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- [00:01]
Jonathan Kanter
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Jonathan Kanter
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The app download today. Support for this show comes from Odoo. Running a business is hard enough, so why make it harder with a dozen different apps that don't talk to each other? Introducing Odoo. It's the only business software you'll ever need. It's an all in one fully integrated platform that makes your work easier. CRM, accounting, inventory, E commerce, and more. And the best part? Odoo replaces multiple expensive platforms for a fraction of the cost. That's why over thousands of businesses have made the switch. So why not you try Odoo for free@odoo.com that's o d o o.com support for this show comes from Odoo. Running a business is hard enough, so why make it harder with a dozen different apps that don't talk to each other? Introducing Odoo. It's the only business software you'll ever need. It's an all in one fully integrated platform that makes your work easier. CRM, accounting, inventory, E commerce, and more. And the best part? Odoo replaces multiple expensive platforms for a fraction of the cost. That's why over thousands of businesses have made the switch. So why not you try Odoo for free@odoo.com that's O D O O.com today's number 70,000.
- [01:50]
Ed Elson
That's how many dollars the average teacher in Germany gets paid in starting salary. That is 60% higher than what we pay American teachers. However, that number doesn't include what we pay our teachers in Thoughts and Prayers.
- [02:06]
Gil Luria
Money market matters.
- [02:07]
Ed Elson
If money is evil, then that building is hell.
- [02:10]
Jonathan Kanter
The show goes on. Sell. Sell.
- [02:16]
Ed Elson
Welcome to Profit G Markets. I'm Ed elson. It is November 20th. Let's check in on yesterday's market vitals. The major indices all climbed for the first time this week ahead of Nvidia's earnings. Meanwhile, the dollar rose after the BLS said it will not release jobs data for October. Traders seem to think that announcement increases the odds the Fed will cut rates in December. And finally, bitcoin dropped below $90,000 once again. Okay, what else is happening? The world's most Valuable company has defied expectations yet again. In a highly anticipated report that kept the markets on edge all week, Nvidia delivered a record $57 billion in third quarter revenue. Data center sales also hit a record up 66% year over year. And the company provided stronger than expected guidance for the fourth quarter. Revenue is now projected to hit $65 billion this quarter. In the earnings report, Jensen Huang put it Simply. He said Qu Blackwell sales are off the charts and Cloud GPUs are sold out. The stock rose as much as 6% in after hours trading. Okay. Joining us to break down these earnings and what it means for the AI economy, we are speaking with Gil Luria, head of Technology research at DA Davidson. Gil, great to see you again. Happy Nvidia Day.
- [03:41]
Gil Luria
Happy Nvidia Day to you too. It's the super bowl of the quarter.
- [03:44]
Ed Elson
Absolutely. So massive earnings. Nvidia beat expectations. Revenue up to $57 billion is up 62% from last year. This has been kind of a precarious week for AI. We've seen tech stocks sliding, we've seen a lot of concerns, and then Nvidia just comes out of the gates with this crazy quarter. What does this mean for the AI trade?
- [04:14]
Gil Luria
Well, tomorrow all the AI stocks will be out, but we still have to keep the same level headed approach that we've had before, which is there's real winners. There's companies that are engaged in real economically valuable activity and then there's the companies that are engaged in some other unhealthy behavior. They're going to benefit tomorrow, but that doesn't mean the problems are solved. So from Nvidia's perspective, the fact that they have customers that are borrowing a lot to buy chips is great. And that's why Nvidia is doing so well, is because they have real customers, Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Meta, Elon that are buying chips mostly based on their cash on hand and cash flow. But they also have all these customers borrowing money to buy chips. So for Nvidia, that's great. For those companies borrowing money for the financial institutions that are lending them money, this isn't good news. This just means that that's contributing to Nvidia's growth. So we have to be careful. Tomorrow we should buy stocks that are building actual businesses around AI and then we probably shouldn't buy the ones that are just borrowing money to perpetuate.
- [05:25]
Ed Elson
When you look at the earnings that we saw, I mean, there were so many positive signals. Is there anything in particular that investors are most excited about? If you were Worried about the bubble as an example. And then you see these earnings and you decide, no, I'm not worried anymore. What are you citing as your evidence?
- [05:46]
Gil Luria
Mostly the fact that Jensen Huang and Colette, the CFO are willing to go out further on guidance. This is a company that famously only guides one quarter at a time. And we've gotten used to that in spite of the fact that we know that they have a book of business well past next quarter. But they've been pretty consistent with doing that up until a couple of weeks ago and then again today when they talked about $500 billion of Blackwell and Rubin chips that they intend to sell between this year and next year. That gives us visibility five quarters out. That's the first time we've had that since the beginning of the AI era. And that's what really should make investors feel more comfortable, that Nvidia already has all these orders so far out that we're good for next year. What happens after that is it really depends on how good the models get and how quickly we adopt them. But in terms of the data center build out, as we speak right now we're going through the end of 2026. That's the most important thing. It's better than just this quarter, next quarter being good. It tells us that the build out is continuing.
- [06:57]
Ed Elson
You said something interesting there, that this is a great quarter. These are great earnings. We're going to see AI stocks on the up tomorrow throughout the day. But it doesn't necessarily put the AI bubble conversation to bed. That to me, is the big question mark in the markets right now. Could you say more about why exactly it doesn't put that conversation to bed. Why isn't it the case that we should all be long AI now?
- [07:28]
Gil Luria
We should be long parts of AI because the models are very performant. They're adding more and more value to our lives every day, to our personal lives as consumers, to our work life as employees. That's the good part. We should continue to invest in that. But we've talked in the past about the round tripping, the closed party transactions, the circular relationships that Nvidia has with a customer like CoreWeave. Where they invest a dollar, CoreWeave turns around and borrows $9 and then it has $10. It uses eight of those to buy Nvidia GPUs. That's great for Nvidia. They invested a dollar and sold $8 of GPUs. But then Core Weave is stuck paying a dollar a year of interest and they only make 50 cents of profit.
- [08:15]
Ed Elson
Right.
- [08:15]
Gil Luria
So that increase in leverage in financial debt is what we're looking at. And we've probably crossed the $100 billion mark of loans being made to build data centers at mostly high interest expense. That's what's going to come to bite us if we keep down that path. That's where bubbles burst. When we have hundreds of billions of dollars of debt, and all of a sudden we'll get to a point where we have all the compute we need, which we will get to, and then the price of the compute declines. All these data centers can't pay the interest expense. Not only will they go bankrupt, all that debt will default, and that'll drag everybody down with it. That's what we're trying to avoid. We're not at a bubble, but we're inflating a bubble. And if we don't stop now, and I think the market maybe started being a little more rational the last couple of weeks, what I'm afraid is the exuberance comes back tomorrow and we lend another half a trillion dollars into this ecosystem, which again, at some point down the road, two, three years down the road, will come back to bite us.
- [09:24]
Ed Elson
Yeah, it's a really interesting point. And just to use coreweave as the example, I mean, if we're worried that coreweave is borrowing and spending more than it can actually afford, I mean, we're seeing that played out in these earnings. I mean, the reason Nvidia is making so much money is because, yeah, Core Weave is borrowing and spending more than it can afford, and it's landing on Nvidia's income statement. So just to play that out further, it seems as though you believe, and I would agree with you, that this doesn't put the conversation to bed. If we continue to see this level of borrowing from a handful of companies into the future, it's. It could end in not a great situation, certainly for them, but then also perhaps for Nvidia. Because if CoreWeave can't keep spending and Core Weave can't keep borrowing for whatever reason, then that's going to hurt Nvidia's earnings, too. Is that something that you would also flag as a concern?
- [10:25]
Gil Luria
It's something to be aware of that the rules of gravity haven't changed. Semiconductors are a cyclical industry. There's a lot of demand. It goes up, it peaks at some point, and it rolls over until you have the next wave of demand. This is no different. All we've learned is that the peak of the cycle is probably more than a year out. But what happens with these cycles is it's one thing when there's natural organic demand that drives the cycle. When you start levering that up, you make the eventual decline worse. So instead of just having a gradual ascent and then somewhat of a dec, we're exaggerating the ascent, which will exaggerate the decline. Now, the reason we're not as worried about Nvidia, even with that time frame in mind, is that its current valuation reflects a cyclical nature. So if Nvidia is trading at 40 or 50 times earnings as it has previously, then we'd say it's trading like this is secular growth and there's never going to be a cycle. Even with the aftermarket price, it's trading at probably 28 times next year's earnings. That's where it has traded in the past in previous cycles. It's actually more in the middle of the range of their multiple range, which tells us investors have implicitly acknowledged that Nvidia is in a cycle. So we're exaggerating the cycle, but the valuation for Nvidia reflects that it is still a cycle, which is why from the Nvidia investment specifically, we're less concerned. The valuation reflects the fact that there will be a reckoning in two or three years.
- [12:04]
Ed Elson
Yeah. So the concerning companies, just if we could rattle them off. Core Weave sounds like is one of them. Oracle, I would assume is one. What am I missing?
- [12:16]
Gil Luria
Blue Owl is building the same special purpose vehicles for Meta. And you know, Meta will get the compute they need. And when they're done getting the compute they need, they'll leave those shareholders and debt holders in the lurch. And other companies in the AI trade that are marginal, companies like OCLO or some of Quantum stocks that have gotten bidden up on no to very little revenue or little to very little revenue. So those are the places where again, I would caution that we don't need to invest in those. Microsoft and Nvidia will do well in a wide range of scenarios. So will Amazon, so will Google. There's a lot of infrastructure software companies that will ramp up with the demand for AI. We talk about Snowflake and Datadog. There's plenty of places to invest that are not companies that are borrowing 90 to 100% of their capital to build what is still a speculative asset and are not generating enough profits to pay the interest expense that they owe.
- [13:16]
Ed Elson
All right, Gil Luria, head of technology research at DA Davidson. Gil, always appreciate your time. Thanks for joining us. Thank you. After the Break Meta wins its antitrust case. If you're enjoying the show, give Prof. G Markets a follow.
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- [15:59]
Thumbtack/Odoo Ad Voice
Support for this show comes from Odoo. Running a business is hard enough, so why make it harder With a dozen different apps that don't talk to each other? Introducing Odoo. It's the only business software you'll ever need. It's an all in one, fully integrated platform that makes your work easier. CRM, accounting, inventory, E commerce, and more. And the best part, Odoo replaces multiple expensive platforms for a fraction of the cost. That's why over thousands of businesses have made the switch. So why not you try Odoo for free@odoo.com that's o d o o dot com.
- [16:43]
Ed Elson
We're back with property markets. Big tech just won yet another major antitrust battle. On Tuesday, a federal judge ruled that Meta's acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp did not create an illegal monopoly in social media. As a reminder, the ofTC sued Meta five years ago, accusing the company of anti competitive behavior. In this week's ruling, the judge explained that the social media market has continued to expand since those acquisitions and and cited its competitors like YouTube and TikTok. Okay, for the latest on this ruling, we are speaking with Jonathan Kanter, former Assistant Attorney General for the Antitrust division of the U.S. department of Justice. Jonathan, great to see you again.
- [17:26]
Jonathan Kanter
Always a pleasure.
- [17:28]
Ed Elson
So we want to get your reactions to this antitrust decision on Meta. Meta is not an illegal monopoly. That is, according to the judge, James Boasberg. Give us just like a summary of the case here before we dive into the details. What was the FTC's argument, what was Matter's argument? And where did the judge end up landing?
- [17:53]
Jonathan Kanter
Yeah, so the ftc, the case, when it was initially filed in the first Trump administration, was a bit broader. It involved the acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp and documents that Facebook created, essentially saying that they were buying them to eliminate potential competitive threats. And so the evidence here was pretty devastating for Facebook at the time. There were also a bunch of things known as API restrictions, essentially allegations that Facebook was making it difficult for vine and other smaller players to compete. And all of this kind of goes back over 10 years, like 2012, 2014. So in 2020, the FTC files a case essentially saying that Facebook broke the law through the acquisitions in addition to those API restrictions. The court cut back. The case said that the API restrictions claim was no longer valid. And so really, by the time it got to trial, it was about whether Facebook broke the antitrust laws, entrenched its monopoly power by acquiring these nascent threats at the Time In Instagram and WhatsApp, Facebook said, Wait, we don't have a monopoly. TikTok and YouTube. And so the court essentially said, okay, I'm gonna hear that evidence. Even though TikTok and YouTube didn't exist in their. Or at least TikTok didn't exist in 2012 and YouTube was a very different company back then. And ultimately what happened here is the court listened to the evidence and said, well, I have to look at the world as it exists now, not as it existed when the anti competitive conduct took place, or for that matter, when the case was filed. And today, looking at the evidence, I think TikTok and YouTube are competitors, therefore Facebook doesn't have a monopoly, therefore they didn't violate the antitrust laws.
- [19:48]
Ed Elson
So it's so interesting because it sounds like what you're saying is similar to what we saw with the Google case, where there's this recognition of, yeah, you were a monopolistic entity at one point, but now things look a little bit different. And it's harder to say that. I mean, as you say, the evidence was devastating. I remember reading those texts from Zuckerberg to employees basically saying outright, yeah, we need to buy up the competition, otherwise they're going to out compete us. So I mean, does this basically mean that you can be monopolistic in the past so long as you're not monopolistic in the present? How does that make sense?
- [20:28]
Jonathan Kanter
Well, that's one way to read it, but it doesn't make sense. So in comparing it to the Google case, the first thing I'd say is there is a big difference, which is that at least in the search case, the DOJ won. Right. The court found that Google had an illegal monopoly and that it had a monopoly power and it violated the law. The court declined to go big on remedies and because it said that AI was disrupting the market and wanted to wait and see what happened.
- [20:55]
Ed Elson
Right.
- [20:55]
Jonathan Kanter
That's different than saying Facebook never violated the law in the first place, or meta, as we as the artist formerly known as Facebook is now called. So there is a significant difference there. But it also, I mean, it's a head scratcher, right, because this case was filed five years ago and the court waited five years to reach a decision and then said, oh, well, maybe five years ago it was illegal, but now it's not. And I think there are a number of lessons here. First of all, the FTC should have blocked both of these deals in 2012 and 2014 respectively. All the devastating evidence was there for the FTC, when they reviewed those transactions instead, and this was in the Obama administration, they waved those deals through. And one of the lessons is, okay, we need to block deals in real time. And I think that's an important lesson to learn. Now, when we see all these circular investments in AI, waiting down the line and trying to deal with it 10 or 15 years later is probably not the smartest move. The second is we need to push these cases to go to trial faster. And so at doj, when we filed our ad tech case, we were in court in the rocket docket, and by the time we got it was under two years by the time we got to trial. And so it was a much faster. More than half. In less than half the time or more than half the time. Um, you know, it was under two years, whereas it took five years for, for the Facebook and Google search cases. So these cases need to move faster.
- [22:24]
Ed Elson
Yeah.
- [22:24]
Jonathan Kanter
And I think courts need to give us justice faster in these cases.
- [22:27]
Ed Elson
Yeah. Just going back to the decision itself. So he says it isn't illegal. They didn't do Anything illegal because TikTok's here. I still don't fully understand that, because it doesn't seem to make sense to say you never did anything illegal because of what's happening in the president. Am I getting that right? Is that.
- [22:49]
Jonathan Kanter
No, I agree with you. It doesn't make sense. The court is saying that, okay, since 2012, you have illegally monopolized the market, but because 10 plus years later, somebody else came along that happens to be owned by China, we're gonna say you're not a monopoly. Yeah, Monopolist. And you're not gonna be held accountable for what you did wrong back then. I think that's an inaccurate, incorrect reading of the law. The FTC could try to appeal that, but it also defies common sense. It also defies common sense to suggest that TikTok is the answer. One, notwithstanding the act of Congress, it's still run by the Chinese government. And so the alternative for friends and families is going to a platform that essentially is spying on you. And. And two, if you actually use the products, Facebook's different. Right. You interact with your family and friends in a more personal way on Facebook, whereas you consume video and you're entertained by celebrities and sometimes family and friends on TikTok. And so while those differences to a boomer might seem insignificant, I think to people who actually use the product, the differences are quite significant.
- [24:02]
Ed Elson
Just as an observer of what is happening here, we've seen two separate cases in the same year against Big Tech where there was overwhelming evidence that illustrated in great detail how these companies are running monopolies. And in both cases the judge looked at it, seems to recognize all of the illegal behavior, but then said in so many words, eh, it's not really a big deal or we're not gonna deal with that right now because it's different now than it was before. As an observer, it appears that these judges have maybe compromised in some way. Maybe it's that they're corrupt or maybe Big Tech has an influence that is distorting their judgment. I'm not making those claims, I'm just saying I'm watching what's happening and as a consumer of the news, that's kind of what it looks like. What would be your reaction to that?
- [24:59]
Jonathan Kanter
Yes. So both Judge Boasberg and Judge Mehta are decent people. They're well intentioned judges. They're not corrupt. They're doing what they believe is right even if what they said is wrong. So I think both can be true at the same time and I want to be very clear about that. They are noble jurists who are trying to do the right thing and they, you know, I think they both fucked it up, but they are good, well intentioned judges. And it's not a function of corruption, it's a function of a process that has been corrupted. And the process is that there's this, you know, massive deference to companies and markets in ways that average individuals don't have. You don't see criminals on the street or getting the same kind of deference as companies or white collar criminals. And I think that's a big problem in our system and it's broken. And unless there's accountability, we're never going to see the kind of compliance with the antitrust laws or any other law for that matter. And so I think it is up to courts to stiffen up their spine a little bit and hold these companies accountable, especially when they've clearly broken the law. Again, the Google case is a little different. There are two of them. There's the search case where court found they broke the law, but said, hey, I'm not going to do much about it because of AI. And then there's this case that said I'm going to ignore what I saw for 12 years and then just rely on the presence of TikTok today. I think we need to do better, I think courts need to do better. But I'm cautiously optimistic. The state of the law today is better than it was 10 years ago, five years ago. And I think the agencies need to keep bringing these cases. The thing they should learn from this is don't wait 10, 15 years to bring the case right. Google search behavior could have been addressed in 2012. The Instagram and WhatsApp acquisitions could have been addressed in 2012 and 2014. The acquisition of DoubleClick by Google could have been addressed in 2007, 2008. Live Nation, Ticketmaster could have been addressed over 10 years ago. A lot of the problems that we're trying to clean up now in antitrust were addressable back then. We have now the present right before us. We're seeing these massive Mag 7 companies with incredible interlocks and circular investments, creating the same kind of trust that gave rise to the antitrust laws over 100 years ago. There's an opportunity to intervene now while it's meaningful to do so.
- [27:34]
Ed Elson
Do you think that the FTC or the DOJ will intervene?
- [27:39]
Jonathan Kanter
We will see. I think there I'm hopeful somebody along the way, whether it's the federal feds or the states will do so. This administration seems to be very enamored of the big tech companies. They seem to be selling the naming rights of the White House to big tech companies. And I don't know that they have the will to do it.
- [28:04]
Ed Elson
Yeah, the judge said maybe there was monopolistic behavior in the past, but now it's not a monopoly because of TikTok that meta does not have a monopoly on social media. Just as an expert in the field, do you think that Meta has a monopoly in America right now?
- [28:21]
Jonathan Kanter
Yeah, I mean, I think it's self evident in terms of their personal social networks that they do. I mean, the power of Meta or Facebook product at least is declining. But Instagram and personal social networks, yeah, they do. I think the bigger problem or simultaneous problem is we're dealing with are tobacco companies with data and they're incredibly harmful to society. And we have no rules. And I say this, whether it's in AI or in social media or in tech generally. But it's like we've invented cars and trucks and railroads, but we have no lines on the road, stop signs or traffic lights. And we need some basic rules of the road so that we can operate safely and predictably. And right now we have none of the above.
- [29:13]
Ed Elson
Just before we let you go here, we always like to get kind of your update on what else is happening in antitrust. What are the other cases that you think we should be really paying attention to? I mean, even if you're just an observer what are the really important cases that are happening right now?
- [29:30]
Jonathan Kanter
Yeah, I think there are a couple of really big, important cases taking place right now. One is the closing arguments in the remedies phase of the Google advertising case is going to take place on November 21st. I think is the latest schedule to determine whether they will have to break up the Google Ad tech stack. I think it's really important to watch that. That's different than the search case. And the DOJ already won that case like it did in search. And so now the question is, what will be the consequence? The other case that's coming up that I think has captured the hearts and minds of people around the country is the Live Nation Ticketmaster breakup case, which is going to court in New York in March. And it's very, I think, a very important case, one that has tremendous am of popular support and backing. And I think it also has a lot of state attorneys general. And so even if the Trump administration tries to settle it, I just don't see the states going along. And so I think the likelihood that that case gets to trial is very high. And I think there's going to be a great deal of interest in it and a great deal of support for decisive action.
- [30:35]
Ed Elson
All right. Jonathan Kanter, former assistant Attorney General for the Antitrust division of the U.S. department of Justice. Jonathan, always appreciate your time. Thank you so much.
- [30:44]
Jonathan Kanter
Okay, thank you. Take care.
- [30:49]
Ed Elson
The crown prince of Saudi Arabia met with Trump yesterday and he got an extremely warm welcome. It was Mohammed bin Salman's first visit since 2018. Trump said, quote, we are more than meeting, we are honoring Saudi Arabia. The trip included a red carpet welcome and a black tie dinner that featured various business leaders. And it wrapped up yesterday with the US Saudi Investment Forum. So MBS and Trump meet once again, this time at the White House. Plenty of fascinating elements in this story. One is the people who showed up. We saw Elon Musk, we saw Tim Cook, Jensen Huang, even Cristiano Ronaldo. Was that. Two is the fanfare that we saw offered to The Crown Prince a 21 gun salute, a fighter jet flyby, a performance from the Marine Corps band. And three, probably the most fascinating was what happened when Jamal Khashoggi came up in this meeting. Basically, a reporter asked a question about the now infamous murder and dismemberment of Jamal Khashoggi, the journalist for the Washington Post, to which Trump actually defended mbs. And he said, quote, things happen. And he also said that a lot of people don't like Khashoggi, which was an absurd way to defend a literal murder and kind of striking in terms of his deference towards Mohammed bin Salman. Outside of that, though, there were also some updates as it relates to markets, which is what we talk about. And that is we learned that Saudi Arabia is committing to invest $1 trillion into the United States. That is what we heard from Mohammed bin Salman. That was the number that Trump was very excited about. We got a big press release from the White House. We saw several articles about this. In some, the big news from the meeting is Saudi Arabia is now investing a trillion dollars into America. Now, you might be feeling a little bit of deja vu here. You might be thinking, actually, this sounds kind of familiar. I think maybe I've heard this before or seen this before. Well, I'm here to tell you, you have seen this before. In fact, six months ago, you heard this exact same announcement when Trump was over visiting the Middle East. And it was during that trip that the White House announced this deal with Saudi Arabia where Saudi Arabia was going to invest, wait for it, a trillion dollars into the US So why are we here again? Why are we getting the same headline? Well, there were some caveats to that original deal back in May because the number changed several times and quite drastically. It was originally a trillion dollars, and then it was, no, no, it's actually $300 billion. Then it was, no, it's not 300. It's actually $600 billion. That's supposedly where we landed, but now I guess we're changing it again. So the new number is a trillion, which means we're basically back to where we started. And that's what we are supposed to be celebrating. That is our big deal with Saudi Arabia. Now, I have some questions about this deal, and they are the same questions I've asked when we've seen every other deal in this administration. And they are the following. One, is there a treaty or is there a contract? Two, are there any written terms of agreement? And three, has anything been signed? And once again, the answer to all of those questions is no. And so we are left to conclude the same thing we concluded with every other deal, and that is that this isn't really a deal. This is a press release. This is a marketing stunt, and it doesn't actually mean anything. And we've seen this over and over with Trump, and I'm honestly getting sick of it. I mean, we saw it with the $550 billion of investment from Japan, which never actually materialized. And then we later learned, actually it's only $5 billion in investment and the rest of its debt. We saw it with the $600 billion from Europe, which everyone was up in arms about, which never seemed to materialize either. Before that, we had the $200 billion investment from China, which we never actually saw. And in fact, during his first term, Trump made almost the exact same same announcement with the Saudis. He said that Saudi Arabia was going to invest $450 billion into the U.S. they ended up investing less than a fifth of that. So here we have the same thing. Big number, big headline, no substance. Nothing that actually means anything. Nothing that'll actually happen. And if you don't believe me about that, well, then I would just encourage you to simply pull up a Google tab or pull up ChatGPT and type in the following question ask what is the total value of Saudi Arabia's entire sovereign wealth fund? The whole thing. Ask Google that question. I'll give you a hint. It's less than a trillion dollars. So what did we learn from this meeting? We learned that Trump still really likes mbs. We learned that Elon Musk and Trump are probably getting along better than they were a few months ago. We also learned that Cristiano Ronaldo is probably a Trump fan. And these are all interesting, fun things. But did we learn anything of actual economic substance? Did we learn anything that an economist would want to know? Not really. This deal is a lot like the other deals. And that is, it probably isn't one. Okay, that's it for today. This episode was produced by Claire Miller, editor, edited by Joel Patterson and engineered by Benjamin Spencer. Our associate producer is Alison Weiss. Our research team is Dan Shalon, Isabella Kinsel, Kristen o' Donoghue and Mia Silverio. And our technical director is Drew Burrows. Thank you for listening to Profitry Markets from Profit G Media. If you liked what you heard, give us a follow. I'm Ed Elson. And tune in tomorrow for our conversation with Michael Semblast. 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