specifications for how thick the levees had to be. Wendell says they started requiring heavier and more expensive clays that often had to be transported from further away.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

And for local levee districts like Wendell's, those changes meant that building new additions to their levees would cost way more money.

[Wendell Curall]

Dirt is still dirt cheap, but when you move it 20 and 30 miles, it gets very expensive.

[Mary Childs]

Hurricane Katrina pushed Wendell's priorities in a different direction. Places in Mississippi had seen storm surges as high as 28ft, way higher than any point in his levee system. So while the Army Corps was focused on structural integrity, Wendell's main concern was with elevation. He became sort of obsessed, even developed a personal motto.

[Wendell Curall]

Elevation is a salvation to inundation.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Elevation is the salvation to inundation. In other words, Wendell felt an almost religious conviction that he needed to build as high as he could as quickly as possible, because every year, they weren't adding height to the levy, they were taking on more and more risk.

[Mary Childs]

And here, Wendell faced a choice. He knew that he could continue his partnership with the Army Corps. The corpse did want their levees built higher as part of their design rehaul.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

But Wendell also knew all of the red tape that would entail. He'd have to ask for a study, wait at least three years. And even if Congress approved the funding, given the Corps new standards, it might just be too expensive.

[Wendell Curall]

We're not going to spend our money in the bank and fix one problem and spend so much money we can't do our other problems. You know, it's just calculated risk the whole time.

[Mary Childs]

For Wendell, going through the Army Corps might ultimately lead to a sturdier levee, but it would be slow and costly. And he knew every year that he wasn't. Adding height to the levee was leaving his community vulnerable. It could mean the difference between surviving the next major storm or not.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

So Wendell cooked up a second option. A way to start adding elevation faster and cheaper. The South Lafourche levee district could build the levees higher themselves. Using the old standards, they could build their own elevation for their own salvation and avoid the Army Corps red tape and high costs.

[Mary Childs]

Wendell brought the idea before his colleagues at the levy district. They agreed.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

But Wendell faced a big obstacle right out of the starting gate. Without the Army Corps backing, he would no longer have access to those sweet, sweet federal dollars. So he needed to figure out a way to fund all that new construction. And the strategy that he came up with was kind of controversial. He wanted to convince the citizens of South Lafourche to pass a new 1% sales tax in a place, he says, where people do not generally like new taxes.

[Mary Childs]

So Wendell went on the offensive, courting the local press, giving talks at libraries and town halls, and making TV ads imploring the citizens of South Lafouche to help him protect them. They were facing a potentially biblical flooding event here. Though he says the tone of the ads was anything but sensational. It was more PBS documentary than Armageddon.

[Wendell Curall]

We need your help to pass district tax for today and for a chance of a great future. I'm voting yes for the levy tax.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Because I'd hate to see any amount of flood water in my home.

[Wendell Curall]

No, there was no shiny buttons or big sales pitch.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

No fireworks.

[Wendell Curall]

None at all. Because that is not about getting attention. It's about just getting the facts across. Please go to the polls and support your levy district. We're definitely controlling our own destiny with this tax. Vote yes, yes for your protection.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

And when it finally Came to the day of the vote, Wendell's no nonsense approach appeared to have done its job. When the tally came in, the new tax had passed by 82%. And with that new funding, plus some money from the state, Wendell had enough financial fuel to begin elevating the levy.

[Mary Childs]

Now, Wendell says he and his colleagues did reach out to the court to try to get permits for their new levy plan. He knew that there could be big consequences if the corps didn't approve the project. As part of the federal government, they just had much more legal and financial firepower.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

They are part of the army.

[Wendell Curall]

That's what I'm saying. They had bigger guns than us. Okay, I'm not a fool. I may look like it, I may act like it, but I'm not.

[Mary Childs]

But after a couple of years without approval from the corps, Wendell says he told his engineers to ask for it one more time.

[Wendell Curall]

And if they don't give it, start building, and we'll see if they stop us, they stop us. If they don't, we've got more protection.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Wendell did not get approval. And in the late 2000s, he and his team started building their levees higher anyway. And the army corps was not exactly happy with this. They wanted to make sure this piece of federal infrastructure was working as it should. The integrity of their whole system depended on it. They worried that Wendell's obsession with elevation might make his levees vulnerable to toppling over. They told him that if he kept building higher without permission from the corps, they would have to remove his levy system from a program that covers the cost of repairs if they're damaged by hurricanes. At one point, they sent a cease and desist letter.

[Mary Childs]

Despite this pressure from the federal government, Wendell kept building. He knew it could mean his levee district would have to pay millions of dollars if the levees were significantly damaged. But Wendell had that different calculation. He saw his job as doing everything he could to prevent his community from getting washed away. So he says they could worry about repair costs later.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

And then fema, the Federal emergency Management Agency, announced they would be decertifying the South Lafourche levy district. That meant that flood insurance premiums throughout the community could rise.

[Mary Childs]

So in addition to the taxes that the citizens of South Lafourche were paying to build and maintain the levee, some were taking on even more of the costs because of Wendell's decision to go rogue. Some people were angry. One person even put up a billboard by the side of a busy road that thanked Wendell for, quote, screwing the levee.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

And the people still Wendell kept building like he was in a race against time.

[Wendell Curall]

It is a race because every season I got a new hurricane season coming and nobody knows what's behind the curtain. You know, is it a tiger or a lamb? You don't know, but you better act like it's a tiger, okay? You have to act like it's a tiger.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

By the end of 2020, Wendell and his colleagues had managed to build their levees as high as 18ft in some places, though there was still this central question hanging over the whole project. Would it actually hold up under hurricane force pressure? Would elevation really prove to be the salvation to inundation? Or would deviating from the Army Corps regulations turn out to be a disastrous gam?

[Mary Childs]

After the break, the tiger of a storm that Wendell had been worrying about finally pounces, and we learn whether Wendell's wager paid off.

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[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

When you first caught wind of this storm? That seemed like it might be a big problem?

[Wendell Curall]

It happened the same day as Katrina.

[Mary Childs]

29 August, 16 years after Hurricane Katrina in 2021, the storm that Wendell Curall had been worrying about, the reason he and his team had been scrambling to build his levee higher and higher, started gathering strength off the coast of Louisiana.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Tonight, Hurricane Ida slamming into Louisiana as a powerful Cat 4 storm, sending fierce winds of up to 150 miles per hour and surging waters. Hurricane Ida is still miles away, but this much water this early is not a good sign for the city. As the storm picked up steam and started heading for the coast, Wendell did what he often does in the hours before a hurricane, making preparations and checking the tv, hoping to hear the storm wasn't headed to Lafourche Parish.

[Wendell Curall]

I do this channel changing, waiting for somebody to send some good news, you know, keep going, please. Somebody see something, you know, that's not going to come here, you know. But by the time it got close, that thing just headed, I mean, right for the parish line. I couldn't tell what was going to happen.

[Mary Childs]

As Ida made landfall, Windle and several of his co workers at the levee district decided to wait out the worst of the storm. At the local hospital on the third floor, they actually brought rescue boats along with them in case they needed to make their escape by water.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Wendell says they spent hours hunkered down, listening to the wind ripping across the hospital roof and wondering whether his levees would be a match for the rising waters.

[Wendell Curall]

I mean, you get so disoriented because when the storm's hitting, it's so dark you don't know if it's day or night. And I lost complete track of day, night, complete track of it. And I'm looking into the darkness and little tiny pieces of leaves are hitting on the glass, getting ripped. I tell the guys, I said, look, no matter what happens, if we can see grass on the ground tomorrow, which means flooded waters didn't come in, it's a good day. Nothing else matters.

[Mary Childs]

At some point that night, Wendell says the winds died down enough for him and his team to get out onto the roads and inspect the levees and the pump stations. And the first signs were promising. But it wasn't until the next day that he was able to actually see green grass on the ground, to see that his levees had managed to keep the floodwaters out.

[Wendell Curall]

When things calmed down, I mean, it really hit me that, wow, I mean, you couldn't ask for us to have been more successful. We couldn't have been more lucky. We couldn't have handled a worse storm than this. This was pretty much close to the worst that this system can take.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

The storm surge had risen several feet above where Wendell's original levees had stood. In some places, the waves seemed to have reached within just a foot of spilling over the mounds. Even at their new height of 18ft. If Wendell hadn't rushed their construction the way he had, he says, it's likely the whole community would have sustained major flooding.

[Wendell Curall]

And I guarantee you, if we had listened to the Corps and done everything that they wanted us to do, our levee would have been 4 to 5ft lower than it was for Hurricane Ida, and we would have lost people's lives.

[Mary Childs]

Wendell says the magnitude of all this didn't really hit him until a couple weeks after the storm. By that point, people who'd evacuated had returned and had started picking up the pieces and assessing the damage from all the wind and rain. And as he drove into his neighborhood, he noticed a dozen or so people standing around talking.

[Wendell Curall]

I see the crowd and I'm just going to drive by. Didn't think anything about it, but they flagged me down and said, wendell, thank you. It all worked.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

And what they do, they gave you applause. How did it feel to hear that?

[Wendell Curall]

Unexpected.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

It was unexpected, he says. Wendell still gets choked up thinking about this moment, even a few years later.

[Wendell Curall]

When you build a project this big, there's so many people that are involved in getting this done. So many people clap for me. It's for everybody.

[Mary Childs]

When you ask folks like Heath Jones at the Army Corps of Engineers about the story of Wendell's levy, it's clear they can't exactly sanction what he did.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

How do you think about that kind of trade off that he made by going rogue in this way?

[Heath Jones]

Now, you know you can't ask me that question, right? I'm not sure what the exact motivation for Wendell to do to things, but I gotta imagine funding was the biggest driving factor about why he did the things he did, because our standards are not cheap. And so with limited resources that Wendell had at his disposal, I think he went and did what he thought was right. And in turn, we had to do what the law requires us to do. And we're not going to be on the hook for a system that was modified, that was not done to our standards. At the end of the day, we just got to remember, you know, there's hundreds of thousands of people that live behind these risk reduction systems that we build.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

The Army Corps risk analysis, Heath says, just has to keep this much bigger picture in mind. There are hundreds of Wendells working in their system, and the best way to fulfill their mandate of protecting lives and property is to make sure they adhere to the best of their ability. To the designs the Corps engineers have determined to be the safest, least likely to fail.

[Mary Childs]

Heath says that doesn't mean that Wendell's levy didn't do its job. Unlike several neighboring communities, the structures within Wendell's levee were mostly spared from major flooding during Hurricane Ida and no lives were lost, which is not a bad outcome. And he says there's a good chance this levee will get back into the Army Corps system.

[Heath Jones]

We would absolutely welcome South Lafouche Levee District back into the program if they do the work that was originally required to get those permits and make sure that they're up to our standards.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Okay, so Wendell's levy has not been permanently excommunicated from the Army Corps of Engineers system.

[Heath Jones]

Absolutely not. Absolutely not.

[Mary Childs]

Wendell's levee district and the Army Corps may have been at odds about how exactly to build the levee higher, but they're still fighting a common enemy. And no one from either side has lost sight of that.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

As for Wendell Curall himself, he is retired now, though he still visits the levee from time to time. He still proselytizes the need to build higher, still believes that elevation is the salvation to inundation. But he is clear eyed that everything he and the Army Corps have done is fundamentally a temporary fix to a problem that only seems likely to get worse as southern Louisiana continues sinking back into the Gulf and as bigger, more powerful storms come ashore.

[Wendell Curall]

It's not solving everything. It's minimizing the loss of life and the loss of property. Minimizing? You don't control God. You know, our levee's at 19ft or whatever height it is. God wants to throw 23ft at us. He does it. Okay? You don't control that. All you control is what can you afford to build and how well can you build it. And do the best you can with.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

That, with the resources you have.

[Wendell Curall]

Yeah, that's really the whole game.

[Mary Childs]

This episode was produced by Emma Peace and edited by Jess Zhang. It was fact checked by Sierra Juarez and engineered by Gilly Moon. Alex Goldmark is our executive producer.

[Alexi Horowitz Ghazi]

Special thanks to Ricky Boyette, Josh Howe and Rachel Rhode. And a huge shout out to journalist Katie Thornton, who wrote an excellent piece about Wendell Kirall and the Guardian, where we first learned about this story. I'm Alexi Horowitz Ghazi.

[Mary Childs]

And I'm Mary Childs. This is npr. Thanks for listening.

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