Dr. Chris Lewis (8:19)

It was a closely governed country, larger than Normandy, richer than Normandy and with a long established functional local government that took royal authority down into every part of the country and was capable of generating a lot of money for the king, not just because of the property that the King owned himself, but because he had the capacity to levy tax. One surprising thing though is that all that literate government was conducted in English, not in Latin. Every country on the continent uses Latin for for its language of communication from the government to the localities. But England uniquely was using the native language and it's said that after the conquest he tried to learn English, King William and gave up.

Narrator/John Hopkins (9:12)

In the years following 1066, William faces numerous Anglo Saxon uprisings. To fortify his kingdom, he builds as many as 700 castles, typically featuring a raised mound of earth called a motte, topped by a stone tower that surrounds an inner courtyard or bailey. Only a few hundred Norman knights came to England with William, so they are vastly outnumbered by the English. But the motte and bailey design can be held by a small garrison. Control of the land itself undergoes a seismic shift. William redistributes properties from Anglo Saxon owners to new Norman overlords who are loyal to him and speak his language.

Dr. Chris Lewis (9:58)

There's an immense amount of social mobility for the Normans and I rather think that how well people did on the battlefield of Hastings may have made a difference to how well they were rewarded. You can imagine the night after the battle in which the Normans had prevailed. But they'd been amazingly lucky to do so. Stories around the campfires on that first night of 14 October 1066, as people were remembering who'd performed spectacular feats of heroism or bravery or had just been lucky in how things had turned out. Reputations would be built there and William would know about that because William knew about everything.

Narrator/John Hopkins (10:42)

Those men who are allocated land also have access to food, income and men to fight in the name of the king. In some cases, separate Anglo Saxon estates are consolidated and awarded to a single Norman landowner. For the native English elite, the results are devastating. Centuries of inherited status vanish almost overnight as they are stripped of land, power and influence.

Dr. Chris Lewis (11:10)

Because of the circumstances of the Battle of Hastings and the rebellions afterwards, those top hundred or 150 incomers replace the aristocracy of about the same size in England, who are in some cases killed in battle at Hastings or in the rebellions, in some cases flee abroad. But below that level, English landowners are probably still there, but pushed down in society. So whereas previously they would own their lands entirely themselves and not be dependent on the king, except as a subject of the king, as everyone was. Normans are put in above them. And so new Norman overlords are taking revenues from these English middling families, who have pushed a little bit down the social hierarchy.

Narrator/John Hopkins (11:56)

This is the start of the feudal system in England. It works like a pyramid. At the apex is the king, who technically owns all the land. He appoints estates to lords or church leaders, his tenants in chief, so that a relatively small number of people hold the majority of the land. In turn, these nobles award property to knights, who take care of security and fight for the king where necessary. Below them are various peasants who make up 97% of the English population. This majority is stratified into several classes. Those referred to as free men pay rent to the lord for their farms, while those known as villains are given access to a small strip of land to grow food they can eat or barter. In return, villains work on the lord's land for no additional pay. They are not free to leave a village or marry without the lord's permission. Even lower in the pecking order are peasants known as boarders or cotters, menial labourers who work for their keep.

Dr. Chris Lewis (13:09)

And then there's a new theory that the Normans had that, in a sense, all the land in England really belonged to the king, who had granted it out to people to hold from him as tenants, Nothing like that had existed before the conquest. It's a new idea. And that meant that at some point, any given piece of land in England would become the king's. If a bishop died or an abbot died, it was the king who made the appointment. And until such time, he made the new appointment. The property would be managed by royal managers and the income would go to the king.

Narrator/John Hopkins (13:45)

Profit from the land is fed back up the chain to the top of the feudal pyramid. And with constant threats to his throne, William needs all the funds he can get.

Dr. Chris Lewis (13:56)

There was a definite threat of invasion in 1085, the year before the Survey, when the King of Denmark allied with the Count of Flanders, which is the next major principality north of Normandy in northern France, and invasion was clearly threatened and William raised a large mercenary army in France, for whom he had to pay to bring to England and to pay for their support while they were in England, he had them devastate the coastal lands so that if the Danes did common land, they wouldn't have any access to food. But that threat had gone away by 1086 because the king of Denmark died and that hostile alliance collapsed and when he was able to send the mercenaries home. But that became the trigger for the Domesday Survey because of that military emergency the year before. All the important people in Normandy and England, they were all in England to deal with this emergency. And having everyone together made it the moment at which to decide to do the Domesday Survey because it needed the cooperation of the great landowners across the country.

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Narrator/John Hopkins (16:14)

For Christmas 1085, William travels to Gloucester and spends the festive season hunting and relaxing, playing a version of backgammon made with pieces of red deer antler. But work is never far from his mind. It was the tradition of his Anglo Saxon predecessor, Edward the Confessor, to hold a witan, or council of nobles and clergy three times a year, and King William continues the customer. His Christmas Witan of 1085 is attended by his closest advisors and the Great Norman landowners from the continent who are in the country at the time. At this meeting, they agree to survey the kingdom. William gives the order and the decree is ratified days later at The Abbey of St. Peter, an ancient place of worship that is being expanded at this time into the magnificent Gloucester Cathedral that is more famous now as a location in the Harry Potter films. Word goes out that the King wants an audit of his holdings and the wheels of bureaucracy start to turn.

Dr. Chris Lewis (17:23)

In the past, historians have imagined really unrealistic procedures, such as the Domesday scribes traveling round every village and writing stuff down and counting the pigs themselves, and that wasn't done. Every local manorial official knew exactly how many pigs and goats and sheep and cows and horses there were on the manor and how big the woodland was and how many acres of meadow there was. And we think that there'd been a lot of planning and thinking about this. And what happens at Christmas 1085-6 is pulling the trigger and saying, do this. It looks as if a questionnaire was drawn up and sent out through the ordinary local government mechanisms of the twice annual meetings of the county court and much more regular meetings of the next stage of local government, which was called the hundred, the hundred courts. And even before you start, you've got this framework of county, hundred, township, manor, owner of the manor now, so you know who to write to, who to send information to, you know what you want to ask them about. And this is all set in motion immediately after Christmas, early 1086.

Narrator/John Hopkins (18:35)

The project has several purposes. It will be used to calculate taxes owed to the King and the number of men available to fight for him. But it will also prove that the King owns the land and serves as an important reminder of his authoritarian power to see into every corner of his domain. And no detail is too small. One Anglo Saxon chronicler complains that William does not miss a single pig.

Dr. Chris Lewis (19:03)

Because for the barons, there was no principle of the eldest son inheriting. Yet it was up to the King to manage however the family was structured at the time and take some income in return, so that, for example, if there was a widow with only a young daughter as the survivors of the family, then the widow might be prepared to pay to remain unmarried, in which case she would retain control of the lands, or one of the other barons would pay to be allowed to marry her. And how much they were prepared to pay depended on how wealthy that person's land was. And that's why Doomsday Book's main interest is working out the total annual value of every piece of landed property in the country.

Narrator/John Hopkins (19:51)

The same questions are asked across the country so that a standard set of responses is gathered. The questions include simple facts, like what is the name of the manor who owned it in the time of the previous ruler, meaning Edward the Confessor, not Harold, whom William does not acknowledge as a legitimate monarch. They ask how much each manor was worth before 1066 and its value now, 20 years later. And what size is the manor measured? In a unit called a hide, which is the amount of land that can be farmed by one plow team. The questionnaire records the number of inhabitants, although it's not a census, so does not ask their names. It registers the amount of livestock and the various uses of the land, such as pasture for grazing, meadow for hay or fields for crops. Data is collected about businesses, especially valuable fisheries or watermills, but no individual buildings. Even Windsor Castle is only mentioned in passing as a royal holding in the hundred of Ripplesmere.

Dr. Chris Lewis (20:56)

The most interesting is probably the woodland, because it's measured by all sorts of different systems. Sometimes it's in acres too, sometimes it's by length and breadth. But it can also be measured by how many pigs it could feed each year on the acorns from the trees in autumn, or alternatively, by how many pigs it gave as rent for the right of peasants to turn their pigs into that particular wood.

Narrator/John Hopkins (21:21)

In a second stage of the surveying process, the findings are presented back to the people at their regular shire or Hundred court hearings, where a jury is called to clarify any disputes. It is the summer of 1086. A woman hurries along a riverbank in the English countryside. It is only a few minutes walk to a meeting place beside the ford that crosses the water. When she gets there, she slips off her clogs and splashes across stepping stones to join a crowd of villagers gathered under a wide canopied tree. Most are villains, like her, who work for the local lord. This place is where people have come for generations to attend the annual Hundred Courts. Today it is especially busy. Angry voices rise and fall. Everyone seems to be talking at once. She picks out the sheriff, who was wearing a pale tail tunic in expensive bleached linen that is bright in the sunlight. He slams his hand on a trestle table to call for quiet. Alongside him sit another eight well dressed men. This is the jury she recognizes four of them as local landowners whose family have owned manors around here for generations. The other four are foreign lords. A couple of these Normans continue arguing in a language she does not understand. Now the sheriff lifts and drops a heavy leather folder that slaps down onto the table. This gets everyone's attention. Silence falls. The sheriff declares that the court is in session. He reads aloud from documents in the leather folder. His voice is a dull drone as he lists local manors, stating their owners. The information is read first in English, then in French, then in Latin. At the end of each listing, the jury gives a verdict. A loud aye if they agree with the ownership, or nay if they disagree. It soon turns into entertainment for the crowd, a participation sport, as people cheer or boo when verdicts are delivered. Then a man the woman knows steps forward to the trestle table. He is a Norman lord, her employer. There is a dispute over his holding. A second man walks forward to stake his claim, someone she has never seen before. She crosses her fingers for her master, who runs a successful estate where at least she and her fellow villains never go hungry. The old members of the jury, those who were here before the Normans, are called to share their ancient knowledge. A man called Elfric explains from memory the order of inheritance of the manors that made up the estate. When he is done giving his history lesson and the jury is ready to record its verdict, the assemble crowd builds up to the moment with a rising cheerleader. But the sheriff has had enough. He smacks the table repeatedly until the spectators fall silent. They should have more respect for the king's court. When the verdict comes in, it is an aye, and the crowd clap their approval. Her employer wins the dispute. The woman splashes back across the river to take the news to the staff at the manor house, where she and her descendants will continue to work for his descendants for generations to come.

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Narrator/John Hopkins (26:47)

See mintmobile.com Many property disputes are decided during the compilation of the Doomsday Book, but on the whole, landowners are keen to comply with the inquest and then the listings in open court.

Dr. Chris Lewis (27:01)

Ownership was secure only if you paid the tax on it, and if for some reason you failed to pay the tax, it would be kind of thrown open to the next bidder and somebody else who's prepared to pay the tax on a piece of land would become its owner. So there's incentives to cooperate. What they get back in the end is security of tenure. And the conquest years had been full of it wasn't chaotic, but it was full of all sorts of upheavals.

Narrator/John Hopkins (27:30)

Remarkably, the whole process takes less than seven months. Once the details are finessed, it is time to turn the raw data into a usable accounting tool. In medieval terms, this requires technology no more advanced than ink and vellum or animal skin parchment. The paperwork is transported to Winchester, where it is handed over to a master scribe, one single man whose hand will record the entirety of the volume known as Great Doomsday Book.

Dr. Chris Lewis (28:02)

His name was Gerard. He was the nephew of the Bishop of Winchester. He had been attached to Rouen Cathedral earlier in his career and more recently he'd been in Winchester. So he's there in Winchester. He's known to everyone, clearly a very, very smart guy, because the way he preceded Doomsday Book, saving space, thinking about this layout, rearranging the material within each entry because he was shortening it. He was changing some vocabulary as he went along. So he uses a different Latin word for woodland, and he uses it unerringly every time. He never forgets and uses the old word that he was copying from. He's doing some mentally arithmetic and adding things up as he goes along. And he had a glittering later career. He was the Chancellor, the most important singular official in the government, and later he was Bishop of Hereford and finally he was Archbishop of York. This is somebody. It's a fairly early stage of a really top career as a churchman and a bureaucrat.

Narrator/John Hopkins (29:03)

The book is large by contemporary standards, over 36cm high and containing more than 400 folios or double pages. The text is colorful, with columns of black ink topped by red headings. Its indentations make it easy to scan the pages and find the names of places or landowners and the values of holdings, so treasury officials can quickly add up how much profit any one estate is bringing in each year. It is no coincidence that the book containing the Great Survey resembles a Bible. The comparison gives the work added authority. But though the book should be the culmination of William's efforts to conquer and control his kingdom, his moment of glory is not to be.

Dr. Chris Lewis (29:48)

William never saw Domesday Book because he went to Normandy to deal with military affairs there in the autumn of 1086, and never came back because he died a year later in Normandy. I think it would have appealed to him with the mixture of an immense amount of detail and the grandness of this Bible like book being presented to him. And probably he had in mind another of those great assemblies of the barons when he came back from Normandy and the book was finished, probably intended maybe at Christmas. Again, it could probably have been finished by Christmas at the end of 1087, if he lived and he'd have gone to Gloucester and there would have been some stage ceremony in which this book, bound now, was presented to him, and then he would hand it to his chancellor to start extracting money from England using this resource.

Narrator/John Hopkins (30:48)

Instead, the benefit goes to his successor, William II, better known as Rufus. He is just 27 when he is crowned at Westminster Abbey on September 26, 1087. And though he inherits his father's project as well as his crown, he immediately abandons it.

Dr. Chris Lewis (31:08)

That decision must have been made within days of the death of William the Conqueror and the arrival of William Rufus. What William Rufus did immediately on arriving in England from Normandy is he rides to Winchester, where Domesday Book is being written, where the main treasury is to take control of the funds to take control of the royal treasury. And almost certainly at that point, he says, don't bother finishing Doomsday Book. It's good enough as it is. We can use this to extract money from the kingdom more intensively than has ever been done before.

Narrator/John Hopkins (31:46)

William Rufus appoints Gerard the scribe, to be his chancellor, his minister of finance. This is why the Doomsday Book is in fact two books. The overall project goes unfinished. There are gaps left in the volume, known as Great Doomsday for entries from London and Winchester, which are never added after the new king canceled the scheme. Data from Chester, Exeter and Canterbury is also missing. Information about the eastern counties of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk are gathered by other scribes into what is known as Little Domesday, even though that volume is less well organized and edited, and therefore longer.

Dr. Chris Lewis (32:25)

The other part of the country that's missing is the far north, north of the River Tees on the eastern side, north of the southern Lake District on the western side. But that's for a technical reason. The land tax wasn't collected in the far north. Tax was levied in a different way on livestock rather than on land. And that meant that you didn't have this framework of tax assessment records which named the place its tax assessment, its owner now and its owner before 1066. You couldn't begin to send out the questionnaire to people if you didn't have the framework of knowing exactly who owned exactly which township.

Narrator/John Hopkins (33:03)

Nevertheless, the Domesday Book is of huge value to the treasury as the definitive reference point for its income. It is a foundation stone of centralized government, whereby a written record takes precedence over traditional oral histories. Initially, the main volume is held with the royal administration in Winchester. As such, it is known simply as the Winchester Book, or, even more prosaically, just Description of England. At some point in the next century, it earns the Doomsday nickname. In Old English, the word doom means law or judgment. It does not have the apocalyptic connotations of today. But a man called Richard Fitzneill, Lord Treasurer under King Henry II in 1179, explains that the name shows how people held the book in awe. The Doomsday Book, he says, is a reference to the Bible's description of the last Judgment of God. He writes that just as no judgment of that final, severe and terrible trial can be evaded by any subterfuge, so when any controversy arises in the kingdom concerning the matters contained in the book, its word cannot be denied or set aside. When the Exchequer relocates to London under King John, the book goes with the treasury to Westminster. On occasion, it is taken on the road. For example, when Edward II goes on campaign against the Scots in 1314, he takes the volumes with him in a specially constructed wood and iron chest so that his officials can look up land details if they need to.

Dr. Chris Lewis (34:47)

And it acquired this reputation of being authoritative, of being the last word. And hence the name Doomsday Book, which means the Book of Judgment. And it was thought authoritative long after it had ceased to contain much that was practically useful as information. There are lots of records in the late Middle Ages and into the 16th century of courts sitting on some particular case issuing an order to look something up in Doomsday Book. And hardly ever did they find something that was useful in Domesday Book. But it had this idea still that's embedded into the English psyche. That Doomsday Book tells you about everything and it's authoritative and everything is in there.

Narrator/John Hopkins (35:26)

As well as the unique insight offered by the content of the book, the very existence of the document itself is remarkable. The Doomsday Book has so many adventures that it is surprising that it survives at all. When London is ravaged by the Great Fire in 1666, the volume is rescued and evacuated to the royal non such palace in Surrey. In the 17th and 18th centuries, it is once again stored in a special iron chest. During World War I, the book is transported for safekeeping to Cornwall and stored in Bodmin Jail. The Second World War sees it taken again from the capital to a prison in Somerset. Today it is held at the National Archives in Kew, London. The original is kept under special conditions to preserve its fragile sheep and calf skin pages. But a full facsimile is freely available for reference on the Internet. And though it has been studied for centuries, it is still the cause of historical controversies. The first contains a word that appears 143 times in the Domesday Book service or slave. But who were these people and where did they come from?

Dr. Chris Lewis (36:47)

The English still owned slaves as agricultural workers in 1066. There was no outright slavery in Normandy at the time. And that's one of the big reasons why slavery then disappears in England within two or three generations after 1066. Slaves are clearly being bought outside England and imported. Probably Vikings in the Irish Sea, based in Ireland, were selling slaves in the two great ports on the west coast, Chester and Bristol. We don't have direct evidence for that, but we have evidence from another port, Lewis, on the south coast, where Domesday Book, just by chance tells us that there's a toll payable for every slave that was bought and sold in Lewes marketplace, which was fourpence, but also people could sell themselves into slavery and it's an option for a peasant who's starving.

Narrator/John Hopkins (37:43)

It has long been known that slaves came from around the British Isles. But a close reading of the Domesday Book also hints at captives brought from much further afield.

Dr. Chris Lewis (37:54)

Most of the ones in 1066 would have been native English, with a small flow in of people captured maybe in Wales or maybe in Ireland or maybe in Scotland coming in on the Irish Sea. There's one intriguing bit in Domesday Book for two places in the Cotswolds in Gloucestershire, where alongside the slaves, the entry in Domesday Book appears to list a small number of Africans, Afri, probably from North Africa, Berbers or Arabs. And there is one possible other explanation of that word. But I think these are African slaves and probably not the only ones, because Domesday Book asked how many slaves there were on each manor, but it didn't ask are they dairy maids? Are they ploughmen, Are they Irish, Are they Welsh? He just wanted a headline figure.

Narrator/John Hopkins (38:47)

Another issue of contention for historians is comes from the numerous areas described in the Domesday Book as waste. Around 10% of the listed places, so over a thousand manors, many in the north and southern coastal regions, are recorded as wasted. The phrase means that no tax can be claimed on this land. The controversy comes in working out why so many manors that had been profitable before 1066 fall in value after the invasion. Traditionally, the blame for the devaluation is laid at William's own feet. It takes us back to the time of his brutal methods of conquering the new territory. In 1069, three years after his invasion and the Battle of Hastings, King William was forced to ride north to the city of York. Here, local people who were still loyal to the dead Harold Godwinson, continued to rebel. So William wanted to punish them for their disobedience. There were also threats from overseas, with the Danish conducting regular skirmishes on the eastern coast. William was able to pay off the Danes over the winter of 1069. But the risk remained that they might come back in the spring. To ensure nothing could sustain a returning Danish army, he dispatched soldiers to settlements across the northern county of Yorkshire. It is the autumn of 1069, well over a decade before William the Conqueror's grand data collection project is even being planned. A man is walking with his wife and children along a country lane. They're on their way home to their farm after attending church. The sky is boiling with clouds and the wind is squally. It looks like rain. The farmer lifts the youngest over a stile, and she scampers along a well trodden path that crosses a field. But up ahead, he hears a shout and the sound of horses that makes him stop in his tracks. Soldiers. Norman soldiers. Now the adults sweep the children into their arms, slip into a ditch at the edge of the farm, and pull up a cover of undergrowth. At mass today, local people shared stories of the king's men assaulting farms and farmers. And though this man prayed that the soldiers would pass by their small holding, he sees now that his prayer has not been answered. But at least his family were not hung. Perhaps he should be thankful for that small mercy. He cannot help but look out from their hiding place. Helpless, he can do nothing but watch as soldiers run into his barn. Moments later, livestock escape into the yard, the cow and their pigs, flapping chickens. The woman starts to get to her feet. The animals are her responsibility, but her husband drags her down. They cannot fight these soldiers. Every farmer in the surrounding area has tried, and most are dead now. Instead, he covers his wife's ears as the soldiers corner her creatures one by one and slaughter them with efficient swipes of their swords. Then he hears a sound that is even more horrifying, a lively whoosh of fire, the crackling and snapping of flames catching the hay and old wood. The barn is alight. His home goes the same way, the wooden buildings blazing as the soldiers mount up and gallop onwards to the next settlement. Once the man is certain that the coast is clear, the family creeps out of the ditch. It is not just their home that is lost, but their livelihood. The barn contained everything they needed to survive the winter their animals, their carefully stored crops, their firewood. The man stands in the ashes as the rain finally starts to fall.

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Narrator/John Hopkins (43:48)

Gatorade is the number one proven electrolyte blend designed to hydrate better than water so you can lose more sweat and raise your game. Gatorade Is it in you? William's response to the uprisings of native people was brutal. In Yorkshire, it becomes known as the Harrying of the North. But he was equally destructive in other areas, like the Welsh marches and rebellious Parts of the south, such as Sussex. Some historians have even described the military action as a genocide, an intentional process of death, destruction and forced migration that leaves villages so depopulated that the land could not be. This is one explanation that historians have offered for the numerous places that are later recorded in the Domesday Book as wasted. But others believe the mystery is not so sinister.

Dr. Chris Lewis (44:46)

Basic levy just means there is no annual surplus from this manor for the lord to extract this year. It's traditionally been associated with the harrying of the north. And I don't quite believe that Haringham north was a long time previously. It's 15 years previously. And I think it looks as if when it was decided that there was no income from manor, you get a tax break on that. No tax is going to be levied on somewhere that isn't producing an income from the lord of the manor. And that means that you don't need to collect information about the livestock or the people living on the manor. It's just pushed aside.

Narrator/John Hopkins (45:26)

There are other oddities revealed by the Doomsday Book. It is perhaps surprising that a survey of the land contains no maps, but the concept of a local map is still several centuries away. In the era of the Doomsday Book, distances are more likely to be comprehended in time. For example, the hours of riding or days of walking rather than miles. The Book also confounds our expectations about the impact of population growth on the land. A survey taken just before the First World War showed that England had almost the exact same amount of farmland in 1914 as there was listed in the Domesday Book in 1086. Similarly, place names change spelling, but 90% of settlements shown on a modern map of England are listed in the book. What changes more dramatically is the naming conventions of individuals. The Domesday Book is a snapshot of a turning point between Anglo Saxon and Norman Worlds. In 1086, there is a diverse cast of Saxons with unique and descriptive names like Aethelred, Aethelstan and Edmund, as well as those from Scandinavia with Viking influences, such as Olaf and Thorkil. But there are then the incoming Norman names like William, Robert, Henry, those that stood the test of time to be far more familiar to us today.

Dr. Chris Lewis (46:55)

Surviving leading English families very quickly pick up as a fashion, giving their children Norman names. It enables them clearly to fit in better into this new society of French speakers. If you have a French name at a lower level of society, and you mostly don't get records of those until right at the end of the 12th century, English names survive. And so that in the 1180s, 1190s, you get this big mixture at a local level of new French names and surviving English names, and people still call Godrich and Leofrich and Ethel Loath and so on. So the names are all a really interesting changeover.

Narrator/John Hopkins (47:42)

The next time an attempt is made to repeat the survey comes almost 800 years later. In 1873, a new document called the Modern Doomsday Book records all landowners in possession of more than one acre. It lists prominent figures of the time, like the Prince of Wales and the naturalist Charles Darwin. The project comes in response to growing public resentment about the amount of land controlled by upper class landowners and politicians. It is credited with shaping the land reform policies of the Victorian era. But it never challenges the historical significance of the original. The Domesday Book's value for the Normans is its unique impact on the economy and power. Its legacy for historians is its unparalleled insight into the lives of ordinary English people. Almost a thousand years ago, it's become.

Dr. Chris Lewis (48:39)

A byword for something ancient, magnificent and authoritative. So you get village histories boasting that their village is named in the Domesday Book and there are 13,000 villages that are named in Doomsday. So it's not very unusual, not very surprising. And of course, you get some estate agents who will say, this house is named in the Doomsday Book, which it never is. So comprehensive and has so many facts about different aspects of life, uniquely in Europe for the time, that it allows us to picture ourselves at the moment at which this takeover is happening, just at the end of the first generation after the Battle of Hastings. And it's the baseline historically, both are looking forward to, into what happens next, but also for looking backwards in history about the Anglo Saxon society that had created the society then conquered by the Normans and all the Anglo Saxon legacy of the taxation system and the way farming was organized, the way that the land was divided up into manors with their fields and their woods and so on, is all a given to the Normans. But they're really running the English kingdom under new management that you see in Doomsday Book. It's at a pivotal moment in English history.

Narrator/John Hopkins (50:07)

Next time on Short History of We'll bring you a short history of George Orwell.

George Orwell Commentary Speaker (50:12)

What would he make of certain things that are happening now? We sort of need Orwell to be.

Narrator/John Hopkins (50:17)

Around.

George Orwell Commentary Speaker (50:19)

Perhaps because we might feel slightly adrift culturally were he not there in our language, because he's always been there, you know, if we didn't have the word or the phrase. Room 101, we would have to invent it so he feels alive. In that sense, he is present everywhere.

Narrator/John Hopkins (50:38)

That's next time. If you can't wait a week until the next episode, you can listen to it right away by subscribing to Noiza. Head to www.noiza.comscriptions for more information.

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