Does Tylenol Cause Autism?

Summary

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Science Vs (Spotify Studios)

Episode: Does Tylenol Cause Autism?
Date: September 18, 2025
Hosts: Meryl Horne (filling in for Wendy Zuckerman), Rose Rimler
Guest: Dr. Brian Lee, Professor of Epidemiology, Drexel University

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Overview: Main Theme & Purpose

This episode tackles claims circulating in the media and social media that taking Tylenol (acetaminophen) during pregnancy may increase the risk of autism in children. Prompted by news of a pending U.S. Government report and rising public anxiety, Science Vs examines the scientific evidence behind the headlines—exploring where this claim comes from, what the best studies show, and what pregnant people should actually do.

The episode breaks down the complexities of the research linking acetaminophen and neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and ADHD. It separates fact from speculation and addresses the role of confounding factors like genetics, maternal age, and illness during pregnancy.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Origins of the Tylenol-Autism Claim

• The idea that acetaminophen (Tylenol) use in pregnancy might cause neurodevelopmental issues has appeared in scientific literature for over a decade ([05:42]; Dr. Lee).
• Early concerns: Some studies found links to sex hormone issues and certain birth defects, like undescended testicles in males ([06:06–08:06]).
• Acetaminophen was long believed to be the "safer" painkiller during pregnancy compared to ibuprofen ([06:19]).
• Researchers speculated acetaminophen could act as an endocrine disruptor, similar to phthalates ([07:09]).

2. Early Studies and Mixed Findings

• Studies from the past 10–15 years produced inconsistent results; some suggested a higher autism risk, especially when paired with hyperactivity or in males, but findings weren't conclusive ([09:00–09:37]).
• Other studies found a stronger correlation with ADHD than autism ([09:56]).
• Dose-response signals suggested more frequent or prolonged acetaminophen use might show higher risk ([10:06]).

3. "Consensus Statement" and Scientific Backlash

• In 2021, a highly publicized consensus statement published in a prestigious Nature journal called for precautionary reduction of acetaminophen use during pregnancy ([10:09–11:08]).
• This statement got widespread scientific attention and led to lawsuits demanding product warning labels ([11:08]).
• Many experts objected, calling the evidence "weak, inconsistent, and to a large extent, methodologically inadequate" ([11:42]).
• Notable quote:

  "[The consensus statement] gave it like a stab of authority." – Dr. Lee, [10:50]
  "The answer right now points towards no." – Dr. Lee on Tylenol causing autism, [12:25]

4. A Landmark Study: Sweden Sibling Analysis

• Dr. Brian Lee and Swedish colleagues leveraged Sweden's detailed medical records to examine 2.5 million births over 24 years ([15:08]).
• Initial findings: Kids exposed to acetaminophen in utero had a 20–30% higher autism risk ([15:46]).
• Confounders examined: When adjusting for maternal age and health conditions, the risk dropped to about 5% ([17:38]).

  "When it's down to, like, a 5% increase in risk, you start to actually wonder whether or not it's real or not." – Dr. Lee, [17:38]

• Sibling comparison: Looking within families—comparing siblings with and without in utero exposure—eliminated the association completely; the risk "flatlined" ([19:30]).

  "Everything flatlined in terms of risk... absolutely no difference in risk for a child who is exposed." – Dr. Lee, [19:30]

5. Alternate Explanations & Genetics

• Genetic factors are overwhelmingly significant, accounting for 70–90% of autism risk ([18:18]).
• There's a plausible third-variable effect: Parents with autism traits (and associated pain/migraines) may be more likely to need acetaminophen, inflating association in observational data ([21:04]).

6. Meta-Analyses and Remaining Debate

• Some systematic reviews still suggest a link, but Dr. Lee critiques these, noting that "garbage in, garbage out"—meta-analyses can't correct for weak or confounded studies ([22:30]).
• Recent Japanese research using similar sibling designs also found no increased risk ([23:31]).

7. Clinical Guidance & Practical Takeaways

• Big medical groups, the FDA, OB-GYN organizations, and European regulators agree: No credible evidence links acetaminophen use in pregnancy to autism or neurodevelopmental disorders ([24:35]).
• Studies that found risk only did so with high, prolonged exposure.
• Untreated high fever during pregnancy poses real risks, including birth defects and possibly increased autism risk ([25:31]).

8. Impact of Blame and Anxiety

• Dr. Lee emphasizes the real harm of misplaced guilt on parents:

  "Blame is damaging, it's harmful... if we can help take away some of that guilt, I think that's nice because people shouldn't be feeling guilty about these things in the past." – Dr. Lee, [26:23]

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

| Timestamp | Quote | Speaker | |-----------|-------|---------| | [12:25] | "The answer right now points towards no." | Dr. Brian Lee | | [10:50] | "Up until that point, most people just... you aren't really sure what to believe or not. But once the consensus statement came out, it gave it like a stab of authority." | Dr. Brian Lee | | [17:38] | "When it's down to, like, a 5% increase in risk, you start to actually wonder whether or not it's real or not." | Dr. Brian Lee | | [19:30] | "Everything flatlined in terms of risk... absolutely no difference in risk for a child who is exposed." | Dr. Brian Lee | | [22:30] | "[Meta-analysis is] a garbage in, garbage out kind of a thing. You can feed it garbage, but your meta-analysis is not going to turn this garbage into something beautiful." | Dr. Brian Lee | | [26:23] | "Blame is damaging, it's harmful... people shouldn't be feeling guilty about these things in the past." | Dr. Brian Lee | | [24:35] | "Big medical groups agree here. They say that we don't have evidence that taking acetaminophen during pregnancy causes autism or issues with the development of the fetus." | Meryl Horne |

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• Opening/Setting the Stage – [00:00–04:29]
• Science: Early Concerns and Studies – [05:03–11:03]
• Consensus Statement & Backlash – [10:09–12:05]
• Landmark Swedish Study Details – [14:17–21:04]
• Genetics and Sibling Analysis – [18:18–19:45]
• Meta-Analysis Critique & New Japanese Study – [22:30–23:31]
• Medical Consensus and Practical Advice – [24:35–25:56]
• Psychological Impact & Guilt – [26:23–26:59]
• Citations & How to Learn More – [27:01–27:44]

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Conclusion: Bottom Line

Does Tylenol Cause Autism?

• Current scientific evidence, especially rigorous sibling-comparison studies, finds no credible causal link between acetaminophen use in pregnancy and risk of autism or ADHD in children.
• Early studies may have been confounded by genetics, maternal health, or environmental factors.
• Pregnant people should not blame themselves for taking Tylenol and should focus on treating conditions (like fever) that are proven to harm pregnancy outcomes.
• Medical authorities' guidance remains unchanged: acetaminophen is considered safe to use in moderation during pregnancy.

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For listeners seeking more details or citations, check the full transcript and episode notes in your podcast app.

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Transcript

[A]

Hi, I'm Meryl Horne filling in for Wendy Zuckerman, and you're listening to Science Versus. This is the show that pits facts against acetamina. Fen. Today on the show, does taking Tylenol when you're pregnant make it more likely that your kid will be autistic? This idea has been all over the news the past couple weeks because of a big report that's coming from the US Government. It's supposedly going to reveal the true cause of autism. And now what's going around is the claim that it's going to talk about Tylenol.

[B]

HHS is set to release a report that will link autism to Tylenol use during pregnancy.

[C]

The use of Tylenol by pregnant women may be linked to autism in children.

[D]

The claim is shaking up medicine and raising questions from doctors.

[A]

And the government hasn't confirmed that the report will talk about acetaminophen. But this idea, it isn't something that came out of nowhere or some totally fringe scientific theory. There are lots of legit studies on this, and some of them do seem to suggest that popping acetaminophen during pregnancy is linked not just to autism, but to ADHD and other stuff going on with the brain. Meanwhile, fears around taking Tylenol when you're pregnant have been spreading on social media for years. And these new reports have added fuel to the fire.

[E]

I have been scared to death for days.

[B]

Here's why you shouldn't take Tylenol if you're pregnant or you're thinking about getting pregnant.

[C]

I took Tylenol throughout my whole pregnancy. I have a lot of f questions right now and people better start f ing talking.

[A]

And yeah, this does raise some big effing questions because tons of people take meds with acetaminophen in them when they're pregnant. Studies find that more than half of pregnant people in the US Take these drugs. So what's going on here? Can taking Tylenol when you're pregnant up the chance that your kid will be autistic? When it comes to Tylenol, a lot of people are like, I have a.

[C]

Lot of f ing questions right now.

[A]

But then there's science. Science versus. We'll be right back after the break.

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[A]

Welcome back. This is Meryl, and today we're diving into this question of whether there's a link between acetaminophen and autism. With me is senior producer Rose Rimler. Hey, Rose.

[B]

Hey, Meryl.

[A]

So, yeah, you may remember that we worked on this whole autism episode a few months ago, right? Yeah. And we covered what causes autism, why it looks like it's gotten more common in the past few decades. And while I was working on that, I talked to a scientist who looked at Tylenol or acetaminophen. So it was kind of perfect because when I saw all of this was hitting the news, I was like, oh, now I can call that guy back up.

[B]

You had this in your back pocket just waiting to go.

[A]

Yeah, it was all set to go. So. Yeah. This is Brian Lee, professor of epidemiology at Drexel University.

[F]

Hello.

[B]

Hey, Meryl, how are you?

[C]

It's been a very hectic last few days.

[B]

I bet.

[A]

Yeah, he's getting kind of swarmed, and I Wanted him to help me understand, like, where this idea came from in the first place, this idea that acetaminophen could affect a fetus. Like, if we were going to build the case against acetaminophen according to science, where would the story start? And apparently these concerns have been floating around for a while.

[C]

Over a decade ago, the first sort of research came out about acetaminophen during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental disorders. And that idea isn't crazy because it's been previously linked with other sort of disorders. For example, specific birth defects, possible sex hormone issues. Yes.

[B]

Huh.

[A]

So this was surprising to me. Like, sex hormone issues.

[B]

So Tylenol or acetaminophen. We already know it can affect a fetus.

[A]

Well, there had been research on it for sure.

[B]

Okay.

[A]

Suggesting that there might be some risks here, which was. It was surprising to me because I have been pregnant, and doctors will always tell you that Tylenol and other stuff with acetaminophen in it is the safe one to take. You're not supposed to take ibuprofen. Cause that's thought to mess up blood flow to the fetus and has been linked to congenital birth defects. Acetaminophen is thought to be, like, the safer of the two.

[B]

I didn't know that. So, like, if. If you're pregnant and you feel flu y. Or you have some pain, you're supposed to take Tylenol, not one of the other ones.

[A]

Yeah, that's. That's why it's so common. It's like the one that for so long has thought to be relatively safe.

[B]

But then they. But even though they had these suspicions from these other conditions.

[A]

Well, there. Yeah, there had been these kind of, like, trickling out of, like, concerns, like Brian said that it might be messing with sex hormones, kind of acting as an endocrine disruptor.

[B]

That's random.

[A]

Yeah. No, at first I was like, what? But apparently, back 15 years ago, some researchers pointed out that some painkillers sort of look like a type of endocrine disruptor that I'm sure you've heard of. Phthalates. Sure.

[B]

They're an element in plastics that are thought to be an endocrine disruptor.

[A]

Exactly. Yeah. And so they tried testing whether painkillers, including acetaminophen, acted like phthalates when they put them on cells in a dish. And they found that. Yeah, they kind of did.

[B]

Oh, interesting.

[A]

And we think phthalates might mess up hormones like testosterone in the body. And so researchers started looking into this, and some of them did find that people who took acetaminophen during pregnancy were more likely to have a son with undescended testicles when they were born.

[B]

Huh. Okay.

[A]

Yeah. So some researchers were finding these things. Not in every study, but. But there were these hints that something might be going on here, and that was the backdrop for this new wave of studies looking at the brain, because we know that hormones can affect brain development. So if something's messing with the hormones, maybe it could also change how the brain is developing in the fetus.

[B]

Okay, that makes sense.

[A]

And then studies start coming looking at whether pregnant people who took acetaminophen were more likely to have a kid with autism. So, like, you know, some of them would get thousands of pregnant moms and ask them some questions.

[C]

They collected data on whether a mom used acetaminophen. Did you take Tylenol? Yes. No. That kind of thing. And then they followed the baby after it was born to see if the baby developed autism.

[B]

Mm, that's useful for our purposes.

[A]

Yeah, exactly. Like, they followed these kids and then checked whether they're autistic. And these studies, they were finding stuff, but it was a little weird. Like, one of these studies found that it upped the chance for autism, but only when the autism was accompanied by hyperactivity symptoms. Another study found that boys were more likely to be autistic with this exposure to acetaminophen in the womb, but not girls.

[B]

Huh. Okay. Kind of. Kind of confusing.

[A]

Yeah. Like, none of these studies was like, a slam dunk on its own. But at the same time, dozens of other studies were also coming out looking at other stuff, especially adhd, and finding that rates of ADHD were up in these kids exposed to acetaminophen in the womb.

[B]

Oh, okay.

[A]

And, yeah, in some cases, it looked like the link was strongest for mothers who took acetaminophen pretty often. Like, in all three read trimesters.

[B]

So there's, like, a dose response element as well.

[A]

That's what it looked like. And in 2021, this all comes to a head. A paper comes out from a bunch of researchers who'd been studying this called a consensus statement. They issued a quote, call for precautionary action, unquote, and basically suggested that people should pump the brakes on these pills, minimize the amount of acetaminophen that they take during pregnancy. Here's Brian.

[C]

And then to top it off, they publish in a Nature journal, which is one of the most highly regarded scientific journals out there.

[A]

And so this statement really made scientists Pay attention.

[C]

Up until that point, most people just kind of treated it like, oh, you know, like a new study pops up every day. You aren't really sure what to believe or not. But once the consensus statement came out, it gave it like a stab of authority.

[B]

Yeah, I would feel that way about a consensus statement in Nature or a nature offshoot. Yeah.

[A]

And some parents even started suing the companies that make meds with acetaminophen in them, saying that they should have warning labels on them about these risks. But as all of this was happening, a lot of scientists were like, wait a second.

[C]

When you use a phrase like consensus statement, it implies a sort of. Every single expert in the room believes X, Y and Z. Like 9 out of 10 dentists recommend Colgate or something of that sort. So it implies a sort of authoritative weight to the evidence.

[A]

And implying that this was the consensus seemed to piss a lot of scientists off. Some of them wrote responses to that consensus statement saying that it was way too soon to come out so hard against acetaminophen, saying that the evidence they cited was, quote, weak, inconsistent, and to a large extent, methodologically inadequate, unquote.

[B]

So they're saying the studies are crap?

[A]

Well, basically, yeah. That's the science y way of saying, what, this. This is not enough. And so a lot of scientists were really skeptical of this and didn't buy this story. Scientists like Brian. Does taking Tylenol actually increase when you're pregnant, increase the chance that your kid will have autism?

[C]

The answer right now points towards no.

[A]

Oh, really?

[C]

Yeah. So that's the short of it.

[B]

Wow.

[A]

Up next, the long of it will hear the other side of the story and tell you whether or not you can have your damn Tylenol after the break.

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[A]

Welcome back. This is Meryl. So far we've Gone through a lot of the evidence against acetaminophen, the ingredient in medicines like Tylenol. Lots of studies seem to find that taking it while you're pregnant does increase the chance that your kid will be autistic or have adhd. Are you ready for the rest of the science, Rose Rimler?

[B]

Yes.

[A]

Are you ready?

[B]

Yes, I'm ready.

[A]

All right, so here's where Brian Lee, our epidemiologist hero, comes in gallantly with a shiny new approach to looking at this question. His paper came out just last year.

[C]

We had a study funded by NIH before everything went to hell. And we were like, hey, we could actually look at this.

[A]

And so Brian teams up with some Swedish researchers because he's actually really into ikea.

[B]

I don't think that's why.

[A]

Yeah, you got me.

[B]

I think it's because the Scandinavians keep really good records. Public health records.

[A]

Yeah, yeah. It's because they have an amazing database.

[C]

Sweden, having its lovely universal healthcare system means that you can track everyone. They don't just disappear in the system. They're, they're there, they're tracked. Everyone has access to this. Right.

[A]

So yeah, they got data from a ton of kids, almost two and a half million of them, basically every kid who was born there over a 24 year period. And they also had data from the moms, details about their medical care, like the medicines that they took during pregnancy. And so now Brian's team look to see, were the kids exposed to acetaminophen in utero more likely to be autistic? And right off the bat they found that, yes, they were. Oh, so they found that the kids who were exposed to acetaminophen had a 20 to 30% higher chance of being autistic.

[B]

Oh, that's not what I was expecting. You were about to tell me.

[A]

Right. But actually Brian's team was sort of relieved when they found this.

[C]

This shows that we're not in crazy land, for example, that somehow our data are not flawed, we're not flawed, everything is working as anticipated.

[A]

And that's because the effect that Brian was seeing in his data was in the same ballpark as what other groups had found. But here is where Brian and his team took a different path. They wanted to see if other factors might be muddling up the data here, making it look like it's the acetaminophen to blame, when really it's something else entirely.

[B]

Yeah, okay. So Brian is trying to think of, are there other factors that might come into play here? And trying to like, do some science to sort of suss those out, basically.

[A]

Yeah. And so to try to do that sussing out, he starts checking, like, okay, what if some of the other factors that we know are linked to autism could be contributing to that effect that he saw, that 20 to 30% increased chance? Because like we talked about in our earlier episode on autism, we know that the age of the mom can affect the chance of whether her kid will be autistic. Like, older moms are more likely to have autistic kids, or if the mom has some other health condition or got sick during pregnancy, that might increase the chance for autism, too.

[F]

Hmm.

[B]

And so those factors have been known for a while and are generally pretty well accepted.

[A]

Yeah, yeah, exactly. And so Brian's team took another look at the data, and when they started accounting for some of that stuff, like how old the moms were, the effects of acetaminophen got smaller. It went from increasing the chance of having an autistic kid by 20 or 30% down to 5%.

[C]

When it's down to, like, a 5% increase in risk, you start to actually wonder whether or not it's real or not.

[A]

Could it be like, moms who are older are more likely to take Tylenol because they're, like, have more aches and pains or something like that? And we know that's separately associated with autism, that kind of a thing.

[C]

Yeah, exactly. Or a mom being sicker. Right. Like, you don't just take Tylenol for funsies.

[F]

Yeah.

[B]

So the other studies weren't adjusting for stuff like age of the parent, you know, other health conditions, stuff like that.

[A]

Yeah. Basically they weren't all doing the same type of adjustments.

[B]

Okay.

[A]

So that's. That's one thing, and then there's another massive factor that contributes to whether someone's autistic. Their genes. Oh, yeah, yeah. They think that this is, like, the number one thing that determines whether someone's autistic. It's like 70 to 90% of it. So Brian's team wanted to know, could that be part of the story too? And that's sort of tricky to sort out. Like, ideally, you'd look at identical twins.

[B]

Right.

[A]

And expose one socetaminophen in the womb and then see if there's, like, a difference in autism rates, I guess.

[B]

I don't know how you would do that.

[A]

Yeah, exactly. You can't do that. But there's another way to get at this. They could look at siblings in their data.

[C]

What if we did this within the same family unit? So basically Kids born to the same mom, but during one pregnancy the mom used acetaminophen and the other pregnancy the mom didn't. Right, so then you control, at least partially for genetics.

[A]

Yeah. That's great. So Brian's team looked in their giant Swedish database and gathered thousands of cases like this. They crunched the numbers and here's what they found.

[C]

Everything flatlined in terms of risk. You know, what was already very minimal increase in risk just flatlined to absolutely no difference in risk for a child who is exposed.

[A]

No increased chance of autism, no increased.

[C]

Risk for autism, for adhd, for intellectual disability. It was just a pure flatline.

[A]

Yeah. So what this means is that within a family, whether or not the mom took acetaminophen, the chance that her kid was autistic was the same.

[B]

So can you put this all together for me? Like, what's going on here? Exactly.

[A]

Okay, yes. So the more I learned about this, the more I realized that there could be a completely different explanation for why acetaminophen and autism might seem like they're linked. Because, like, if you imagine, like, say you're a mom of an autistic kid, that means that you're also more likely to be on the autism spectrum yourself. Right. You probably have some of these autism genes too. And being on the spectrum having some autistic traits, that's actually been linked to having more pain when you're pregnant. It's also been linked to having migraines. Yeah. And so, like, we have these reasons why people on the spectrum might be more likely to take acetaminophen. So maybe that's why it's looking like it's the medicine causing the autism. But we have a way of explaining all of this without blaming the acetaminophen at all.

[B]

So. All right, so this is like a classic sort of red herring science story.

[A]

Yeah.

[B]

So, like, it looked like it was this one thing, but it's actually that one thing is associated with. With this other thing that it was sort of covering up.

[A]

Yeah, that could really be what's going on here. I mean, it would be like if you looked at your chance of playing outdoor pickleball, that might go up along with how likely you are to have had ice cream recently. But really both of these things are just linked because it's warmer outside.

[B]

Uh huh.

[A]

Yeah, exactly. Exactly.

[B]

That's what I mean.

[A]

Yeah.

[B]

It's like they're not directly influencing the other. It's just like they're both responding to the same third variable.

[A]

Yes. There's a Third variable. Exactly. Classic. That's what it seems like to me. But there is still a back and forth here. A bit of a nerd fight, like other researchers saying Brian's study isn't perfect either. And there are still reviews coming out that say there is a link between acetaminophen and stuff like autism. So I asked Brian about these studies. I guess normally I would trust a meta analysis looking at a bunch of studies over a couple studies here and there, saying something else like, why should I trust your study more than this meta analysis?

[C]

So one of the fun things with the meta analysis is that it's a garbage in, garbage out kind of a thing. You can feed it garbage, but your meta analysis is not going to turn this garbage into something beautiful. You can repeat the wrong thing many times in completely different samples and get the same wrong results in every single sample.

[A]

And yeah, it's not like he's saying that these are all terrible scientists, but more that these reviews are mostly looking at studies that didn't have that genetic stuff. Um, like they couldn't look at siblings, they just didn't have that data and so they couldn't do what Brian's team did. But Brian's study, it's not the only one that, that did do that kind of like sibling analysis. And so like there's one that just came out a couple weeks ago from Japan that did the same thing and it backed up Brian's study.

[B]

Okay, so given all that, what do you make of all this? Like, if you were pregnant right now, would you take Tylenol?

[A]

Well, for the autism question, I do find studies like Brian's to be the most convincing. Like, I don't think there's a clear link here. And even to go back to those other concerns around Tylenol, like that idea that it might be a hormone disruptor.

[B]

Oh, the, the undescended testicles.

[A]

Exactly. What about the undescended testicles? And to go back to those, those studies on, on the undescended testicles are super mixed. So like, some studies will find a link there, other studies don't. And actually the most recent review that I could find on this said that most studies don't find more undescended testicles in babies exposed to acetaminophen in utero.

[B]

So even the, the thing that started this whole suspicion of acetaminophen during pregnancy off, that has actually, upon further investigation, not really borne out, like there, there may not actually be a link there either.

[A]

No. Yeah, exactly. And a bunch of Big medical groups agree here. They say that we don't have evidence that taking acetaminophen during pregnancy causes autism or issues with the development of the fetus. Like the FDA regulators in Europe, a big group of OB GYNs. But like, yeah, just in case, if I did take acetaminophen, I'd try not to take it for like, weeks at a time. Because generally some of the studies that do find risks only find them if you take acetaminophen for, like, longer periods of time.

[B]

It also depends, I guess, on what you're taking it for. I mean, I'm not a, I'm not a. This is not medical advice. But it does make me wonder, like, if you have a high fever, that might be worse for the fetus than the, like, infinitesimal risk of some Tylenol on their brain development.

[A]

Right, yes, actually, that's true too. So having a fever when you're pregnant, we know that ups the chance for lots of serious stuff like birth defects for the kid. Heart malformations, premature births and fevers also happen to be linked to, to a kid being autistic later.

[B]

Oh, uh huh. Okay. That's very interesting and fairly satisfying, actually.

[A]

Yeah.

[B]

All right.

[A]

And by the way, we did reach out to the company that owns Tylenol, and they sent us a big statement pointing to some of the science that we've talked about. And they said, quote, we continue to believe that taking acetaminophen does not cause neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, unquote. And for Brian's part, he really doesn't think the science supports the idea that taking a little Tylenol when you're pregnant makes the kids later become autistic or have adhd.

[C]

Like, taking off my epidemiologist hat and just, you know, as a person hat, like, blame is damaging, it's harmful. Like, and it doesn't exactly help. People might be blaming themselves for, like, that one random Tylenol they took when, you know, they were pregnant 10 years ago. And, you know, if we can help, you know, take away some of that guilt that's there, I think that's, that's nice because people shouldn't be feeling guilty about these things in the past.

[A]

Yeah. Feel guilty about something else.

[B]

Go back to feeling guilty about eating lunch meat.

[F]

Yeah.

[A]

All right, well, thanks, Rose.

[B]

Thanks, Meryl.

[A]

That's science versus. All right, Rose, do you want to ask me how many citations I have in this episode?

[B]

Oh, yeah, Meryl, how many citations do you have in this episode?

[A]

We have 59 citations. So if you want to see all the science that went into this episode, check out the transcripts. You can find links to that which has all these beautiful citations in the show notes and we did reach out to the US Department of Health and Human Services about this and a spokesperson said, quote, unquote until we release the final report, any claims about its contents are nothing more than speculation, unquote. And if you want to learn more about autism, check out our other episode on this called Autism the Real Reason It's Going Up. And if you want to tell us what you think of this episode or have episode ideas, reach out to us. Our Instagram is sciencevs. This episode was produced by me, Meryl Horne with help from Rose Rimler, Michelle Deng and Akedi Foster. Keys we're edited by Blythe Tirrell Mix and sound design by Bumi Hidaka. Our executive producer is Wendy Zirkerman. Fact checking and consulting by Erica Akiko Howard Music written by Peter Leonard, Bobby Lord so Wiley, Emma Munger and Bhumi Hidaka. Thanks to all the researchers that we spoke to for this episode and our other episode on Autism. Science Versus is a Spotify Studios original. Listen for free on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts. And if you do listen on Spotify, follow us and tap the bell for episode notifications.

[D]

Olivia loves a challenge. It's why she lifts heavy weights and likes complicated recipes. But for booking her trip to Paris, Olivia chose the easy way with Expedia. She bundled her flight with a hotel to save more. Of course, she still climbed all 674 steps to the top of the Eiffel Tower. You were made to take the easy route. We were made to easily package your trip. Expedia made to travel flight inclusive packages are atoll protected.

[C]

Your sausage McMuffin with egg didn't change your receipt did.

[A]

The sausage McMuffin with egg extra value meal includes a hash brown and a small coffee for just $5 only at McDonald's for a limited time.

[H]

Prices and participation may vary.