Salima Ikram (6:36)

For the ancient Egyptians, religion was terribly important because you have to think, especially early on, you really don't have any defenses against the world, which is difficult and challenging and terrifying. So gods and people who might Help you become increasingly important and crucial to your own survival, as well as the survival of the entire world around you and the cosmos. Which is why the Egyptians seem to have had a very complex religion, which also was inspired by nature.

Narrator (7:19)

Much like the Romans and Greeks, who will eventually follow, the ancient Egyptians hold their gods in the highest esteem. They must be worshipped, appeased, and honored with offerings or tributes to ensure general prosperity and good health. If anything goes awry, it signals the wrath of the gods. And when things go well, it must be because the gods are looking down favorably, Perhaps to distinguish them from mere mortals. The deities of ancient Egypt rarely take human form. Anubis, God of the afterlife, is depicted as part jackal. Pathor, a goddess of the sky, has a cow's head, while Thoth, God of wisdom and magic, is variously shown with some features of a baboon or an ibis. But it's Horus, God of the sky, who's often depicted as one of the most important creatures in Egyptian religious mythology. A sphinx.

Salima Ikram (8:21)

An iconic image from Egypt is the Sphinx, which has the head of a human and the body of a lion. And the Sphinx was associated with the sun God. There's a manifestation of both the king and the sun God. So the Sphinx embodies the power of the sun God. The power of the king and the lion is used as this sort of part of the creation, because it's the king of the beasts. It is yellow like the sun. And of course the ruff of the lion is again like the rays of the sun emanating. So it was chosen as a quintessential symbol of the sun God.

Narrator (9:03)

Centuries later, the Greeks will popularize their version of the Sphinx, who fiercely guards the city of Thebes, killing any trespassers who fail to solve her riddle. The Greeks will also give the creature its name from the verb sphingi, which means to bind or strangle. A testament to the Sphinx deadly reputation. But it's in ancient Egypt where the Sphinx originates. At first, sphinxes are drawn as simple carvings or made into small figurines to decorate people's homes, primarily the wealthy. Then, as the Egyptian empire expands, it enters the era that will become known for its monument building. Though the craze will eventually lead to the construction of the Great Sphinx. What comes first are its predecessors, Egypt's pyramids. When you think about super successful businesses that are selling through the roof, like Heinz or Mattel, you think about a great product, a cool brand and brilliant marketing. But there's a secret. The business behind the business making, selling simple for them and buying simple for their customers. For millions of businesses, that business is Shopify. Upgrade your business and get the same checkout as Heinz and Mattel. Sign up for your $1 per month trial period at shopify.com promo all lowercase go to shopify.com promo to upgrade your selling today. Shopify.com promo Spring savings are in the air. And at Ross where they have savings on all the brands you love, from the latest fashion to outdoor decor and even pet supplies. Savings are in every aisle. Go to ross and save 20 to 60 off other retailers prices on your favorite spring finds. In the period known as the Third Dynasty, which begins in around 2670 BC, King Zoser commissions an elaborate funerary complex that will house his body after death. The notion of the afterlife is embedded in Egyptian culture, and naturally, Zoser wants to do everything in his power to ensure a smooth journey from mortality to eternity.

Salima Ikram (11:22)

Of course, when people think about Egypt, in addition to sphinxes and mummies, they think about pyramids. But of course, the pyramids they think about are the Great Pyramids of Giza. But Egypt has more than 80 pyramids, and the first amongst those was the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, built for King Xoser by his architect Imhote. And this is an extraordinary building because it is the first monumental stone structure ever built in the world. The stone blocks are smaller because it's sort of modeled on mud brick architecture, but then exaggerated. And that's why we have it the way it is. The Step Pyramid is really the one that started the ideas of pyramids that established a lot of the parts of the complex. And so it started off by being a very simple stone structure that was rectangular. But then they thought, ooh, we can go higher with this and let's make it go up towards the sky. And so you have these steps that have been added on. So what you see now is a total of six steps, and it all used to be encased with white limestone. So it was this gleaming, monumental creation dedicated to the God king Zoser.

Narrator (12:36)

Zoser's Step Pyramid triggers a flurry of pyramid building throughout Egypt, with later rulers eager to make their mark on the desert landscape. A little over a century after Zoser's architectural triumph, King Khufu takes monument building to another level when he oversees the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza. For his pyramid, Khufu selects the Mokattam Formation, a vast, undeveloped, rocky plain in the north of Egypt in what is now southern Cairo. Crucially, the Area consists of layers and layers of solid limestone rock, strong enough to bear the weight of a giant monument. Khufu recruits hundreds of men and houses them in a workers camp known as Gerget Khufu, the settlement of Khufu. The men are divided into teams and allocated jobs in the construction process, from laying the foundations and quarrying limestone to transporting the bricks, each one weighing around a ton, to the desired site. It's possible that the bricks are positioned to align with the Great North Star, drawing on symbolism to connect the pharaoh to the celestial gods. Each day, the men labor from dawn till dusk, spurred on by the friendly rivalry between opposing teams. Finally, after an estimated 25 years, the great Pyramid of Giza is complete. It measures 481ft high and 755ft wide. In modern terms, that's 100 foot taller than the Statue of Liberty. When Khufu dies, his mummified body is placed in a tomb inside the pyramid, surrounded by religious artifacts within a divine structure, his soul will no doubt have a splendid afterlife. His Great Pyramid becomes legendary in ancient Egypt. So when his second son and eventual heir, Khafre, comes to the throne, he has enormous shoes to fill. Thanks to his trailblazing father, the kingdom Khafre inherits is hugely successful. By now, the Egyptian empire is at its zenith, stretching from Libya in the west to the Sinai Peninsula in the east and Nubia in the south. Protected by the Nile in one direction and the desert in the other, any would be invaders are kept at bay. With such a stable empire at his fingertips, Khafre is able to focus on the future, particularly his own. Keen for his funerary monument to equal, if not surpass that of his father, Khafre flexes his pharaonic powers and orders the construction of a second pyramid on the Giza plateau. When complete, his pyramid will be a few feet shorter than his father's. But because it's built on an elevated area of the plateau, from a distance, both structures will appear to be of equal height. However, while the men are hard at work on the pyramid, Khafre is already embarking on his most ambitious architectural project yet. It's sometime during the year 2500 BC in a horseshoe shaped stone quarry a few miles east of the Giza complex, a swarm of men are at work. Hundreds are deep inside the excavation, working in teams of four to move enormous slabs of limestone onto a set of wooden tracks. They wind ropes around the massive bricks, then drag them along the slats, pulling and heaving until their muscles Burn. These blocks of limestone are being transported to the Giza complex, where they'll form the base of King Jafre's pyramid. Above these laborers, standing high on a rugged formation of limestone, are more men, but their job is different. They are artists here, not to build a pyramid, but a great statue. Their task is to use the rock that's left over and shape it into a giant sphinx with the body of a lion and the head of their pharaoh. Clutching their tools, they climb around the rock, shaving sections into enormous paws, whittling down its chest and gently shaping its ears. One of the artists, a skinny teenage boy, sits on the northern corner of the platform, working on what will eventually be the creature's chest, bare feet dangling off the side. He taps away at the limestone with a chisel and hammer until he has a smooth, sandy surface. The teenager pauses to run his hand along it, but now a dusting of sand showers his head. He looks up and spots the culprit, an elderly stoneworker balanced on a wooden scaffold a few feet above. The boy climbs up to examine his work and sees the old man is carving a deep oval hole the length of a man lying down in the very front of the rocky platform. At the center of the depression is a great round stone. As he stares at it, it seems to stare back. The artist is carving the eye of their king. The sight is impressive, and as the youth gets back to work, he is distracted. Imagine being important enough to have your face carved on a monument. But it gives him an idea. Soon the other workers are taking a quick break for lunch, downing tools and hurrying towards the shade of the tamarisk trees. With the coast clear, the teenager takes his chance. Ignoring the rumble of his stomach, he clambers down from the platform and heads towards one of the blocks lying on the tracks. Withdrawing a chisel from his tunic pocket, he crouches next to the rocks and scrapes the blade into the limestone. With surgical precision, the teenager carves his initials. He smiles as he sits back and admires his handiwork, knowing that his name will be preserved for eternity as one of the builders of King Jafre's Great Sphinx.

Salima Ikram (19:42)

The Great Sphinx of Giza is a fabulous monument because it's carved out of the living rock, and it is in the place where one of the quarries used to get the stone for the Pyramid of King Khufu was located. But it seems that for some reason, this rock was just left in place, either deliberately decided, oh, this is a good site to make a huge, massive sculpture. That would act as the guardian of the entire cemetery. And so it's really carved out of the living rock. And they've quarried a way around it. They used a stone to make the pyramid, but then they fashioned this wonderful lion with a human head, which then they would have to have had scaffolding to get up to to do all of this work. And there is quite a lot of fineness you can see still and paint. So what you see as the Great Sphinx now is a sort of gray, white thing, was once brilliantly painted with yellowish things for the headdress, blue, maybe red for the face, eyes outlined. So really like a massive living image of the king as a God presiding over this necropolis. So it was made very carefully by people clambering all over it.

Narrator (21:07)

But while historians offer their ideas regarding how the Sphinx is built, there's ongoing controversy as to who it's built for. Most agree it's likely constructed under the orders of King Harfre. But there is room for speculation.

Salima Ikram (21:24)

Many scholars think that King Khafre was the one who constructed the Sphinx or ordered its construction because of its location near his Valley Temple. However, other scholars think that King Khufu had this made, and that's why King Khafre's Valley Temple was chosen to be there. But there's also a misalignment between his pyramid and the causeway, and fewer scholars think that it was King Djedefre who had something to do with it. But that is because his name is Djedef Re, I. E. The first king in that dynasty to really use the word Re, which is the name of the sun God.

Narrator (22:03)

Under the instruction of its creator, whichever king that may be, the Sphinx transforms from limestone rock to mythological creature built as the eternal guardian of the royal tombs. All around it, other funerary monuments are erected. Eventually, 23 statues of Hafre decorate the Valley Temple. Meanwhile, a road, the ceremonial causeway, links the elements of the complex, tying together the Sphinx, the pyramid, and temple as part of Halfre's journey to the afterlife.

Salima Ikram (22:42)

The Great Sphinx at Giza was made as a guardian of the entire cemetery and also as a manifestation of the might and power of the ruler. So you have the ruler's face as the sun God, and it would be the first thing that people saw. And in fact, you had that, and you have these huge pyramids rearing up behind. So it was mainly protection, the presence of a God on earth, manifestation of power, and ostentatious display of control and wealth.

Narrator (23:20)

Following Halfre in 2532 B.C. his son Menkaure takes the reins and continues his father and grandfather's building legacy. He constructs a third pyramid at the Giza plateau to complete the trio. However, towards the end of Menkaure's rule, pyramid building takes a back seat in Egypt.

Salima Ikram (23:43)

The Old Kingdom is noted for its magnificent pyramids, the huge Sphinx and its very great monumental architecture. But what happened is that as time progressed, the whole ethos changed. And because the rulers wanted to use their resources for different things. So you have mudbricks and then they faced with stone, so it looks like a big fancy pyramid. But then instead they also said, well, we want a more complicated temple with more decoration. And also, by the way, we need to build a canal here. You need a network of canals. So instead of taking all their labor and resources for this monument, they still had a lot dedicated to that, but they spent their resources for other things, such as temple building, for cults of living, of gods, as well as sort of public works that benefited the entire country. So it's not that the monumental ability stopped, it's just that they used resources differently.

Narrator (24:43)

As well as the monuments, rulers have other things on their minds. As the Old Kingdom enters its final days, the power of pharaohs is challenged by provincial governors and wealthy landowners. New pockets of independence spring up, creating instability throughout the empire. The eras that follow see bouts of famine, war and poverty, along with transient episodes of peace.

Salima Ikram (25:15)

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Salima Ikram (25:49)

And so is the relief from Ebglis.

Narrator (25:52)

After an initial dosing phase of 16.

Salima Ikram (25:54)

Weeks, about 4 in 10 people taking EVGLIS achieved itch relief and clear or almost clear skin. And most of those people maintain skin that's still more clear at one year with monthly dosing.

Narrator (26:03)

EBGLIS Lebricizumab LBKZ a 250 milligram per 2 milliliter injection is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 88 pounds or 40 kilograms with moderate to severe eczema, also called atopic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals or who cannot use topical therapies. EBGLIS can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you're allergic to ebglis. Allergic reactions can occur that can be severe. Eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems. You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with Epglis. Before starting Epglis, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection searching for real relief.

Salima Ikram (26:37)

Ask your doctor about eglis and visit eglis.lilly.com or call 1-800-lilyrx or 1-800-545-5979.

Narrator (26:45)

While the Egyptian empire shifts, Sphinx imagery stays in vogue. Apotropaic wands, curved ceremonial knives made of hippopotamus ivory inscribed with double headed Sphinxes become popular as gifts said to protect women in childbirth and babies. But though the idea of the Sphinx is going strong, the same cannot be said of the Great Sphinx. As it was built from a natural formation of rock, many of its foundations sit below ground level, allowing decades of sand to be blown over the statue and fill in the gaps. The Sphinx is buried in a sandy tomb while the pyramids sitting high above the desert landscape escape this fate.

Salima Ikram (27:35)

It is interesting to see that, you know, in the New Kingdom they needed to clear the Sphinx of sand because throughout Egyptian history, although the Sphinx was important, maybe the site of Giza was not given as much focus or attention. And that's why the Sphinx would come and go in terms of religious popularity. So people around it knew that it was an important monument, that it was the sun God, that he would protect them in their little area. But the king and the court who was in charge of looking after such monuments obviously was not equally attentive. Throughout the 3,000 years of Egyptian history.

Narrator (28:13)

However, the Sphinx's fortunes are about to change. In 1427 BC, King Amenhotep II of the 18th Dynasty takes the throne.

Salima Ikram (28:27)

Amongst the New Kingdom pharaohs. Amenhotep II is really, you know, the quintessential jock. He is the one who was always boasting about, I know my horses, I love my horses, I'm horse racing or I'm in my chariot and I am pulling my bows and arrows. And I'm piercing these huge ingots at high speed while I go by. So he also was at the Giza plateau. And it seems to have turned into a place where kings frolicked. So the area between Giza and Saqqara. I think they might have even had a place as sort of a game reserve for hunting places for chariot racing, places for sportsmanship. And you have these little tiny kiosk kinds of things. Made by different kings. Around the area of the Sphinx. Because it would have been an obvious magnet. Sometimes the Sphinx was all covered up but the Sphinx's head. And then the Giza pyramid. So, of course, it was a royal playground.

Narrator (29:25)

It's during this era between the reigns of Amenhotep II and his son Thutmose iv. That sorting fact from fiction gets even murkier. Some historians claim that it's Amenhotep ii. Who recognizes the Great Sphinx. As a representation of the sun God Hamaket. And though it's almost completely buried by this point. Constructs a temple next to it to worship the God. But a second school of thought argues that it's in fact Thutmose IV who restores the Sphinx.

Salima Ikram (29:58)

So there's a wonderful story, which we know because there's a big piece of stone, a stele between the paws of the Sphinx. That tells the story. And in it, the man who became king, Thutmose. He was not the heir to the throne. But in it he says, I was hunting in this area. I was hunting lions and other things. And then I got really tired. And so I went and I slept in the shadow of the Sphinx. And I had a dream. And re Horati, which is what the Sphinx is. The guard said to me. If you clear away the sand from around me. And let me be seen again. Then you will become pharaoh. So promptly, Thutmoses cleared the sand away. And then somehow his older brother died. And he became king. And so this is all about it. And he was also very big on rehorahty and solar gods. So that is how, if you look after a monument, you can be king.

Narrator (30:57)

As king, Thutmose places importance on the worship of Sphinxes. And organizes the monument's first major restoration. Having endured years of wind, scorching temperatures and neglect. The body of the Sphinx has begun to fall away in large chunks. When it's freed from the sand, it emerges misshapen and rugged. Its face lacking the detail the ancient artists painstakingly carved. So Thutmose's builders insert a large boulder into the back of the Sphinx to support its foundation. Then they fill its body with masonry to strengthen the softer layers, restore the creature's shape and touch up the color to protect it from unwanted visitors. A massive mud brick wall is also built to encircle the Sphinx. But Thutmose's pharaonic pride doesn't allow him to complete the restoration without a little something to recognize his own brilliance. Between the paws of the Sphinx, he erects a 15 ton 8 foot tall stele or stone plaque. Through a series of hieroglyphs, it retells the dream encounter between himself and the Sphinx, uniting their names for eternity. Sadly, Thutmose IV is the final Egyptian pharaoh to pay tribute to the Great Sphinx after he is headed off to the afterlife. The monument has to wait until the arrival of the Greek rulers, the Ptolemies in the third century BC to experience a taste of its former glory in the Ptolemaic era.

Salima Ikram (32:42)

We have all these kings doing some kind of conservation work, especially down near the pause. And so you can see that the Ptolemies did it and probably even the Romans continued this thing. And it's nice to think of Cleopatra popping over to Giza saying, ooh, the Sphinx needs a fresh coat of paint here, so let's do something. And the eyeliner looks wretched. Please touch it up at once.

Narrator (33:07)

When the romans arrive in 30 B.C. they are overjoyed to inherit such grand monuments. And numerous emperors lead reconstruction projects. In the 2nd century AD Marcus Aurelius sets about restoring the Sphinx. And his efforts are continued by Emperor Septimus Severus. Under Roman instruction, the Sphinx gains a staircase inside the hollow portion of its body. And its flaky limestone walls are reinforced with stone and plaster. A platform is erected on the outside of the statue to allow esteemed guests to witness religious ceremonies in the temples below.

Salima Ikram (33:49)

So you can see that the Sphinx has been modified as well as restored over time. And it was not a static monument. It was a dynamic monument. So that whenever people were paying attention and when the Sphinx was exposed, it would be altered, added to, changed, restored, repainted. And it was a place where, of course, for the locals or people who lived anywhere in the greater capital area, the Sphinx was something of a place to go and hang out and be blessed by.

Narrator (34:23)

The Western Roman Empire eventually crumbles in the 5th century A.D. but the Sphinx's fame perseveres. The monument becomes a site of pagan pilgrimage throughout the Middle Ages. And many travelers from the time report visiting it in their journals. But not all of them are impressed. In 1402, an Arab historian writes that the Sphinx has been disfigured to remedy some religious errors. And a century later, a French naturalist claims it no longer has the stamp of grace and beauty. Few centuries after this, rumors start up about the Sphinx's nose. One of the first people to document the Sphinx without a nose is a Danish naval captain who sketches the monument in 1737. As his drawings circulate, one theorist suggests that the nose was removed by rulers of opposing religions to suffocate the Egyptian spirits living inside. Another suggests it's the fault of a jealous Muslim leader.

Salima Ikram (35:34)

There are lots of stories when you go to Giza about how the Sphinx lost its nose. And in fact, it was because there was a fundamentalist Muslim who thought that people were paying too much reverence to this place and to the Sphinx. And also they said its Arabic name is Abu Hul, father of fear. So in a way, he wanted to say, look, it's just a statue. It doesn't have control over you or anything else. And so he got people in and basically blew up the Sphinx's nose and attacked it. To say, I am doing this, I'm still alive. The Sphinx has no power over you. Get a grip, guys.

Narrator (36:14)

One of the most famous theories about the Sphinx's nose is that it's used as target practice by Napoleon Bonaparte and his troops when they invade the country in 1798. Given that the first reports of the missing nose come around 60 years before the French invasion, it's clear the claim is false. But it is true that the French emperor pays the monument a visit. When Napoleon arrives at Imbaba, a small city 10 miles north of the Giza complex, his army prepares to fight against the Egyptian troops and seize the city. But Napoleon isn't in Egypt for a one off war. A longtime lover of all things Egyptian, he wants to settle. Which is why he's brought along almost 200 scholars, architects, doctors, geographers, engineers and artists. Looking out towards the pyramids and the Great Sphinx, the emperor pays homage to Egyptian architecture, instructing his troops. Think of it. Soldiers from the summit of these pyramids, 40 centuries look down upon you in the same way the Sphinx witnessed the age of pharaohs come to an end, followed by the demise of Greek and Roman emperors. So too does it. Watch on as Napoleon's hubris proves to be his undoing. Led by Admiral Nelson, British forces defeat the French in 1801 and drive them out of Egypt. But as it turns out, you can Take the dictator out of Egypt. But you can't take Egypt out of the dictator. On Napoleon's return to Europe, a fascination with ancient Egypt blossoms. During the 19th century, a field of study known as Egyptology becomes fashionable. Academics and archaeologists grow obsessed with the notion of Egypt as a kind of unopened treasure chest. A mysterious nation crawling with thousands of years of magical secrets. In 1817, Italian Captain Giovanni Battista Caviglia attempts to dig the monument out of the tons of sand that bury it. Using planks of wood to prevent the sand from pouring back in. His team of 160 men eventually reveal its chest. Caviglia discovers a fragment of the Sphinx's beard partially dissolved in the sand, as well as a statue of King Thutmose IV between its paws. And numerous remains of Sphinx figurines. Sadly, Caviglia ultimately admits defeat, realizing that although the Sphinx temple and parts of its chest and head are now free, he cannot prevent the sand from returning to bury the Sphinx's body. Further, archaeologists continue Caviglia's vision clearing sand throughout the 19th century. But it isn't until 1937 that Egyptian archaeologist Selim Hassan finally succeeds in exhuming the Sphinx. Between October 1936 and June 1937, Hassan and his team move around 1300 cubic meters of sand per day. Like Caviglia, they discover a treasure trove of ancient remains buried around the Sphinx. Statues, religious ornaments, monuments to King Amenhotep II and Ramesses ii, as well as traces of Roman and Greek graffiti. By the end of Hassan's project, the Sphinx is finally free for the first time since perhaps the days of Thutmose iv. Visitors can admire every inch of the monument, from the base of its paws to the tip of its headdress. Around the time of Hassan's work, a stranger than fiction rumor relating to the Sphinx begins circulating through American popular culture. American clairvoyant Edgar Cayce claims to have psychic ability to see historical events using a technique called retrocognition. Through various readings on ancient Egypt, he claims that not only was he formally the Egyptian priest Ra Tah, but he knows what happened to the lost city of Atlantis. According to Cayce, refugees fled from Atlantis to Egypt and buried their secrets in a hall of records beneath the Sphinx. It's a tall tale, to say the least, and Cayce is hardly the most reputable source. But his claim sparks interest throughout America and years later reaches the ears of a young archaeologist called Mark Lehner. It's late in the afternoon in March 1980 on the Giza Plateau. In Egypt, nestled between the enormous pores of the Sphinx, is a wooden office, the temporary home of American archaeologist Mark Lehner. Most of the other workers have gone home, but Lena remains dogged in his determination to discover the monument's mysteries. He sits scribbling notes at his makeshift desk, finishing the latest observations. He snaps the work into a binder, then checks his watch. There's still time to get another set of measurements before calling it a night. He grabs his canvas bag from a hook and then heads outside. With the sun dipping below the pyramids, he climbs a ladder leaning against the rump of the great stone beast. Standing on the top rung, he withdraws a wooden drawing board and folding ruler from the bag draped over his shoulder. In his teeth, he grips a pencil. Now he gets to work. Lena extends the ruler from the very corner of the Sphinx's rear to a small indentation further up its body. Carefully stepping from the ladder to the sandy surface, he scribbles the measurement down on his drawing board. As he scratches the results, Lena notices the paper he's writing on is starting to glow. Looking to the west where the sun is setting, he allows himself a moment to appreciate the glory of it. The shadows of the enormous pyramids stretch out towards the godlike sphinx, as if the ancient pharaohs are bowing down to it. Lena might be observing it over four millennia later, but tonight on the March equinox, the ancient Egyptian architecture is as powerful as ever.

Salima Ikram (43:44)

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Narrator (44:16)

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Salima Ikram (45:04)

Mark Lehner has done a lot of work on the Sphinx, and part of it, of course, involves some clearance and a closer study. In those days, he did it some time ago, so you couldn't do the same kind of photogrammetry you do now, but it was extremely close. Scholarly work on how the Sphinx was made, what the different layers are in terms of the geology, and also he became able to pinpoint which restoration might have been made in, say, the New Kingdom or the Middle Kingdom or the Ptolemaic period.

Narrator (45:37)

By taking samples of the different bricks that make up the statue, Lena constructs a detailed and layered image. Though the rocks of the Sphinx were likely all taken from the Mokatum formation, the base of the Sphinx, its paws, tail and lower half of its body, consists of stone known as Member 1, a hard material providing a strong foundation. The Member 1 stone rises to a height of 12ft at the Sphinx's rump and 3ft at at its paws. By far the largest portion of the Sphinx's body is cut from member 2 stone. Seven layers alternate from soft to hard as they rise in elevation. The more delicate elements, such as the Sphinx's head, neck and facial features, are carved from member three stone. Much softer, it's ideal for shaping details, but it's also less durable and succumbs to weathering at a faster rate. This ladder of hard to soft stone explains why the Sphinx has eroded in such an uneven way. But it also proposes an alternative theory as to how the Sphinx was created. It's possible that rather than being built simply through the excavation of material for Khafre's pyramid, its construction was carefully planned, with the bricks deliberately layered and positioned. We'll never know for certain which method was used, but it's possible that the truth lies in a combination of the two theories. Perhaps the foundations of the Sphinx were left over from quarrying Khafre's pyramid, while the upper levels were more selectively chosen. Though Lena never proves the existence of Cayce's mythical hall of records, he does make another curious discovery. Littered around the plateau are fragments of discarded tools, suggesting workers left the job before it was finished.

Salima Ikram (47:54)

Some scholars who found tools lying around at the base of the Sphinx have thought that this is because the Sphinx was incomplete. But it is also possible that the tools don't date back to the time when the Sphinx was being made. Because the Sphinx was restored several times in antiquity by many different rulers. So it's quite possible that the tools that were found are really not from the original carving of the Sphinx, but, but from the restorations that happened over the millennia.

Narrator (48:24)

But Lena's work does also pose an intriguing question. When the archaeologists are exploring some of the deeper tunnels below the Sphinx, they find significant traces of moisture. How did water penetrate a statue sitting in the middle of a bone dry desert?

Salima Ikram (48:45)

One of the issues with the Sphinx, why it constantly needs conservation in addition to being attacked from outside, wind and so on, because there is groundwater eventually, and the Sphinx is actually at a lower level than the rest of the monuments in the Giza Plateau, it is quite possible that it has been absorbing groundwater, which limestone does do, and this has been affecting the interior of the Sphinx as well, and might have activated salts that had been trapped in the limestone. Because this whole area was once underwater, because it was under a big sea. And you can in fact walk around Giza and still see fossils from sea creatures.

Narrator (49:32)

Today, 4,000 years since its likely initial creation, the Great Sphinx remains one of the most recognizable monuments in Egypt, if not the world. Every year, around 14 million tourists flock to admire the Giza Plateau and bask in the impressive architecture of civilizations gone by. But though the view is astonishing, in many ways, it's unrecognizable from the one enjoyed in its glory days.

Salima Ikram (50:03)

Our experience today of the Sphinx is very different from what it would have been in the time that it was first made. Of course, when it was first made, it would have been, you know, this gleaming white limestone, but with the face painted and maybe a yellow wash to the body to make it look more like a lion. And of course, there was also a large temple in front of it which people sort of forget about. It's still there, but it would have been in a functional way. And the water, the river and the canals actually came far closer to the Sphinx. And there would have been fields and water. So you would have had this Sphinx rearing out as if it were coming out of the sort of start of creation. And this again. Then behind the Sphinx, you would have seen the Giza pyramids, which would have been a fabulous sight. Looking like massive mountains again, plain white with their tops covered with gold, which would have reflected the sunlight. And so you would have had this incredible image both with the Sphinx and, and with the pyramids expressing the power of the sun God and of the king, which would have made any common person quail in awe.

Narrator (51:19)

However, in the 21st century, architects and admirers of the Sphinx face problems which the ancient Egyptians would never have worried about. Fumes from cars and factories have penetrated the Sphinx, causing it to deteriorate at a faster rate. And pollution in the water is taking its toll too. In response, engineers have installed hydraulic pumps in the Sphinx's base which divert the corrosive groundwater. The Egyptian government has also implemented strict laws about the proximity of factories to the monuments of Giza and regulations about cleaner car engines. The hope is that the Sphinx's story will not end anytime soon. If it is adequately preserved, the statue can continue to guard not only the Egyptian empire's long dead kings and queens, but the memory of one of the world's greatest civilizations.

Salima Ikram (52:20)

I love the Sphinx because it's just such a fun, mad, insane monument where you've got this big giant lion with a human head. And I love to go and see the paint on it still. And I really wish the nose was still there because you would get a much better sense of it. But the eyeline and the eyes and then the fact that the paint is there and you think, what kind of brushes were they using? Were they using rollers or what? And how many people were employed and was it something that people regularly did during the fourth dynasty is sort of say, okay, three months on, must go paint the face of the Sphinx. And were there special teams for this? So looking at the Sphinx, it just gives you this insight or a lot of questions about how things were done in ancient Egypt. And also, it's just such a jolly thing to have.

Narrator (53:18)

Next time on Short History of We'll bring you a short history of the Salem Witch Trials. The Salem Witch Trials is a historical anomaly that we somehow cannot let go. And the reason that we can't let it go is because it requires us in America anyway to question some of the assumptions that we like to hold about ourselves.

Salima Ikram (53:45)

It challenges our wide held belief that.

Narrator (53:48)

We exist to support religious freedom. For instance, it makes us question the.

Salima Ikram (53:53)

Fact that we nominally say that we.

Narrator (53:55)

Are committed to helping disempowered people in our communities. You know, it is a moment where.

Salima Ikram (54:01)

19 people were put to death by.

Narrator (54:03)

The state following rigid and strict legal principles in a gross miscarriage of justice. And you know, it occurs at this origin point for the country where we live today. That's next time. If you can't wait a week. Are you still quoting 30 year old movies? Have you said cool beans in the past 90 days? Do you think Discover isn't widely accepted if this sounds like you, you're stuck in the past. Discover is accepted at 99% of places that take credit cards nationwide, and every time you make a purchase with your card, you automatically earn cash back. Welcome to the now it pays to Discover. Learn more@discover.com credit card based on the February 2024 Nielsen report from ancient Rome to where you'd like to roam, T Mobile's network is there because T Mobile helps keep you connected from the heart of Portland to right where you are on America's largest 5G network switch. Now keep your phone and T Mobile will pay it off up to $800 per line via prepaid card.

Salima Ikram (55:11)

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Learn more@t mobile.com keepandswitch up to 4 lines of your virtual prepaid card. Allow 15 days qualifying unlock device, credit service report in 90 plus days device and eligible carrier and timely redemption. Required card has no cash access and expires in six months. Next episode. You can listen to it right away by subscribing to Nozzer Plus. Head to www.noiser.com subscriptions for more information.