Professor Marisa Linton (9:30)

In the French Revolution, Louis XVI was never cut out to be king and he was always very conscious that he was the descendant of superior kings, that his ancestor Louis XIV had been the great king, the man who made absolute monarchy work. Louis XVI comes to the throne at the age of 19, and he's conscious that he's too young and he's not sure what to do. He's the kind of man who can't think outside the box. So he's conscientious, but he can't adapt to change. Worst sort of person to have. He vacillates, he has favourites, he's shy, he's awkward, he's not very good at dealing with factions at the court. He's always agreeing with the last person who spoke to him and always changing his mind. Really bad qualities in an absolute monarch.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (10:30)

The country that the young Louis XVI inherits is restless. The 1770s are a time of growing social discontent, with crop failures, high taxes and food shortages contributing to the dissatisfaction of the people. And the economic and financial crises are exacerbated by wars. France is still smarting from the humiliation of the recent Seven Years War, in which Canada and most of the French territory in India was lost to Great Britain. So when Louis has the opportunity for revenge on Britain in the American War of Independence, he jumps at the chance. He commits to that cause 2,000 million livres, a sum that could feed and house 7 million French citizens for a year. It's enough to bankrupt his country. Meanwhile, in the cafes of Paris, new ideas are being debated among France's intellectuals, such as Voltaire and Rousseau, because this is the time of the Enlightenment, which stresses individual rights and equality alongside a mistrust of traditional figures of authority. Beyond the capital's cafes, the poorest in society bear the worst brunt of taxation.

Professor Marisa Linton (11:45)

France is a very rural society. Many of the peasants pay feudal dues, seigneurial dues, to their overlords, who are predominantly noble. So it's very backward in some senses. It's also a very hierarchical society. It's divided into orders or estates who have particular privileges. The clergy is the first estate, because they're close to God. That's how they think the second estate is the nobles, and anyone who is a noble is superior to anyone who is a commoner. Members of the third estate,

Narrator (John Hopkins) (12:22)

what is known as France's old regime, comprising the three estates, is a highly rigid social structure. It comes with a system of privileges that benefits the nobility and clergy, who constitute a mere 3% of the population.

Professor Marisa Linton (12:38)

At the apex of that society is the absolute monarchy. An absolute monarch, in theory, controls all politics. Everything is about him. It's always a him. In France. He makes all the decisions on behalf of his people and ordinary people and Even people higher up have no say.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (12:58)

And while questions are being raised about the system as a whole, the monarchs themselves are falling out of favor too. The Queen presides over Versailles, a world of elaborate ceremonies and outrageous hairstyles. But as time passes, the adulation she enjoyed as a teenager gives way to disapproval.

Professor Marisa Linton (13:21)

She was initially popular, but various things happened which made people fall out of love with her. It took seven years for for she and her husband to consummate the marriage. And the consequence of that was that it was a very long time before royal heir was produced. And the principal job of a Queen is to produce a legitimate male child to inherit the throne. So she did produce children, but by the time that she did so, her reputation was already tarnished and she had a reputation as someone who was flighty and liked fun and liked spending money.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (13:57)

Her first child, Marie Therese, is born in 1778, followed by the Dauphin, Louis Joseph Xavier Francois. A few years later, a third child arrives, then a fourth baby is born prematurely and lives for only a few months. But although she is an affectionate mother, the Queen struggles to win back the approval of her people, who now start to spread scurrilous rumors about her.

Professor Marisa Linton (14:24)

What isn't true is that she was hugely sexually promiscuous. That was fabricated, mostly fabricated, and her reputation became very poor, especially from 1786 onwards. This was the time of the diamond necklace affair, where it's a very complicated, scandalous story, but basically the public believed that a cardinal could. Cardinal Rouen had bought a necklace for the Queen on her behalf to give it to her because she loved very expensive diamonds and this was a fabulously expensive diamond necklace. She hadn't been involved, but people thought she had been, and so her reputation was very much damaged.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (15:09)

July 13, 1788, is an ominously hot day in Paris. The sky darkened by clouds, but finally break into a thunderstorm. But it's no ordinary downpour. Hailstones the size of chicken eggs rain down and outside the city. The storm tears through vineyards and destroys fields of wheat. The Duke of Dorset, the British ambassador to France, sends a report to the British Foreign Secretary. It is impossible to give expression to the damage that has been done, he writes, explaining. But trees have been torn up by the roots and corn and vines entirely destroyed. A harsh winter follows that summer storm. The failed crops mean bread prices double. As the food shortage intensifies, riots break out and bakeries are raided. Meanwhile, Marie Antoinette, now nicknamed Madame Deficit, is spending on her wardrobe alone, about 1,000 times the annual average wage of a Parisian worker. It leads to a sense that she is completely oblivious to the suffering of the poor, something that would in time come to define her.

Professor Marisa Linton (16:19)

The one thing that everybody thinks they know about Marie Antoinette is that she said let them eat cake. Being told that the people did not have enough bread. As far as we know, there is no truth in this. In fact, this story that a princess comes up with this dizzy idea that the people could eat more cake if they don't have enough bread, that's actually an old story. Jean Jacques Rousseau repeats that story before Marie Antoinette ever came to the throne. However, having said that, I don't think she knew very much at all about how poor people lived or what it meant to be hungry.

Quince Advertisement Host (16:55)

Recently I've been looking to upgrade what I wear day to day, leaning into pieces that feel easy and comfortable. For example, I've been searching for a pair of shorts that not only work well in the gym, but also have that quality and durability for everyday use. And I found exactly that at Quince with their Performance Tech Shorts. These shorts do double duty with just the right amount of stretch and comfort designed to move with you in the gym or around the house. Did you know that Quince has all the wardrobe staples for spring? Think 100% European linen shorts and shirts from $34. Lightweight, breathable and comfortable, but still look put together and clean. 100 Pima cotton tees with a softness that has to be felt. Their pants also hit that same balance, relaxed and comfortable, but still polished enough to wear pretty much anywhere. Everything is priced 50 to 80% less than what you'd find at similar brands. Quince works directly with ethical factories and cuts out the middlemen so you're getting premium materials without the markup. So refresh your everyday with luxury you'll actually use. Head to quince.com shorthistory for for free shipping on your order and 365 day returns. Now available in Canada too. That's quince.com shorthistory for free shipping and 365 day returns. Quince.com shorthistory

Narrator (John Hopkins) (18:14)

this is a paid advertisement from Indeed. If you're a small business, the right hire can be make or break. Hoping the right people see your job posting isn't the best growth strategy when the pressure's on and you need the right hire. This is a job for sponsored jobs. Indeed, Sponsored Jobs gets you quality candidates when you need them most. Sponsored Jobs boosts your job post in search results so you can reach the people that help your business thrive. Plus, with Indeed sponsored jobs, you only Pay for results. Spend less time searching and more time actually interviewing candidates who check all your boxes. Less stress, less time, more results when you need the right person to cut through the chaos. This is a job for Indeed Sponsored jobs and listeners of this show will get a 75 doll sponsored job credit to help get your job the premium status it deserves@ Indeed.com podcast just go to Indeed.com podcast right now and support our show by saying you heard about Indeed on this podcast. Indeed.com podcast terms and conditions apply. Hiring this is a job for indeed sponsored jobs Jacques Necker, a popular finance minister, is appointed to manage the economic crisis. He advises the King to call a meeting of the Estates General, a gathering of representatives from all three estates. It will be the first time such a meeting has been held since 1614. During the meeting at Versailles in May 1789, the king's eldest son falls ill and dies. Understandably, the King's mind is elsewhere. But while he's distracted, the challenges faced by the Estates General intensify. Bread prices continue to rise and public order deteriorates. The deputies of the Third Estate decide to take matters into their own hands.

Professor Marisa Linton (20:08)

What the Third Estate deputies increasingly want is political change, a political revolution. And in the absence of leadership from the monarchy, the Third Estate deputies constitute themselves into a National Assembly. And they say that effectively, they are a body that represents the nation. And the Third Estate leaves out the nobles of the Second Estate and the clergy of the First Estate, who are also within the Estates General. The Third Estate deputies say, we are the nation in ourselves.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (20:45)

On June 20, 1789, the members of the new assembly find themselves locked out of their usual meeting place. On the orders of the King, a

Professor Marisa Linton (20:54)

very clumsy attempt, I think, to defuse the situation. They adjourned to a nearby tennis court. It was the nearest big space that they could find. It's only sort of a few yards away from Versailles. The tennis court still exists, by the way. You can visit it. They go into this tennis court and they take an oath never to separate until they have given France a constitution. And it's a big moment. They know they are taking a huge risk in doing this because the King could order their arrest

Narrator (John Hopkins) (21:26)

now. The foundation stone has been laid for the revolution. After all, if the assembly is in charge, the King is not. In the days after the swearing of what becomes known as the Tennis Court oath, the King tries to regain control over matters. On June 23, he instructs the three estates to reconvene separately. But the new assembly refuses this request, asserting that the nation does not take orders. Some members of the nobility and aristocracy have already thrown in their lot with the assembly, but now more and more join the new political body. In the end, Louis is forced to accept this seismic political change. He tells any remaining allies among the clergy and nobility to join the others. But some still have their doubts about the king's support for the new order, not least because his troops have started assembling at Versailles and in Paris, and they don't look friendly. And when Louis fires the popular Jacques Necker, fury and panic soon spread. It is just before 10 in the morning on July 14, 1789. A wine cellar from St. Antoine, a poor neighborhood on the eastern edge of Paris, makes his way through the narrow, crowded streets. Many of his friends and neighbors are hurrying in the same direction. There's the sense that something big is happening. He's headed for a familiar landmark, the enormous prison that overshadows his neighborhood, the Bastille. The rumors are that the prison's governor is pointing its cannons out of the neighborhood. The wine cellar has even heard, though there's no way of knowing if it's true, that the deputies of the assembly have been locked in the Bastille's infamous dungeons. As people stream past a bakery, there's the sound of a commotion. It's another raid, enacted by a gang of hungry, angry people just like him. The wine cellar recognizes one of the men running from the scene of the crime and grabs his sleeve. The man, a friend, gives him a piece of dry bread and confirms a story for him, too. City folk have seized rifles and cannons from the armory of the Veterans Hospital, but all of the gunpowder has been moved to the Bastille. The man rushes away and the wine cellar nods and continues on with the crowd. Soon he's in the shadow of the fortress itself. It's a massive, hulking rectangle of a building, with high stone walls, eight round towers and a deep, waterless moat. But it's not just its physical presence that's threatening. In the minds of the families who live in St Antoine, it is an enduring symbol of fear and oppression. They've heard the terrifying accounts of its famous prisoners. Voltaire, the Marquis de Sade, and even the mysterious man in the iron mask. The king can throw whoever he wishes in there. The crowd swells, swarming around the prison's base, a sense of feverish purpose in the air. But though the people are angry, the demands are peaceful. At first, the disheveled crowd parts to let a delegation through. Smartly dressed men in coattails and Knee length britches, intent on negotiating with the governor. By lunchtime, the crowd is enormous. Thousands of people, perhaps working men and women, tradespeople, merchants and artisans too. Shoemakers, locksmiths and cabinet makers. Dressed in shirt sleeves in the July heat, they clutch axes and knives. Some even have muskets. And someone passes the wine cellar a pike. Time drags on. With no word from inside, the crowd becomes increasingly restless. Perhaps the delegation has been taken home hostage. Then, with an ominous creaking and a flash of the red and blue coats of the guards, the cannons are withdrawn from the castellated edges of the walls. It can mean only one thing. They're being loaded. Panic flies through the crowd. Several men climb on the roof of a perfume shop that's built right up to an outer rampart. From there, they can reach the the prison's courtyard. A couple of them hack down the chains that support the drawbridge to the fortress. It falls with a resounding crash, trapping one poor man beneath it. The crowd wastes no time as everyone around him pours over the drawbridge. The wine cellar moves with them. Clutching his pipe, the soldiers guarding the Bastille begin to shoot. But those in the crowd with muskets fire back. This is no longer a negotiation. It's a battle. And it might even be a battle if they can win. During this critical moment in the history of his country, Louis is out in the countryside with his courtiers, enjoying a hunting trip. Returning to Versailles later that day, an aide informs him what has happened. He listens in horror, then asks, was it a rebellion? No, Sire, he is told, it is a revolution.

Professor Marisa Linton (27:10)

This is a colossal moment. You can't overestimate the importance of this, because this is ordinary people entering onto the stage of history, taking matters into their own hands and asserting the right of the national assembly, their assembly, to exist. But there were awful things that happened. As a sort of side consequence of the storming of the Bastille, the governor surrendered and was murdered by the crowd, rather horribly. It was an example of people being out on the streets and fighting and what that means. The good and the bad.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (27:44)

By the time the Bastille is stormed, the prison's darkest days are on the wane. The rumors about the imprisonment of the assembly deputies turn out to be unfounded. Just seven prisoners are liberated, but they are paraded by the crowds nonetheless.

Professor Marisa Linton (28:00)

It was a symbol to show that the days of absolute monarchy were over, the days in which people could be arrested on the say so of the King, under a lettre de cachet and The Bastille had been used for that purpose many times that those days were ended. So it's hugely symbolically important. It becomes, of course, a national holiday in front of France.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (28:23)

On July 15, a building contractor arrives at the Bastille with 800 men and begins to demolish the fortress stone by stone. They carve the rubble into trinkets and souvenirs, including medals and small replicas of the Bastille. Ink pots and snuff boxes are made from the Bastille's iron chains. These symbols of liberty are distributed as souvenirs to towns and cities across the country. A key from the Bastille even finds its way to the first President of the United States, George Washington. A gift from his friend, the Marquis de Lafayette. A French aristocrat and military officer, Lafayette played a key role in the American Revolutionary War, helping to Capture Yorktown in 1781. Now, back in France, Lafayette is committed to bringing the same principles of liberty and equality which he fought for in America to the country of his birth. A lean, athletic man, the 32 year old soldier is known for his intelligence and charm. Now it is he who proposes the creation of a citizen's militia to help maintain orders. After the storming of the Bastille, the King withdraws his own troops and reinstates Jacques Necker as Finance Minister. He offers a further gesture of conciliation by making a trip to Paris. There he meets the new militia, soon to become known as the National Guard. Its members each sport a rosette of blue and red, the ancient colors of Paris, to which Lafayette, as the commander of the Guardian, has added the royal white. The tricolor is born. Yet victory at the Bastille and the apparent truce between the rebels and the King in the capital does not bring peace throughout France. Riots erupt across the countryside, where rumors circulate that the nobles are planning to suppress the revolution. What becomes known as the Great Fear begins to spread through rural France.

Professor Marisa Linton (30:32)

The great majority of people in France are peasants. Many of them rise up against their overlords and invade their chateau and burn the records of the seigneurial dues, because they think that by doing that they will no longer have to pay them. So it's a very revolutionary act.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (30:49)

The response by The assembly on August 4, 1789, is to abolish these dues, other feudal privileges and so called venality of office, whereby people can buy their way into important jobs. Free justice for all is proclaimed alongside equality of taxation, and the church is deprived of its tithes. The old order is being torn up. And yet France still has a king. What the revolutionary leaders seek to establish is a constitutional monarchy where the sovereign has reduced powers. It is a role that will be limited by France's first written constitution, which they are in the process of drawing up. But Louis XVI has been brought up to believe in the divine right of kings, meaning that a monarch's authority is directly conferred by God. Can such a person, even a well intentioned one who has been promised absolute monarchy from childhood, learn how to share his powers? Time will tell as the assembly returns to constitution, making

Professor Marisa Linton (32:00)

the revolutionaries in the new assembly, the national assembly, decided that they would give France a written constitution that would set out the laws by which the state and society would be managed. A huge undertaking. It took them till 17, but they decided first of all to set out a preamble, a kind of statement of principles, a statement of intent that would guide the constitution.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (32:28)

The statement is called the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Professor Marisa Linton (32:34)

The idea is one of universal equality and liberty, but the reality is rather different. And in practice, they limit the categories of people who can have access to some of these liberties. There's a sizable minority of Jews in France at this time. They argued a long time over whether Jews should be given civic rights as citizens. Eventually they are, but it takes many months of debate. And the other thing that is a real huge problem, does equality of rights, does liberty extend to the slaves in the French colonies in Saint Domingue, which is now Haiti, In Guadeloupe, in Martinique, principally? Yeah. This is a huge, huge issue.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (33:16)

Later, the enslaved people of Saint Domingue will take matters into their own hands. And before long, so will another group. Women are not included in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, as so called passive citizens. It will take a long time for them to get the vote in France. But that does not mean they are completely without power, even if they have to take it for themselves. While the men are working on their great constitution, the women have more immediate worries. How to feed their families. In the markets, where women are the main buyers and sellers, wives and mothers gather to complain about food prices. Traditionally, the market women of Paris have a special relationship with the king and queen. Each year, on August 25, St. Louis Day, the female market traders make a trip to Versailles to pay tribute to the royal family. Every time the queen gives birth, the market women visit, bringing her flowers, while she in turn holds a banquet for them. But during the autumn of 1789, the women are dissatisfied with their old bosses. Despite a better harvest, the price of bread is on the rise again. What's more, the King continues to live in luxury at Versailles, seemingly unmoved by their plight. And he's not exactly ingratiating himself by embracing the revolution's radical new measures either. Now it is the assembly that makes the laws. The King only has the power of suspensive veto over them, but his reluctance to collaborate has won him and the Queen new nicknames. Monsieur and Madame Veto. The King hasn't signed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, so questions are raised about his trustworthiness. Would it be a better idea for him and the royal family to move to Paris, where their actions can be observed more closely?

Shopify Advertisement Host (35:18)

Starting or growing your own business can be intimidating and lonely at times. Your to do list may feel endless with new tasks or and lists can easily begin to overrun your life. So finding the right tool that not only helps you out but simplifies everything as a built in business partner can be a game changer for millions of businesses. That tool is Shopify. Shopify is the commerce platform behind millions of businesses around the world and 10% of all e commerce in the US from household names like Gymshark, Rare Beauty and Heinz to brands just getting started. Shopify has hundreds of ready to use templates that can help you build a beautiful online store that matches your brand style and you can tackle all the important tasks in one place, from inventory to payments to analytics and more. No need to save multiple websites or try to figure out what platform is hosting the tool that you need. And if people haven't heard about your brand, you can get the word out like you have a marketing team behind you with easy to run email and social media campaigns to reach customers wherever they're scrolling or strolling. Start your business today with the industry's best business partner, Shopify and start hearing. Sign up for your $1 per month trial today at shopify.com realm. Go to shopify.com realm that's shopify.com realm

Home Depot Advertisement Host (36:43)

it's time to refresh your yard during Spring Backyard Days at the Home Depot. Get low prices guaranteed on propane grills starting at $179 like the next grill 3 burner gas grill or get $50 off a select Weber Spirit Grill and bring big flavor to your backyard. Then set the scene with Hampton Bay string lights that bring it all together. Shop Spring backyard days for seven days at the Home Depot now through May 6th. Exclusions applies to homedepot.com pricematch for details.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (37:13)

With the lifting of censorship, pamphlets and newspapers proliferate. Jean Paul Marat, a former doctor, begins to make a name for himself with the publication of his newspaper, the Friend of the People. He is a distinctive figure, dressed in filthy clothes with a yellow bandana soaked in vinegar to hold back his wild hair. Through his paper, he starts rumors about ministers hoarding grain while the people grow hungry. And in early October, when news reaches his desk of a lavish royal banquet, his fury boils over. The event welcomed the arrival of a new regiment to Versailles, summoned by the King for his own protection. But their invitation to the palace and the celebrations that they enjoyed there are an enormous faux pas on the part of the King. At the banquet, the royalist soldiers are reported to have toasted the monarch and his wife, who made a brief appearance. Even worse, any man wearing the tricolor rosette would have is said to have been compelled to replace it with a white royalist one. As stories of the lavish banquet reach Paris on October 3, they are embellished by Marat and other rumor mongers. In some versions, the royalist soldiers are said to have thrown the tricolor to the floor, trampling it underfoot and even urinating on it. Unsurprisingly, these stories are not received well by the anxious, hungry populace. Two days later, crowds of Parisian market women begin to gather in the capital. Outside the city hall, in the pouring rain, one woman, a young mother who works as a fishmonger or poisard, has today left her children with her mother. She's standing at the edge of the group with her sister, who has brought along a drum and is striking a marching beat. Armed with brooms and kitchen implements, the women around them call out to Paris councilors for bread to feed their families. But soon the women are joined by armed men. The fishmonger is pressed forward, away from a scuffle. There are angry shouts from elsewhere in the crowd. The women want to deal with the situation themselves. They don't need the men's help. But soon it becomes apparent that the city's councillors aren't going to act. So a cry goes up that it's time to take it to the top. The woman's sister bangs her drum more loudly, and as the autumn rain falls, the women march on Versailles. Alongside several thousand women in bonnets and aprons. Accompanied by some male accomplices, the sisters embark on the five hour journey out of town. Most still clutch their improvised weapons, but some are dragging cannons looted from the city Hall's armory through the mud as well. The ominous procession reaches Versailles at about three in the afternoon. Now, alongside a smaller delegation of 20 or so women in sodden clothes and muddy boots, the fishmonger storms into the assembly alongside a man who's appointed himself their spirit spokesperson. Inside the chamber, the all male delegates are taken by surprise. Straight away, chaos breaks out. The demand for bread is repeated. Amid shouting and arguments. One young girl is invited to sit on a delegate's knee. The fishmonger spreads her cloak out to dry on the assembly seats. Taking charge, the Assembly's president, Jean Joseph Meunier, gives the order for food and drink to be offered to the women. He explains that the King is out hunting, but offers to accompany a smaller group of the protesters to the palace where they can make their case. The fishmonger volunteers, and soon they're back outside in the rain swept streets of Versailles, the unrest is palpable, but the deputation of fear. Five or six market women enters the palace peacefully. The young mother has never seen such opulence. Her footsteps echo through halls stretching out impossibly far, their walls adorned with endless artwork, scores of chandeliers bigger than cartwheels and more gold than she's ever imagined existed. And when the enormous doors are opened to the grand room where the King now awaits, it's more than some of them can manage. One young woman of just 17 simply faints away. But the fishmonger is a daughter of the Revolution, and she is determined to show no fear. Louis listens to the delegation. He signs the Assembly's promise of food aid and gives orders for wagons of bread to be sent to Paris. Sensing a golden opportunity, Mounier asks the King to also sign the draft constitution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. But almost fatally, the King hesitates. He holds a long meeting with his advisors, during which they discuss the possibility of the royal family's escape to the garrison town of Metz in northeastern France. Though he is terrified, Louis refuses to become what he calls a fugitive king. But he is shaken by the reports he hears that some of the women want to return to Paris with his wife's head on a pike. In the end, the King agrees to sign the declaration. But his hesitation costs him outside. Tension has been building. Some women seek refuge for the night in churches. Others are offered shelter by the townspeople. But a restless contingent remains just beyond the palace gates. The National Guard, several thousand men in total, led by Lafayette, arrives at Versailles from Paris at almost midnight. After advising Louis to consider moving to the capital, where the National Guard can keep him safe, Lafayette believes it is calm enough for him to turn in and get some rest for the night. In this, he will prove to be wrong. At 4 in the morning, the situation outside the palace tips over into violence. Storming into the grounds, the dissatisfied crowd kills two of the King's guards, beheading one directly below Louis bedroom window. The market women and their allies flood up the main staircase towards the Queen's bedchamber. A terrified Marie Antoinette flees with her two children to the King's apartment via a hidden staircase, while the mob tears apart her lavish quarters with their pikes. At the final hour, Lafayette and his National Guardsmen enter the scene to restore order, emptying the palace of intruders and punishing the ringleaders. But there is still the crowd outside to deal with. Lafayette persuades the King and Queen to make an appearance from the balcony of the palace. Pale and shaken, Louis and Marie Antoinette agree. But when they do, their people cry out that they want their king to come with them to Paris. Faced with the intimidating mob, as well as the promise from Lafayette of greater security in the capital, the King does not have much choice but to agree. At 12:30pm a remarkable procession sets out on the road to Paris with 50 or 60 wagons of bread and flour. The triumphant market women accompany the King's family on the journey. Once there, the royal family moves into the dilapidated Tuileries Palace. Within days, the assembly moves to Paris too. A truce seems to have been reached. But the heads of the royal guards on pikes on the road to the capital are an ominous reminder of how nasty things can turn. The people are beginning to realize the power they hold in their hands. Now the royal family resides in the gilded cage of the Tuileries palace, under the watchful eye of their people. It is like living in a goldfish bowl. The King's sister, Elizabeth, has to move from her rooms on the ground floor because of people staring in. The Queen is goaded into a debate by a group of women on the terrace outside her apartment. Their lifestyle is more restrained than in Versailles. The Queen's hairdresser is permitted on the staff, but the styles are now considerably toned down. In the months that follow, some of the royal properties are confiscated, while others, Versailles and the Tuileries among them, remain in the monarch's possession. The assembly moves into the former indoor riding school near the palace, a large rectangular space with a high ceiling. There, it continues working on its reforms, which the King appears to accept. The changes include the controversial nationalization of Catholic Church property to pay off the country's debt. And in June 1790, the abolition of hereditary aristocracy. Whatever Louis thinks. Privately, he signs the assembly's decrees. On July 14, 1790, the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, he takes part in the celebrations of the Champs de Mar, a large public park where the Eiffel Tower now stands. There, he vows to protect the new constitution, affirming his role as a constitutional monarch to the elated crowds. But the story of France's transformation is far from over. French royalists who have escaped abroad, including the king's own brothers and cousins, begin to plot against the revolutionary government in France. Collectively known as the Emigres, they seek foreign aid and support in their mission. Other European monarchies listen with concern to their warnings. It's not inconceivable, after all, that similar revolutionary ideas could infect their own countries.

Carrington College / Botox Advertisement Host (47:47)

Your next chapter in health care starts at Carrington College's School of Nursing in Portland. Join us for our open house on Tuesday, January 13th from 4 to 7pm you'll tour our campus, see live demos, meet instructors, and learn about our associate degree in nursing program that prepares you to become a registered nurse. Take the first step toward your nursing career. Save your spot now@carrington.edu events. For information on program outcomes, visit carrington.edu sci as the crispy chicken sandwich from 711 people people always call me loud and I'm like, yeah, I know I'm crispy. Did you expect me to whisper? If you want quiet, go eat some soup and reflect. Like I know I'm a handful, I'm bold, I'm juicy, throw some pickles and barbecue sauce on me and baby I'm a whole meal and with 7 rewards I'm just $4 quiet no crispy saucy and $4 very only at 7 Eleven Valley through 6, 2326 participating stores only while supplies last the app for full

Narrator (John Hopkins) (48:47)

turn in November 1790, Louis sends a letter to a trusted statesman who has fled to Switzerland, giving him the authority to deal with foreign courts in the king's name. He is instructed to propose measures to re establish royal authority in France. This letter and others like it from the king and Queen to royalists abroad, reveal the dangerous double game they're playing. By Easter 1791, the relationship between Louis and his people has become so fraught that the king and his family are prevented from leaving the Tuileries for a chateau just out of town. The French people are increasingly distrustful about the royal family's intentions. As it turns out, they have every reason to be suspicious. In the dead of night on June 20, 1791. The royal family leaves Paris in a specially commissioned six seater carriage. Louis and Marie Antoinette take with them Louis, sister, the couple's two children and their governess, who is dressed as a Russian baroness. But the disguise is not perfect. Three servants riding on top of the coach as bodyguards wear a garish bright yellow, a shade associated with royalty. And thanks to his image on the country's banknotes, the King is the owner of the most recognizable face in the country. The carriage is heading for a meeting place close to the border, where the party will join with a royalist general and his troops behind him. At the Tuileries, the King leaves a handwritten document on his bed criticizing the revolution. But the royal family never reaches its destination.

Professor Marisa Linton (50:35)

It becomes known as the Flight to Varennes. Louis is intercepted at Varennes and brought back. And after that, people don't trust him anymore. They think he was going over to the Austrians.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (50:47)

The royal family are returned to Paris, where the mood is ominous. Lafayette has promised a beating to anyone who applauds the King, a hanging to anyone who insults him. Despite the worsening relationship between the King and the revolutionaries, The Constitution of 1791 is officially published on September 3, cementing the constitutional monarchy in France. While the King retains his title, his powers are now limited. The real power rests with the elected representatives of what is now the Legislative Assembly. But it's far from an easy alliance.

Professor Marisa Linton (51:26)

The constitutional monarchy comes under huge stresses. First with the flight to Varennes, the actions of the emigres, but also the very reckless decision of some of the leading revolutionaries in the new assembly, the Legislative assembly, to declare war on Austria and Prussia. They're really upping the stakes and they do this because they think that they will flush out France's internal conspirators, by which they mean the Court, the King and the Queen. It's a very volatile situation and people become more and more hostile to the monarchy.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (52:01)

On April 20, 1792, France declares war on Austria, the birthplace of Marie Antoinette, a country now led by the Queen's own nephew, Franz ii. In June of the same year, Austria's ally Prussia declares war on France. Back in Paris, the King and Queen are now considered by many as the enemies within. Though France is unrecognizable from the country it was just a few years previously, it is still at a tipping point. And for no one is the situation more perilous than those who had been at the very top. So can the new constitutional monarchy survive this precarious situation? Or is it time for the blade to fall on France's centuries long royal tradition. Next time on short history of we'll bring you the second installment of this special two part short history of the French Revolution.

Carrington College / Botox Advertisement Host (53:07)

Chronic migraine 15 or more headache days a month, each lasting four hours or more, can make me feel like a spectator in my own life. Botox Anabotulinum toxin a prevents headaches in adults with chronic migraine. It's not for those with 14 or fewer headache days a month. It's the number one prescribed branded chronic migraine preventive treatment prescription.

Botox Safety Information Speaker (53:25)

Botox is injected by your doctor. Effects of Botox may spread hours to weeks after injection causing serious symptoms. Alert your doctor right away as difficulty swallowing, speaking, breathing, eye problems or muscle weakness can be signs of a life threatening condition. Patients with these conditions before injection are at all highest risk. Side effects may include allergic reactions, neck and injection site pain, fatigue and headache. Allergic reactions can include rash, welts, asthma symptoms and dizziness. Don't receive Botox if there's a skin infection. Tell your doctor your medical history, muscle or nerve conditions including als, Lou Gehrig's disease, Myasthenia gravis or Lambert Eaton syndrome and medications including botulinum toxins as these may increase the risk of serious side effects.

Narrator (John Hopkins) (54:01)

Why wait?

Carrington College / Botox Advertisement Host (54:02)

Ask your doctor, visit botoxchronicmigraine.com or or call 1-844-botox to learn more. If you used Babbel, you would Babbel's conversation based techniques teaches you useful words and phrases to get you speaking quickly about the things you actually talk about in the real world. With lessons handcrafted by over 200 language experts and voiced by real native speakers, Babbel is like having a private tutor in your pocket. Start speaking with Babbel today. Get up to 55% off your Babbel subscription right now at Babbel. Com Spotify spelled B a B B E L com Spotify rules and restrictions may apply.