Data Center Debate: Are Energy Bills About To Explode?

Summary

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Prof G Markets – Data Center Debate: Are Energy Bills About To Explode?

Date: April 29, 2026
Hosts: Ed Elson
Guests: Jigar Shah (former Director, US Department of Energy Loan Programs Office), John Perella (CEO, Terraflow Energy)

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Episode Overview

This episode dives into the explosive growth of data centers driven by the AI boom and explores a pressing question: Are America's energy bills about to skyrocket? Host Ed Elson is joined by energy experts Jigar Shah and John Perella to dissect the technical roadblocks, grid pressures, regulatory confusion, and truth versus hype in the narrative surrounding Big Tech, the AI buildout, and American power infrastructure.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Market Update and Context of the Debate

• Tech sector stock dips after OpenAI misses growth targets; Nvidia, Oracle, CoreWeave dip, Microsoft rises ahead of earnings.
• Data center capex: Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft together expected to spend $650 billion on data centers in 2026.
• By 2030, data centers could double their power demand—enough to power France and Germany combined.
• With grid bottlenecks and rising energy bills (projected +15% to +40% for residential over 5 years), 14 US states are considering data center moratoriums.
• Key Question: Can the AI/data center buildout happen at the scale Wall Street expects, or will grid constraints make it impossible?

2. The Real Bottlenecks: More than Just the Grid

Jigar Shah [04:40]:

• “When you think about the five different bottlenecks you have to data centers: the grid, transformers, GPUs, memory, and CPUs.”
• Cannot build more than 50 GW of new centers by 2030 due to hardware constraints, but empty promises are being made far in excess of what’s realistic.
• Example: ERCOT (Texas) claims a 300-GW data center “load queue"—wildly unrealistic given Texas’s current total of 70 GW. “That’s a BS number.”

John Perella [06:57]:

• Blames infrastructure misalignment as much as over-promising by OpenAI and others.
• AI centers’ load profile is highly volatile compared to older, stable-traditional data centers. This volatility is “breaking equipment” and “wreaking havoc” on utilities.
• Many are “ahead of their skis”—building without proper engineering understanding, leading to setbacks and reliability issues.

3. Wall Street vs. Reality: Investor Ignorance and Hype Cycles

Jigar Shah [05:09]:

• “How come not a single analyst actually seems to know anything about what’s possible? And everyone else is feeding the hype cycle.”

Memorable Moment

• Discussion about the situation being a “clusterfuck” due to mismanagement and mismatched expectations.
  • [09:21] Ed Elson: “Clusterfuck. I said it. Okay.”

4. Land Grabs, Grid Connection, and Inflated Values

John Perella [10:15]:

• Owners can make $100k–$300k/acre if they can secure a large data center interconnect—“the value...goes through the roof.”
• Utilities are still using legacy studies designed for “flat” loads, but AI centers swing 30–80% several times a minute—old models are insufficient.
• Even massive investment in new batteries and infrastructure can’t meet demand at this pace.

5. Looming Energy Crisis: AI, Geopolitics, and the Strain on the Grid

Ed Elson [12:51]:

• With AI data centers spiking demand and ongoing geopolitical instability (Strait of Hormuz blockade, rising gas prices), are we heading for an energy crisis?

Jigar Shah [13:37]:

• “Data centers have an approval rating lower than the Iran war amongst the American people. ...If the data centers were willing to be flexible with their load for 100 hours, you could accommodate 100 gigawatts of data center load growth in our grid easily and reduce everyone’s electricity bills by 10%. But...instead they’re saying, screw you, we’d like to be run off-grid.”
• US is well-supplied with oil, but global disruptions still hit US consumers due to exports and supply chain vulnerabilities.

6. America’s True Energy Independence: Myth vs. Reality

Ed Elson [17:50]:

• Why, if America is “energy independent”, are prices spiking and the grid under such strain?

John Perella [18:50]:

• Data centers are fueling economic growth and “creating jobs,” but supply and demand governs prices in real time.
• Shift underway: 80% of new centers are planning on “behind the meter” generation (onsite natural gas, turbines—self-powered instead of grid-connected).
• Pressure on all generation assets—Big Tech firms buying up nuclear baseload (cheapest reliable power).

Jigar Shah & John Perella [20:57]:

• Emphasize need for regulatory change: “If you want to build big, you have to be a grid asset. You have to be a responsive load.”

Jigar Shah [22:32]:

• “What John is suggesting is the unselfish way...you’d reduce everybody’s bills by 10% by using the grid we’ve already paid for more efficiently. But you’d rather be selfish than actually get connected faster and be a better neighbor. Of course, people hate you.”

7. Technical Solutions: Responsive Loads, Grid Assets, & Battery Storage

• Making data centers “grid assets”—responsive instead of stubborn loads—could reduce costs and improve overall grid performance.

• Companies like Google are leveraging advanced software and grid-scale batteries to help with load curtailment and stability.

• John Perella describes emerging tech: “Long-duration energy storage...enables the data centers to curtail load, and then...inject power back into the grid from the generation assets they have.” [23:26]

• Failures in Utility Planning: In Virginia, grid operator mistakes about “low voltage ride-through” led to over-frequency events and risks of rolling blackouts when data centers stayed on backup power too long. Lessons: Real-time load dynamics need careful management.

8. Physical Realities & Systemic Risks: The Infrastructure Lag

John Perella [29:50]:

• Explains technical problem: AI data center loads can swing hundreds of megawatts instantly. Most generators (diesel, turbines, nukes) can’t keep up, leading to equipment damage and unreliability.
• “It’s like driving a supercar down the highway at 80 miles per hour and shifting from fifth gear to first gear over and over and over again...that’s what they’re doing to the gen sets, and it’s literally breaking the grid, if you will.”

Jigar Shah [31:13]:

• “There is not a single data center in the country that’s running off-grid...right now they’re fully on grid, which is why...when everything comes online, they certainly will [impact prices] in the future.”

9. Utilities’ Narrative: Passing the Buck (+Cost) to Consumers

Jigar Shah [32:36]:

• Utilities are telling investors, “we’re raising rates because of data center load growth,” and boosting their capital budgets by 40% since 2024.
• US utilities now plan to spend $1.4 trillion (2026–2030) on grid upgrades (up from prior $1 trillion projection).
• If data centers were flexible (interruptible tariff), half the spending would be enough, saving $700 billion and lowering bills by 10%.

10. Policy Solutions and Paths Forward

Jigar Shah [34:59]:

• “There are two big things you have to do...”
  1. Make all data centers sign an ‘interruptible tariff’—if there's a grid shortage, data centers go offline first.
  2. Mandate utilities to share their load data with AI/cloud mapping software to maximize use of existing surplus capacity.

John Perella [36:40]:

• Go further than Texas’s SB6: make data centers full “responsive grid participants,” not just emergency backups.
• Crack down on speculators sitting on grid interconnections and stalling real projects—require “skin in the game.”
• Predicts shift toward many smaller, edge AI data centers (“AI corridors”), lowering grid pressure and shortening construction cycles.
• Modular/containerized “AI in a box” will replace some big, centralized facilities.

Jigar Shah [39:07]:

• “You saw a big announcement...for a $5 billion rollout of distributed AI. So it’s happening now.”

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• On hype cycles and misinformation:
  “How come not a single analyst actually seems to know anything about what’s possible? And everyone else is basically like feeding the hype cycle all day.” — Jigar Shah [05:09]

• On grid flexibility:
  “If the data centers were willing to be flexible with their load for 100 hours, you could accommodate 100 gigawatts of data center load growth in our grid easily and reduce everyone’s electricity bills by 10%.” — Jigar Shah [13:37]

• On the ‘selfishness’ of current buildout approaches:
  “...instead they’re saying, screw you, we’d like to, like, be run off grid. Right. Okay, that feels very selfish.” — Jigar Shah [13:52]

• On the clusterfuck:
  “Clusterfuck. I said it. Okay.” — Ed Elson [09:21]

• On physical volatility:
  “If you have a gigawatt data center and you see anywhere from a 30 to 80% swing...that’s what they’re doing to the gen sets, and it’s literally breaking the grid, if you will.” — John Perella [29:50]

• On utilities and rising bills:
  “They have added like 40% to their budgets since 2024. ... They’re saying it’s all because of load growth from data centers. Now you could call them all liars, but these are the electric utilities that actually serve you.” — Jigar Shah [33:03]

• On distributed future:
  “I think trying to get to gigawatt scale is a huge challenge and a huge lift...distributed AI, I think, is going to be more the way we’re going to see things move quickly.” — John Perella [36:40]

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Timeline of Important Segments

• [02:08] – Market update: Tech stocks, data center spend, energy grid warning.
• [04:40] – Jigar Shah outlines five data center bottlenecks; hardware & grid constraints.
• [06:57] – Perella on OpenAI’s over-ambition and the volatility of AI data center loads.
• [09:21] – "Clusterfuck" moment; consensus on deep systemic difficulties.
• [12:51] – Are we heading for an energy crisis? Macro context.
• [13:37] – Jigar Shah: transformative potential if data centers become flexible grid citizens.
• [18:50] – Perella: Rise of behind-the-meter generation; US “energy independence” under the microscope.
• [20:57] – Regulatory solutions for making data centers true grid assets.
• [23:26] – Perella on battery storage and Google’s advances.
• [26:25] – Virginia grid event, infrastructure vulnerability, blackouts risk.
• [29:50] – Technical limits: why volatile AI center loads break infrastructure.
• [31:13] – Virtually all centers today are grid-connected, not off-grid.
• [32:36] – Utilities passing increased costs (and blame) to consumers.
• [34:59] – Jigar Shah: Two specific regulatory reforms to fix the system.
• [36:40] – Perella: Distributed, modular AI centers as the future.
• [39:07] – Real-world $5B distributed AI rollout underway.

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Takeaways & Synthesis

• Energy bills are likely to rise, but not solely due to data centers—economic growth, grid mismanagement, and regulatory inertia are all factors.
• A flexible, well-integrated data center boom could lower bills, but current approaches—fragmented, secretive, and “selfish”—threaten reliability and affordability.
• Centralized, gigawatt-scale data centers face grid, hardware, and regulatory bottlenecks—look for a pivot toward smaller, distributed, modular centers.
• Utilities are boosting rates and blaming Big Tech, but better regulation and smarter grid coordination could save up to $700B and reduce bills 10%.
• Policy solutions include: universal interruptible tariffs, regulatory demand for grid asset flexibility, stricter interconnection requirements, and full use of AI for real-time grid mapping.
• Without course correction, blackouts, public backlash, and moratoriums threaten the AI/data center gold rush.

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(For further info, see timestamps above for in-depth discussion on policy, technical grid limits, or the future of AI infrastructure.)

Transcript

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Today's number 400. That's how many meters long the world's largest ever tiramisu was a record set last week by a consortium of 100 Italian chefs. Italy still faces severe economic challenges such as crippling debt and a stagnant economy. But for sticking with the whole food thing

[John Perella]

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[Ed Elson]

So welcome to Profit Markets. I'm Ed Elson. Apologies to our Italian listeners. It is April 29th. Let's check in on yesterday's market vitals. The S and P and Nasdaq both fell due to a Wall street journal report that OpenAI missed its revenue and user growth targets. That news sparked a tech sell, with Nvidia falling more than 1% and Oracle and Core weave dropping 4%. Notably, Microsoft actually rose 1% ahead of its earnings, which are due tonight. Meanwhile, oil prices rose as negotiations with Iran continued to stall and the Strait of Hormuz remained shut. And finally, the United Arab Emirates announced it is leaving opec, putting more pressure on the oil cartel's already strained supply. Okay, what else is happening? Alphabet, Amazon, Meta and Microsoft are expected to spend more than $650 billion this year on data centers. And by 2030, data centers are expected to use twice as much electricity as they do today, enough to power France and Germany combined. The problem, though, is that the grid might not be able to handle it. Nearly 2,300 gigawatts of generation and storage capacity are currently stuck in the pipeline, more than the country's entire installed power capacity. Meanwhile, Americans are already seeing their power bills climb. In fact, residential prices could rise 15 to 40% over the next five years. As a result, 14 states are considering moratoriums on data centers. So this leaves us with a multi trillion dollar question. And that is, can the AI build out actually happen the way Wall street hoped that it would? Well, to discuss this, we are joined by a panel of experts, Jigar Shah, former Director of the Loan Programs Office at the US Department of Energy, and also John Perela, CEO at terraflow Energy. Jigar and John, thank you so much for joining me. Jigger, I'll start with you. When you look at the AI buildout right now and sort of the obstacles that are in its way between compute, between people's feelings and political sentiment towards the technology and then also energy, what do you consider to be the most important obstacle, the thing that's most in its way?

[Jigar Shah]

Yeah, it's such a crazy thing, right? When you think about the five different bottlenecks you have to data centers, the grid, right? Then there's transformers, then there's GPUs, then there's memory, and then there's CPUs. Now it looks like they're short. Right?

[Ed Elson]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

They can't build more than 50 gigawatts of data centers between now and 2030 because of limitations on GPUs, memory and CPUs.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

But if you go to communities, they're creating havoc at the level of 500 gigawatts across the country. So they are making empty promises to people across the country to disrupt their communities when they don't have the GPUs to fill it. Right. And so that's, I think, what's pissing everybody off. I think people are just saying, if you're going to be a trillion dollars in size and you're going to be booing the entire US economy, how come not a single analyst actually seems to know anything about what's possible? And everyone else is basically like feeding the hype cycle all day. Right. I'll give you an example. In the state of Texas, they are suggesting an official ERCOT letterhead, which is the transmission operator in Texas that the load Q could be 300 gigawatts right now, mind you, Texas is 70 gigawatts. That's a BS number, right?

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And of course people in Texas are scared out of their minds around a BS number, but what's likely to happen in Texas? 30 gigawatts.

[Ed Elson]

Right? Yeah. John, I mean, this is coinciding this conversation with some pretty significant news about OpenAI, which is that OpenAI missed its revenue targets last year. Reportedly same with its user targets. And it reminds me of a lot of the promises that they have also been making. My understanding is that they were going to build 30 gigawatts worth of compute by the year 2030. I think they've built, I want to say 2 gigawatts so far. I mean, the point being, it seems like that company specifically is probably guilty in particular of this overpromise under delivered dynamic that Jigger is talking about. I wonder if you have any thoughts on that.

[John Perella]

So I don't know that I quite agree with jigger on 30 gigawatts. I think it's going to be a little bit more than that. We're working on quite a few of those projects in Texas, but. And I don't know that I would put all the blame necessarily on OpenAI. Right. I used to work for Lancium. That was the base land and power for the Stargate one project. I did a lot of work on that project before we knew it was going to be Stargate one. And in going back and looking at it, they've had a lot of issues because a lot of these companies, when they applied for their grid interconnect, they applied as if they were like Bitcoin mine or traditional data centers that were very flat, stable loads. If you actually start to look at the load profile of an AI data center, it's one of the most volatile loads you've ever seen. 12, 14 times a minute load swings that are 30, 80% the size of the data center. And that's wreaked havoc on these data centers moving quickly because it's tearing up gen sets. They're literally breaking the crankshaft of the gen sets. They're burning through batteries. And it's a lot of these data centers that are all about time to power and moving quickly. And they got ahead of the tips of their skis because they didn't architect the infrastructure correctly for it to succeed. And so I know that even the Stargate project has had a lot of problems where the utility turned them back off and they've had to scramble to try and find equipment to be able to try and solve for these problems and get them stable loads. So I don't know that I would necessarily blame everything. It was definitely ambitious on their part to be able to say that they were going to scale that big, that fast. I think in a lot of ways they had to do that in order to get capital to be able to start scaling. But I think that they've also been hit by a lot of roadblocks where interconnection takes a lot longer than anticipated because these loads are big and complex. And I think that when they actually started turning these things on, what they expected and what actually happened were different and that they started breaking equipment and finding replacements for the broken equipment is not easy right now. So it just, it's a whole cluster, if you will, of problems. So while I do believe that they were a little overambitious, I do not believe that I would blame them 100%.

[Jigar Shah]

This seems like a four letter word that's after the word cluster.

[John Perella]

Yeah, well, I didn't want to quite go there, but you're welcome.

[Ed Elson]

Someone can do it. Someone can break the ice. Well, John, I guess trying to be

[John Perella]

a little bit more family friendly.

[Ed Elson]

Clusterfuck. I said it. Okay.

[John Perella]

Yeah, there you go.

[Jigar Shah]

All right.

[Ed Elson]

So I guess John, I mean it sounds like what you and Jigga both agree that this is a lot more difficult than AI companies and investors had anticipated. It sounds like maybe where you may disagree is the extent to which they underestimated things or the extent to which they misjudged it. I guess my follow up question to you John is, I mean, how bad is it really when we look at what's happening from Wall Street's perspective? For example, I don't think Wall street is as clued into what is happening on the ground when to energy and compute capacity constraints as you are. So I mean how big of a problem is it really if it's not quite as big as Giga might be suggesting?

[John Perella]

So I mean I definitely think that there's power is the number one issue. There's no question about it. The thing that everybody's talking about is how long it takes to interconnect. Nobody's talking about what happens when you actually turn them on. And I think that obviously that as you see generate, you know, buying generators, there's a long lead time on getting gen sets and you're seeing some deals come and some deals go. What you're seeing it was no different before data centers were here. It was the battery craze, right? Like interconnection queue for people that went and had land and they could get power on land to interconnect and put a battery in. You know, it was like half the projects would never see the light of day, but everybody was connecting because if they could get the power to it, they could then flip it to a developer that would build it. I think you're seeing a very similar. At least we've seen this, where lots of people that have rural land and there's all of a sudden a big power line that comes through their land, go, I can build a data center here. And they might have been able to get 5,000 or $10,000 an acre, but if they can get a large load interconnect, they can get 100,000, 200, $300,000 an acre for the same land. So you see a lot of people that came in and said, okay, if I can find the sweet spot of land where I can get gas and water and power and all these things, all of a sudden the value of that land goes through the roof and the data centers are willing to pay for it. What's funny though is when you start looking at what they submitted as their load profile for those interconnects versus what the data centers are actually doing. The problem is now the utilities are trying to do these feasibility studies off of legacy, flat, very stable data center, and then these things show up. And it's far from that. And that's, I mean, to be a little bit selfish, that's what our battery technology solves for. But it is a major problem. And the reality is, even if I stand up gigawatts of manufacturing capacity of batteries, I can't make enough. And that's the problem across the board with all of the infrastructure. Back when the bitcoin mine days were here and it was all the craze of building these monster bitcoin mining data centers. You saw companies investing in, you know, PDU manufacturers and all the components because they wanted to prioritize their company over everybody else to be able to get the components. Same thing's happening with the data centers, the infrastructure funds. If you look at the Blackstones are investing in TDSPs or utilities, they're investing in, you know, the land developers, they're investing in the infrastructure components, they're investing in all the different components to be able to try and prop up and accelerate the growth of all this to meet that demand.

[Ed Elson]

So jigger, I mean, when I kind of synthesize what's happening here. What we're basically saying is these data centers are a lot more volatile than we had originally expected. They're also consuming huge amounts of energy to a degree that people a few years ago would never have anticipated. And at the same time, I also know that the Strait of Hormuz is closed and blockaded as we speak. I know that gas prices have risen 30% over the past two months since we launched the war in Iran. I mean, all of these things together make me think we're basically headed towards a full blown energy crisis. Am I getting this wrong? What do you make of the energy picture in America right now?

[Jigar Shah]

No, you're not wrong. I mean, the data centers have a approval rating that's lower than the Iran war amongst the American people. Right. And all of it comes down to basic selfishness. Right. Like when you look at our grid, if the data centers were willing to be flexible with their load for 100 hours, you could accommodate 100 gigawatts of data center load growth in our grid easily and reduce everyone's electricity bills by 10%. But that would require coordination between the data center and the utility and the governors and, you know, folks would have to like each other, but instead they're saying, screw you, we'd like to, like, be run off grid. Right. Okay, that feels very selfish. I think when you look at where we are with the Straits of Hormuz, the US Is in an extraordinary spot.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

We have a lot of oil production, we have a lot of refining capacity, that kind of stuff. When President Trump trumpets, how many tankers are, like, heading towards Texas to pick up product? They're picking up product to take it to other continents. Right? So they're picking up jet fuel, they're picking up diesel, they're picking up gasoline, you know, because we got a lot of it. Now, if we start shipping it all to other places, our prices are going to go up. Right, Right. And you already see that diesel is up to, like, you know, six, seven dollars a gallon. Gasoline is above four dollars a gallon.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

That means that for a minivan, it's 85 bucks to fill up that minivan. That's a lot.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And so when you think about four and a half million households in the Northeast are still using fuel oil to heat their homes. That fuel oil comes from the Straits of Hormuz. And so now they don't have fuel oil. Right. And so there's gonna be a disruption around the world. We're gonna have a humanitarian crisis around the world. The US Is better situated than almost everybody else is. But make no mistake, right? We're not putting fertilizer down for a lot of our land, right? Or we're gonna put only half as much down. That means yields will go down. That means food prices are going up. Right? And so part of the challenge I see right now is there to use the best technology in the world, invented here in the United States, deploy it at scale to give people relief. But when you have a president that's paying people off to shut down offshore wind farms, right, you're not using the best technology in the world. You're instead figuring out how to make the crisis worse. Right? And so we have got to scale up solar, scale up battery storage, scale up electric vehicles, scale up all of the things that takes the pressure off of fossil fuels.

[Ed Elson]

Stay tuned for more of this panel after the break. And by the way, we are heading out on tour at the end of May. So for more info and to get tickets to a show near you, head to profgmarketstour.com.

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[Ed Elson]

We're back with property markets. I keep on hearing about how America is energy independent. We do it all on our own. And then it's like, well, why are prices rising as much as they are? And why are electricity prices rising as well? I mean, it's not just the gas bill, it's the electric bill too. And it makes me think, okay, well, I mean, maybe we're more independent than other nations, but it seems like we're not that independent. We're not so Independent, such that we are actually insulated from things that happen abroad. And we're certainly not independent enough that we're able to keep up with the demand of these data centers at the same time. So I guess when you look at our energy picture, I mean, how independent are we really? And what would it take to get to a place where prices at least moderate or start to come down, or where data centers don't cause a full blown cost of living crisis among Americans today?

[John Perella]

So it's interesting question and I'll answer it a number of different ways. One, I think if you look at the economy right now, data centers are absolutely starting to prop up the economy. If you look at the amount of jobs that they're creating, if you look at the amount of factories and made in America, I mean, my entire company right now is here and the jobs that I'm creating because of this data center boom that's going on. Look, the cost of power is all about supply and demand. It's a real time commodity. It's a real time supply and demand. So there's no question that supply and demand data centers, when they first started, they were all about I want grid power because it's very stable power. Right now, most of the data centers that we're involved in and we're working on over 100 gigawatts of projects across the United States and now going international right now, I would say probably 80% of them are planning to go behind the meter generation.

[Ed Elson]

Could you explain what that means for our audience?

[John Perella]

So behind the meter generation means that instead of grid connecting, at least for phase one, they're going to bring in natural gas and put up generators or turbines on their campus and they're going to generate their own power. And that was part of like that Trump pledge that he was really pushing, is that you're going to build more generation. Now think about this challenge for a second. All of the generation assets are spoken for for the foreseeable future. You have companies like Microsoft and these big meta buying nukes right now so that they can power their data centers. Which is the cheapest power out there, right?

[Jigar Shah]

Coal.

[John Perella]

Nuke your baseload powers. And so they're co locating their data centers with generation assets so that in some situations there's grid constraint because the lines aren't big enough to carry it. But at the same time, they're buying the assets and almost removing them from the grid as part of the bid stack of what determines what the price of power would be. Now think forward a minute and I know everybody's looking at it, saying they're raising the price of power. Look, the SB6 in Texas, Senate Bill 6 in Texas forces the data centers to pay for all their own interconnect and all their own equipment. So they're not passing the law to the ratepayers everywhere.

[Jigar Shah]

Well, and to be interruptible.

[John Perella]

And listen, that was where I was going. Now, if you look at architecting grids and Jigger and I had this conversation literally two days ago, I personally believe that regulatory needs to come in and say, if you want to build big, you have to be a grid asset. You have to be a responsive load rather than just a potentially controllable load. Let me explain the difference between the two. Controllable is something where the grid can come and say with 30 minutes notice, I need you to turn off for up to 12 hours. That's Senate Bill 6 in Texas. And what that means is that during emergency periods, they would make the data center shut down. Well, there are 13 times in the last five years that might have happened. Okay. A controllable load means that you can set up the grid to use the frequency of the grid to control the data center, or like a demand response program, if you will. So when the grid really needs it, the data center can control the load. Now, in many situations, for those that built behind the meter generation, if their electrical power infrastructure is set up correctly, it can enable them to actually inject power back into the grid from the generation assets that they have. So now all of a sudden, all these data centers are building out all this power and all the grids are building out all the infrastructure to connect them to the grid eventually. And now what you're going to do is you're going to see this huge revolution where there's more generation capacity available when needed that balances the grid. If you look at what Jigger said before about, you know, if you look at like 95% reliability from a utility where you basically take the data centers off the grid during the 5 to 7 peak hours of every day, in that situation, you could actually fit most, if not all, the data centers that want to be built on the grid

[Jigar Shah]

today and reduce Everybody's rates by 10%, that's the thing that's so crazy. What John is suggesting is the unselfish way to participate in the system and achieve speed to power. Jensen Huang just said the same thing two weeks ago and said, we have all the technology to do exactly what John is suggesting. And now the data center companies are mad at him because they're like, that's not masculine enough for us. We'd rather run off grid and be selfish. I was like, what are you talking about? We're giving you speed to power faster because the generators are sold out and you'd reduce Everybody's bills by 10% by using the grid we've already paid for more efficiently. But you'd rather be selfish than actually get connected faster and be a better neighbor. Of course, people hate you.

[John Perella]

Yeah.

[Jigar Shah]

Yep.

[John Perella]

So it's really a path to how do you get to that? Turning these data centers into grid assets instead of grid liabilities. And that's a big part of what our product line does. That's a big part of what we've been trying to tout from the mountaintop is there are ways to do it. Google's trying to lead the way by looking at all different things, everything from emerald AI to be able to curtail load, to shifting load to everything else. Now, batteries are playing a huge role in enabling that. And that's part of what we're doing is building proper grid scale energy storage. That's long duration. That enables the data centers to curtail load. And then if they need to wield the generation assets, they have the ability to wield the generation assets. It starts with them building behind the meter because the grid can't get there fast enough. But if they apply as a either controllable load or responsive load or demand response programs, these huge liabilities become huge assets that will drive the price of power down. I don't agree that it's the data centers that are driving the price of power. I think it's the economy as a whole. Okay, yes, the data centers are contributing to it. No, I do not believe that everything that you see in the queue will be built. You have a lot of people that don't have the financial wherewithal that are just trying to ride on the gravy train. I think the things that, for instance, ERCOT's enacting with deposits and everything else helps to weed out the fake ones and enable the ones that are real to get there faster. I think those things need to be done. And you've seen the President try to get FERC involved to accelerate because a lot of these grids are absolute clusterfucks. I'll break it now, I'll say it. But like PJM can't get out of their own way. They can't get anything through the interconnection queue fast enough. Right. And there's no reason for that, especially not with AI. Now, like you should be able to accelerate the speed of feasibility studies, leveraging AI's capacity to look at the network of the grid and look at it and say, is there room here or not? And how do we do it? It? The other thing I'll mention that's interesting is if you look at what happened in Virginia recently, there's a misalignment or misunderstanding of certain key terms that the grids are reacting to. And it's scary because I think you're going to see a lot of regulatory reaction and you're starting to see moratoriums because they're like, okay, we need to slow everything down a little bit and pump the brakes to make sure we fully understand what this means. In Virginia, they had a situation where it wasn't a fault of the data centers, but the grid faulted. And like nine data centers went offline or they went to backup power. And when the grid came back up, the grid was expecting the data centers to be there and they weren't. They were still running off backup power. It's called low voltage ride through. And what happened is the grid then had an over frequency event because it's all real time, supply and demand. So you had generators online for the grid that were expecting a load and the load wasn't there when the grid came back. And so there was way more power available than needed be. And what can happen in situations like that and. Or if you connect one of these data centers directly to the grid, when you have that much volatility that quickly, you can shunt airbreakers or trip airbreakers at substations and cause a rolling blackout.

[Jigar Shah]

Rolling blackouts is what you get, right?

[John Perella]

And so when you start building data centers that are gigawatt scale, it scares the hell out of me if they don't have the right infrastructure in place because they're not designed, they were moving too fast, they got above the tips of their skis and they built these data centers that are gonna cause rolling blackouts.

[Jigar Shah]

Then what do you think? Well, when the tech companies say they're moving fast and breaking things normally they mean like little things. In this case, they're talking about people's lives, right? Like when you think about how many people live on CPAP machines or other machines at home, they can't have rolling blackouts because a data center didn't plan correctly, right? And so like I actually think data centers are going to reduce everyone's electricity bills by 10%, but they got to be done the right way. And you need like a U.S. department of Energy that's forcing them to do it the right way.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And so one of my big challenges is that we're allowing people to move fast and break things, and this is not something that we can afford to break.

[Ed Elson]

If I could just, I mean, a lot of technical terms here, I want to just kind of like put it in layman's terms that even I can understand, sounds as though the right way to do it, and let me know if I'm getting any of this wrong, is for the data centers to be connected to the overall grid and responsive to the demand that the grid observes, essentially, excuse me if my language is wrong, but essentially a data center that is in real time responsive to the capacity and the supply and demand dynamics of the grid at large for a given geography. Is that correct?

[Jigar Shah]

It's basically two things. Right. One is that exactly as you suggested, that the grid has plenty of capacity almost all of the time, except for maybe 100 to 200 hours a year.

[John Perella]

Yeah, right.

[Jigar Shah]

During those 100 to 200 hours a year, the utility says to the data center, you gotta reduce your demand from the grid by 50%.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And either they can run natural gas generators behind the meter to ride through that, or they can run it off batteries, or they could use Emerald AI and others and just shift the. The compute packages to a different data center.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

Separately, the data centers have to actually have good quality load facing the grid.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And we've set those standards in the 1960s and 70s. So this is not new. You can't flicker. You can't change how much power you're using from the grid 12 times a minute.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

You can't. So then you have to have technologies like John's in between you and the grid so that his technology is absorbing all of that flicker and the grid is only seeing a signal that it's used to seeing since the 1960s.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And if you decide to send them something that's far more volatile than that, then the grid gets weird harmonics. It gets all sorts of things. And that's what John was saying before, that when the grid sees that, it tells the data center to shut down until it can run safely.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And so those are the two big

[John Perella]

things is what they're going to do.

[Jigar Shah]

Well, that's right.

[John Perella]

What most people don't understand is when you have a power that's this volatile, where you're seeing, like if you have a gigawatt data center and you see anywhere from a 30 to 80% swing, you're talking about 300 megawatts to 800 megawatts of swing multiple times a minute. When I mean swing, I mean immediately disappearing off for a couple seconds, immediately spiking back on for a couple seconds, it looks like an EKG up and down and up and down, down and, and, and the problem is, think about this for a second. The fastest generators on the planet, you're probably talking diesel or recips, take 25 to 30 seconds to ramp up and ramp down. You start talking turbines, you're talking 10, 20, 30 minutes to ramp up and ramp down. Nukes are on all the time. They don't ramp. Solar is intermittent. It's on when it's on, it's off when it's off. Okay, so now how do you take a, a very volatile load and connect it to those things? If you connect directly to a generator, like Jigger mentioned, where you're running off the generator behind the meter and you don't have something between the generator and the data center, you're literally going to break the crankshafts on the gen sets. It's like driving a supercar down the highway at 80 miles an hour and shifting from fifth gear to first gear over and over and over again. How many times is a car going to let you do that before you drop your clutch, you drop your, you know, your engine just falls out and blows up? Right? That's what they're doing to the gen sets, and it's literally breaking the grid, if you will. If they connect that. Now, the question you have to ask is how many of these data centers you've heard about are actually online right now, right?

[Jigar Shah]

Zero.

[John Perella]

Very few.

[Jigar Shah]

Very few. There is not a single data center in the country that's running off grid. I just had Tim Haid on my podcast energy empire and 0,0, that are even Stargate, is grid connected right now. You know, they're hoping to be off grid in the future a little bit, but right now they're fully on grid,

[Ed Elson]

which is why it seems to me that while maybe, I mean, John mentioned that maybe the energy, the increase in energy prices might not be directly because of data centers right now, my assumption is when everything comes online, they certainly will be in the future. And in addition, if what you're kind of describing here is that these data centers aren't being really responsibly built, as in, they're not setting up their systems such that they won't run into issues later down the line. And then I look at something like allbirds deciding to rebrand themselves as data center providers. Or even I think jigga, you mentioned the name Fermi there, which is a company that we were looking at, which seems to be a total con, it seems to me. And then we saw that the CEO exited. I mean, I would like to hear your comments on those companies.

[Jigar Shah]

Well, the other, the other piece of this, just to make sure we're crystal clear, right, Is that like you've got the data. Fine. But then you have the narrative.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

Every electric utility that's an investor owned utility is publicly traded. When you listen to the conference calls of all of those CEOs the last three months, they are firmly blaming data centers for rate increases. They have added like 40% to their budgets since 2024.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

That means that they said before we're raising rates 5%, now they're raising rates 9%.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And they're saying it's all because of load growth from data centers. Now you could call them all liars, okay? But these are the electric utilities that actually serve you. Right?

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

They separately had a report last year that said they were going to spend a trillion dollars between 2025 and 2029 investing in the grid. This year they just re upped that from a trillion to 1.4 trillion from 2026 to 2030.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

If they successfully do that, then that means higher bills for everybody. Now if they allowed the data centers to be more flexible for 100 hours a year, that number drops in half. It goes from 1.4 trillion to 700 billion.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And you still get all that extra load from the data centers, which means people's bills go down by 10%. Like that's the thing that people don't understand. This is just math. The numerator is the spending from the utility. The denominator are the kilowatt hours that you're selling. Yes. You want that ratio to go into the direction of the consumers.

[Ed Elson]

What is the correct policy response here for when we think about the data center build out and we think about the fact that they are becoming so unpopular and that, I mean everyone knows what a data center is at this point. They probably didn't two years ago. We're now seeing proposals for data center moratoriums. Just get rid of them altogether. And then on the other side you have an administration which in my view has made a policy of having no policy. Really. I mean there was an executive order to eliminate all forms of state level AI legislation, which to me is basically them saying we don't want any regulation, we just want the markets to completely do their thing. No Regulation whatsoever. To me, neither seems like the right move. But I'd be interested to hear both of your perspectives on what is the right move from a policy perspective. Jigger, I'll start with you, considering you recently worked in government.

[Jigar Shah]

So there's two big things you have to do. And you know Texas has passed SB6, as John suggested, which basically says that if there is ever a shortage of power in the state of Texas, data centers go offline first.

[John Perella]

Right.

[Jigar Shah]

And so that should be the law of the land. Right? That's called an interruptible tariff. It's been around for 50 years, it is not new, and all data centers should be required to sign one. Right. Second is that the utilities have a bunch of data trapped in their databases between three different silos. There are companies like Grid Care and Google Tapestry and Camu Energy and others who can use that data to tell you exactly where there's space on the grid today. And there's 100,000 megawatts by the way of space on the grid. So Grid Care just announced a deal with Portland General, where Portland General didn't know, but they had 480 megawatts of spare capacity in this one location. And I mean, those guys are ecstatic because they're unlocking 480 gigawatts or 480 megawatts, sorry, they're going to be able to lower everyone's bills by 10% in Portland General's territory. Right. But because the left hand and the right hand don't talk to each other within the utility, they didn't know that they had that 480 megawatts there. Right? That's it. Those are the two things governors need to say. Everyone's on an interruptible tariff. I don't care how powerful you are and how much money you have to throw around. And everyone at the utility has to share their data with these AI enabled software packages that can tell us exactly where you can put more megawatts on the grid and lower everybody's bills.

[Ed Elson]

John, does that fix it?

[Jigar Shah]

Well,

[John Perella]

I think there's a couple things. One, I would take it a little farther than SB6 like I stated before, which is make them more responsive to be more grid participants. So more than just during emergency periods, but almost on a daily basis. Second thing is, when you look at the interconnection queue again, if you look back to the battery craze, there's a lot of projects that have been approved for interconnection that are just sitting there because they're people with land trying to Flip the deal. And I think that there needs to be more skin in the game, if you will, to a certain extent, to prove that you've got the financial wherewithal to actually move forward the project within a timeframe where you lose your interconnection so that you can make room for other people that actually have projects that want to get. I can't tell you how many substations. I mean, there's plenty of different applications, like Jigger was saying, where you can go, and we do this ourselves, where we can do feasibility studies to see what capacity is where. And especially with AI, you should be able to load that data in and get it to spit out and be like, there's megawatts everywhere. I think what you're going to see as far as data centers is going to shift. I think trying to get to gigawatt scale is a huge challenge and a huge lift to be able to get everybody on board and the regulatory. And they're very dangerous years. We're seeing a lot of shift very rapidly to edge AI. And a lot of people don't necessarily fully understand what that means. You're going to have AI corridors throughout the world, all right? And the AI corridors are going to be like major highways where you've got transmission lines and everything, where they build 10 or 20 or 50 megawatt little smaller data centers to enable things like automated driving or automated flying or things where you need low latency to be able to get to response to time. And so to me, distributed AI, I think is going to be more the way we're going to see things move quickly. There's already companies we're working with like Dell and these other big companies that are doing all these like containerized AI in a box, just like Bitcoin got to, right where you could find pockets of power and you could deploy smaller data centers to get the GPUs working faster. And a lot of those get underneath the hurdle of the regulatory, where you're in Texas at 75 megawatts and above is large load. So if you build, you know, 5, 10, 25, 50 megawatt smaller data centers, you can build them much faster, you can get them online faster and you create less of a liability to the grid. And that's where you find pockets where you can hyper locate next to substations and use up the capacity at those. I think that's the way we're going to see.

[Jigar Shah]

Yeah, you saw a big announcement between Strata Expanse and available infrastructure and Data Vault for a $5 billion rollout of distributed AI. So it's happening now.

[John Perella]

So we see not. Because here's the other problem. If you look at the Stargate one project, by the time they completed building the first few buildings, they were already like four GPU generations behind. Right. And so the difficulty with building these massive structures and building a whole city around it is one, the staffing you need in a specific location, then two, the capital, and then three, the lead time to everything, everything. When you do modularize like AI in a box that you can just drop the container off and when that container becomes out of date, you pick it up, take it back to the factory and drop another one off. I think you're going to see kind of the AI factory change. And listen, I just got back from Data Center World conference in Washington D.C. and we saw just that there were like, where there was maybe one. Now there's like seven or eight containerized AI companies now building that. So we're seeing a lot of that as well.

[Ed Elson]

Well, yes, many data centers, which may hopefully make us less reliant on a handful of companies to build all the data centers that we need. I mean, it seems as though literally four companies are going to build the giant robot boxes. They're going to power our AI. What if you could build smaller robots that other people and other companies could own and profit from? Jigger Shah, former Director of the Learn Programs Office at the U.S. department of Energy John Perella, CEO at Terraflow Energy. John Jigger, I appreciate your time. Thank you.

[John Perella]

Thank you very much.

[Jigar Shah]

Thanks, Ed.

[Ed Elson]

Okay, that's it for today. We appreciate you joining us for another Prof. G Markets panel. If you have a guest you think we should speak to on this topic or any other, please drop us a line in the comments or email our producer, Claire, at Marketsofgmedia.com we hope to hear from you.

[John Perella]

You

[Ed Elson]

okay, that's it for today. This episode was produced by Claire Miller and Alison Weiss, edited by Joel Paston and engineered by Benjamin Spencer. Our video editor is Brad Williams. Our research team is Dan Shalon, Isabella Kinsel, Kristen o' Donoghue and Mia Silverio. And our social producer is Jake McPherson. Thank you for listening to Prof. G Markets from Prof. G Media. If you liked what you heard, give us a follow. I'm editing Elson. I will see you tomorrow.

[John Perella]

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