B (3:45)

Yeah, well, and I think that is a great intro to why we're having this conversation, which is this war has really been a very technologically intensive and shifting war. And there's a lot of really interesting stuff from a pure technology standpoint that's been coming out of it. Do you want to maybe looking at that last few years, for folks who haven't been paying as close of attention, give us the high level of how warfare has evolved in this conflict?

C (4:12)

Well, this war began as very much an old school battle of tanks and artillery and infantry, armored vehicles facing off and shooting each other from various calibers of cannon. Certainly aviation was involved, especially on the Russian side. Russia had a great deal of air superiority for at least the opening days of the war. But very quickly the Ukrainians, their society mobilized. And what you began to see was a great deal of innovation happening with assistance, I should say, from the United States and the European allies. But really a lot of it was homegrown. A lot of it was coming from literally people, civilians tinkering in their garages during the invasion and figuring out ways that they could use technology to fight back, to cancel out Russia's numerical superiority, its superiority in kinds of weapons that it had, air dominance. And that's what I followed very closely in a lot of my reporting. Looking at who were the people doing this tinkering, what kinds of technologies helped them balance out the war, defend themselves, and in many ways start to turn the tables on Russia. So what we've seen, again, very high level, kind of a three and a half year story, and it's still ongoing. But what we've seen in the past year, certainly I would say even maybe more than a year, is Ukraine finding high tech ways to do deep strikes into Russia that really hurt the Russian economy and the Russian war machine. In the last few months, the Ukrainians have unleashed incredibly effective drone strikes against particularly Russian oil refineries and other energy infrastructure that have caused something of a gasoline shortage in Russia. So all of that adds up to technology helping Ukraine tip the scales in this war in a way that really no military analyst, strategist, politician expected at the outset.

B (6:14)

Well, there's a lot of different pieces of this, but let's maybe follow the thread that you started there of looking at drones. How have the Ukrainians in particular, but I think also the Russians shifted their warfare to utilize drones. What's the actual hardware being used? What are the different pieces that go into that?

C (6:33)

Yeah, it's a big topic. We could definitely spend a whole hour on this one question. But early on, the Ukrainians were using on a very small scale, FPV drones. So first person view drones that are generally designed for drone racing to some extent, maybe in agriculture to monitor crops, but also just for hobbyists really to take wedding photos and things like that. So these drones were available. The military in Ukraine was using them for reconnaissance and some other tasks before the full scale invasion. But with the full scale invasion, the Ukrainians really began to see the value of drones like this on the battlefield, especially when it came to being able to see the enemy, see where the Russians were advancing and, and respond with forces with, with other kinds of weapons. The kinds of drones that they were using primarily were ones that were available on the commercial market. The Chinese were and remain dominant in this industry. A company called DJI is a Chinese company that years before the invasion, really established itself as the world's preeminent maker of FPV drones and the various components that go into them. So these things began flooding into Ukraine, often purchased by volunteers, donors, people who were buying them up on the market in Europe and the United States and shipping them in mass to Ukrainians. Once in Ukraine, they were either used for reconnaissance using the cameras that are already affixed to the drone, or very quickly the Ukrainians began doctoring them or changing them to be able to carry weapons of various kinds, either as what's kind of popularly known as kamikaze drones. So a drone that is fixed with an explosive flies into its target and explodes. So kind of one way drones or drones that are capable of dropping explosives, these technologies sort of iterated quite quickly and began to advance in many different directions. Where then you had sort of even naval drones that were basically small boats that were remotely controlled. One other point I'd say just kind of in this, in this context is the importance of Starlink is, I think, you know, something that we really have to, to note early on in this conversation. One of the Key innovations, which now seems quite, you know, obvious in hindsight. But when it happened, according to my reporting, this was in the spring of 2022, really within a couple of months of the full scale invasion. The Ukrainians figured out, hey, we can fly these things much farther and really secure the, the link between the pilot and the drone if we put a Starlink antenna right on the drone itself. And once they figured that out, I actually met the team that did that and visited the place where they first tried this thing out. It was really in a garage on the outskirts of Kyiv. They put this thing on, they attached the Starlink to a drone and quickly realized that this was really a groundbreaking innovation. Starlinks became and in many ways remain essential to the Ukrainian drone program.

B (9:45)

That's wild that it happened literally in someone's garage. The. The revenge of the tinkerer.

C (9:51)

Yes, totally. Totally. I mean, there's war. There's war in so many ways. Sorry to interrupt, but is it is like the revenge of the nerds on, on like an incredible world historical scale? Like, the people who have been at the forefront of this kind of warfare that has really worked to Ukraine's advantage and change the nature of the conflict have in many cases been geeks, engineers, computer programmers who were mobilized into the war effort early on and as military commanders. Both NATO commanders and Ukrainian ones told me, when you're fighting a regular war, you often have the kind of regular army to work with. It's, it's the, the people you've recruited, trained. Whereas when you have a full scale invasion like the one you had in Ukraine, the entire society is mobilized. The entire society begins looking. Every individual begins looking for ways to use the skills they have to serve the national defense. And what you get is, you know, many people have many different skills. Some of them are very good at cooking soup and they, they cook delicious soup for the soldiers. Others are very good at programming and they begin to program and design weapons. So that's what we saw. And I think that helps explain a lot of the speed and agility of the, of the development of these weapons in Ukraine.

B (11:10)

Yeah, absolutely. I want to dig in more on that. But before we do, since you brought up Starlink, I feel like one of the things that I've kind of seen here is this arms race in terms of communication and jamming techniques as well. And how are we able to talk to the drones at a distance? How are we able to interfere with our opponent's abilities? Can you maybe talk a little bit about what that progression has been yeah.

C (11:32)

It'S critical to understanding the challenges of drone warfare. So if you're working with drones like the Chinese ones, the FPV drones, Mavics they're called, that are designed for racing or wedding photography. Those drones are not really made to operate in a military environment, in a battlefield. In a battlefield, you have electronic jamming, where one or both sides are using electronic warfare to suppress or block radio frequencies. All of these drones that are available on the market for anyone to buy, they use radio signals to communicate between the controller and the drone, the pilot and the drone. But in a war zone, you have all kinds of jamming techniques that either cut off that radio frequency or you have different techniques like spoofing and other things that allow your enemy to actually seize control electronically of the drone and switch it to the an enemy's controller so that then your enemy is in control of the drone that you just sent up to fight the war. So that becomes the kind of, I'd say what. At least one of the defining challenges, if not the defining challenge, how to get around, how to secure that link, that electronic link between the pilot and the drone.

B (12:52)

Drone.

C (12:53)

And that's when things get really inventive and strange. Starlink was probably the most effective, most famous way around that. If you have a Starlink connection, that means you're controlling your drone basically through the Internet. It's not using a radio frequency. So Russians jamming the radio signals won't jam a drone equipped with Starlink because that drone is communicating through Starlink satellites, SpaceX satellites, through the Internet to the controller. So that's a great solution over time. And what we saw over the course of the conflict is both sides figuring out new ways to jam each other and use different creative ways of electronic warfare. It's called EW term you often hear in this context.

B (13:38)

Ew.

C (13:39)

One of the funny solutions, I mean funny in that it's just so bizarre, is for example, the Russians and Ukrainians have started in the last couple of years using drones that fly on fiber optic cables. So you have literally a drone that has attached to its butt a spool of fiber optic cable. And it's unfurling as it flies, so it's attached physically to the pilot through this fiber optic cable. And that gives you a very clear signal. And it can't be jammed, it can't be blocked. But as you can imagine, that comes with all kinds of other downsides, like your spool of thread can be caught up in a tree cut for some reason, or, you know, things like that. So both sides got very creative and began iterating and really racing each other in this incredibly fast cycle of innovation, especially in the field, not only, but especially I would say in the field of electronic warfare, how to jam the enemy's drones.

B (14:38)

Can we maybe talk then about. So each side is doing these. This sort of tinkering, exploration, Revenge of the nerds is great. I think all of our audience can identify, like that's what we like to hear in a lot of ways. But like, what are the toolkits people are using to modify? Are they using off the shelf parts you could buy commercially? Are they doing modern stuff? What type of software is involved? Like, how is this innovation loop happening on the ground?

C (15:04)

Primarily they're using off the shelf stuff, circuit boards, chips that you, you can buy on, on the market. It does start to get more sophisticated over time. Where you have, I'd say more in the field of kind of command and control systems. So there's a system that the Ukrainians developed with help from American private companies and the American government and military, a system called Delta that is not an off the shelf system. That is a very complicated system for basically battlefield awareness where you have interactive map of the battlefield showing you, for example, where all the drones are flying at any given time. You know, one demonstration that I saw of this system, you know, you can literally click on a drone or a quadrant of the battlefield and click on the drone and then see what the drone sees on your screen of the Delta system. So very fancy stuff. And that took quite, quite a lot of, yeah, computing power and innovation and programming and you know, development that was done that some of the teams I met were doing it in collaboration where you had Ukrainian military officers and Ukrainian civilians, but also you had, you know, programmers that were motivated just by their desire to help Ukraine or maybe they had some Ukrainian roots and, and, or they, you know, immigrated from Ukraine, say, living in Canada or the United States or, or Europe. And they were chipping in and coding and programming as they went to develop these more advanced systems. But the hardware I'd say, you know, for this kind of stuff is generally off the shelf. One kind of class of system that was widely available on the market and became very useful to the Ukrainians was agriculture drones. These are bigger things. They're designed, for example, you can spray pesticides on your crops. So they already have this kind of function built in to release something from the bottom. So, so instead of pesticides you're releasing, say in one case there was something called the Dragon drone which released Burning fuel, like literally a stream of fire that it would shoot at enemy trenches. So they were kind of tinkering with off the shelf technologies in many cases and adapting them to the battlefield. I'd say when you get into the more sophisticated battlefield awareness systems and command and control systems there you really had, you know, programmers at top of the game working in different countries, different locations, and contributing to that effort to build really, how to put it, bespoke or unique systems specifically for the Ukrainian needs.

B (17:44)

Wow.

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B (18:24)

Yeah. The Delta system sounds almost to me like turning this thing, this like real life wide battlefield with all these unknowns into almost like a video game setup. It feels like where you could actually see this level of detail that, that to me always felt unrealistic in these games, but apparently that's real now.

C (18:44)

Yeah, yeah. And the influence of video game culture and video game technology on all of these developments that we've been talking about is really amazing. I wrote an article recently for Time magazine that I would encourage your listeners to check out. It's about the gamification of drone warfare. And it was a system invented by one of the key ministers in President Zelensky's government. He's the Minister of digital transformation, gentleman named Mikhailo Fyodorov. And I've gotten to know him very well. I've spent a lot of time with him. Young guy, younger than me for sure. What is he now, 34, 36? Anyway, young. Young by my standards. I don't know how young your listeners.

B (19:23)

Are by mine too, but that's all right.

C (19:26)

He came up with this system of essentially assigning points to a confirmed kill. So you had all these drone units that were working all across the battlefield. Some of them, many of them were sourcing their drones, their equipment from donors or buying them on the open market, tinkering with them, improving them. Some of them were buying them from manufacturers in Ukraine or abroad. But it was sort of a somewhat decentralized and dispersed effort. So what Fyodorov did is he first of all came up with a system for all of them to document and confirm their strikes. So if they hit a Russian tank, there was a system that they would have to upload a video of that tank, that attack on the tank, to confirm that it happened. And if the government was able to confirm that, they would give the team that carried out that strike a set of points. Say, in the early days of the system, a Russian tank was worth 40 points. Okay, what do you need these points for? I mean, they're not just bragging rights. He then developed a system in parallel to this where these points could be used to buy, just like in a video game, to buy more drones. You know, like Roblox or Fortnite. You can. You can buy. You can use the points you accumulate to buy or order additional equipment to then accumulate more points with more strikes. You see that?

B (20:53)

That's brilliant, though, because now you have an economy. The most effective strikers get the most drones.

C (20:58)

Yes, that's right.

B (20:59)

And there.

C (21:00)

There were some, you know, a lot of debates. I talked to a few of the drone commanders involved in this. It had a lot of, like, weird, kind of unexpected, how to put it, side effects, one of which was that some of these drone commanders began came kind of celebrities, not only within the military, but broadly in Ukrainian society. Because at the end of every month, the system would release, and it still does that today. At the end of every month, you get the list of the top 10 scoring drone units who have killed the most Russians or destroyed the most Russian equipment, and you have the name of that unit. And some of the units choose to stay quiet for security reasons. But I'd say at this point, at least half of them have decided to promote themselves as kind of warrior celebrities and use this also to raise funds from donors and say, look, we were number two on the rankings last month. We're the best. You know, give us more donations of various kinds, money or equipment or whatever, from just regular people. That was an interesting evolution in the way the armed forces behaved. Usually, you know, in a hot war, the soldiers aren't out there kind of promoting themselves. It seems like something from, you know, centuries ago with kind of these. This warrior class emerging. But that was one of the things that happened where now in Ukraine, you have, you know, really a vibrant ecosystem of social media accounts, billboards, TV interviews of these drone commanders, you know, also positioning themselves as, I'm the best. Look, I have the highest ranking in the game, anyway. It's weird.

B (22:37)

It is, but it's effective.

C (22:38)

But it's effective.

B (22:39)

It's fascinating thinking about all the different downstreams of this gamification. So there's one and I think I would, I would bet going further down that probably helps improve internal morale within Ukraine and the folks there because they're like, oh, here's, here's the celebrity. We're striking back. We're, we're able to compete like all these different pieces there.

C (22:59)

Yeah. It gives society heroes to honor and to follow and to root for them and to support them financially if someone's able, both in Ukraine and outside. So you're right, it is good for morale.

B (23:12)

Thinking about some of the other implications there that promotes a culture of data collection as well. Now you have much. Every individual is incented to make sure that there are keeping careful track of what is actually happening on the battlefield and reporting it up in a streamlined way.

C (23:32)

Exactly. And that when I talked to the Minister Fedorov who came up with this system, he said that's the most valuable thing for the government and the military because you see in real time what is working and what is not. Not only what unit is working, but what type of drone is having the most effect on the battlefield. And you're getting the most up to date data and the, the best documentation of each kill. As I understood from talking to these guys and some of the military commanders, there's often a lot of misreporting of successful strikes in, in generally in warfare everywhere where, you know, in, in the, the, the fog of war, it's difficult to tell who really carried out some heroic strike or was it just kind of hearsay or rumor or, you know, there's no confirmation. This system really deals with that and it tells you what is the most effective team. And then what the Ukrainians do is they do kind of sharing of expertise. So okay, this, for the last two, three months, this one team has been the most successful. They've come out at the top of the rankings and they've been using this particular type of drone. So then they do these kind of, I want to say seminars or. Yeah. Sharing of know how or where. These drone units then give instructions to others less successful drone units, try to bring them up to speed either by taking a member of another drone unit into their ranks for some period of time or having really, you know, like actual, like classroom exercises where they're talking to each other or online sharing of information, some of which is classified, a lot of which is classified. But still you have this kind of learning from each other, which is very good for effectiveness and has been a great help to the Ukrainian armed forces generally.

B (25:17)

So to take this in another direction and geek out on something else. Another thing this reminds me of is a topic from machine learning. It's a reward function. It's a way that you can try a thing, see an outcome, and iteratively improve. Can you talk a little bit about the ways in which machine learning and AI are being applied in warfare in Ukraine?

C (25:39)

I'd say it's still pretty early days with AI. So in this platform where drone units can use their accumulated points to buy new drones, part of the platform is classified, but it looks like basically Amazon. Like, you can see some of it. It's called Brave 1, B R A V E. And then the number one, it's called the Brave 1 Marketplace. And you can go on there and you can see what is available to the. The military units to buy. And there is a special section of, of AI enhancements. So basically, I'm not an expert in this, but chips and, and various equipment that you can use to enhance your drones and give them AI enhanced targeting, for example, target selection and things like that, that has become available more widely to the Ukrainian armed forces to improve their drones with either computer vision, machine learning. All of that is being experimented with, but it has, it has not been deployed at scale in Ukraine. There have been some reports that Russia is deploying it much more aggressively and in a centralized way, but those are. How to put it. The information on that is incomplete because Russia is so much more of a black box for journalists like me and for, you know, various intelligence agencies to try to follow this. But I know from, from the Ukrainian side they're experimenting with it and there are a lot of mixed opinions on how well it works. So one thing I'll say is I visited a drone factory in Ukraine called Skyfall, and they produce one of the most popular drones. It's got six rotors, it's a heavy bomber, so it can drop multiple explosive charges. The founder of that company told me, simon, I have AI targeting already. And he. And he showed me the interface where there's basically a button. Not a button, but like a sliding scale where you can select how automated you want the targeting to be. So, for example, you can say, okay, computer, if you are 70% sure that the target you see in your camera is a Russian tank, if you're 70% certain, you can strike, or you can say 30% certain, or you can say, no, you need to be 90% certain that that's a tank and you can sort of slide it as you wish. He told me that he has not, and I checked in with him recently. This is still the case. He has decided on his own basically not to release that technology to his clients, to Ukrainian drone units, until the government or some other authority comes up with a legal framework for who is responsible for pulling that trigger. He doesn't want to be personally responsible for releasing the technology that allows, for example, a drone to make a mistake, to make a decision about targeting and firing a weapon and then accidentally killing a civilian takes the fault for that, or committing some other war crime or, or other atrocity. He needs some clarity on the legal side, and that is not yet there. But the technology in, in this way, in many interesting ways, has outpaced the legal frameworks that Ukraine is working within. I think other drone units and other drone manufacturers may have different views, but as you can tell, you know, it's not centralized. It's sort of up to the individual commander, up to the individual manufacturer to decide how much of this technology to unleash and how.

B (29:03)

Yeah, that is absolutely fascinating. It reminds me of a conversation I was having with someone in the topic of using AI to generate code and pushing that farther and farther and saying, okay, who's responsible right now? The answer is whoever says, yes, this is good code and commit it. But there's a future where this stuff is happening autonomously in the background, and we have no framework for who is responsible.

C (29:26)

Ultimately, I don't see the legislative bodies of our, of our planet coming up with those frameworks anytime soon. I don't, I don't see. I haven't heard about a concerted effort in Ukraine or elsewhere. The US military has some guidelines on this. Basically that a human needs to be in the loop on any decision to pull a trigger or drop a explosive or anything like. Like that. But the Ukrainians don't really have that as explicitly. So it's a little bit of a Wild west situation there with.

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B (30:46)

What about some of the other potential applications? Things like autonomous navigation or that type of thing?

C (30:52)

One thing that I think some of your listeners would appreciate is in the context of this kind of gamification, I talked to one drone developer who had this idea that, look, Simon, we already have the technology to realize something that existed in a science fiction novel called Ender's Game. Have you ever heard of this one?

B (31:12)

I loved that game as a. Or that book as a child. I read the whole series.

C (31:17)

Yeah, there you go. So for some of your listeners who may not be familiar, it imagines a futuristic world where there's a war between humans and space invaders. And the humans resort to essentially teaching children how to fly drone swarms that attack the alien invaders. And the children are made to believe that they're just playing a video game, that what they're seeing inside their controllers is not reality, it's just a simulation where as in fact, the game they're playing is. Is actually manifesting in real life, and they are controlling a real drone swarm out in space that's attacking the aliens. You get it? This drone developer in Ukraine told me, simon, we can do this now. Like, you can be sitting in Kansas and controlling a drone or multiple drones from your headset or your computer, and they're flying somewhere in the Ukrainian battlefield with a Starlink or some other communication system, and, you know, you're just piloting them. And this drone developer suggested this could be a good idea because, you know, drone pilots are not as common as you'd think. Good ones anyway. So if you can tap into that pool of talent. He was saying, I'm not saying this is a good idea, but if you can tap into that global pool of talent, anyone who wants to participate in the war in Ukraine as a drone pilot can sort of maybe go through a test and apply. And then if you are a successful pilot, you sign a waiver, you are given command of a number of drones out in the. In the. In the front. And this developer said, you might not know whether you're flying an actual drone or you're flying a simulation. So, I mean, that just blew my mind when I heard that. I was like, whoa, whoa, whoa. I. I had never read Ender's game. I went back after this conversation and, like, you know, read the key bits and understood what he was talking about. But I Mean, man, that, that is just. It seems like too far on so many levels. But. But the technology is there. The reason we're not doing that or the reason Ukraine is not trying to do that is more legal, social, and. And so on. Right. The technology already permits that, so that's.

B (33:29)

That's wild. So in the Ender's game, if I recall correctly, it was different in the sense that it wasn't drones, it was people on the ships. So in some ways it's even more complicated ethically. You're commanding people to go and lay their lives on the line without knowing that they're people. In other ways, it flips it around because there is a train of responsibility. Those people are still making the decision. In this case, like, how does that even track?

C (33:52)

Yeah, and you're frees you, you know, just to continue this thought experiment. And I'm not endorsing this. I can say for sure that it is something that people at a high level in Ukraine, in the military and in the military industrial complex have been talking about. It frees the pilot from a sense of moral responsibility in a way. You're so detached at that point from the actual act of killing, the act of dropping a bomb on an enemy target, whether it's a person or a tank or a multiple rocket launcher, whatever, you're so detached, it's like playing a video game. And in some ways, I talked to one ethical expert who advises the Ukrainian military who said that's not a good thing because, you know, for. For various ethical and reasons related to international law, we do want the person responsible for pulling the trigger to understand the full moral weight of what, what he or she is doing. But in terms of kind of efficiency and avoiding things like post traumatic stress and burnout, all those things that, you know, many soldiers and drone pilots go through, there is the suggestion that, you know, maybe that's not such a bad idea. So that debate is ongoing, is a live one.

B (35:02)

That is. It's wild that we're in that world.

C (35:05)

It is. And it's coming. It's coming faster, Kevin, than you.

B (35:08)

It's coming faster. Well, and playing out the analogy just even a little further, in the Ender's game, that was the crisis at the end was the lead character decided to destroy a civilian population because it was the strategic way to end things deterministically, and he thought it was a game.

C (35:29)

I put this in the article, this conversation about Ender's game, just a paragraph very briefly, and my editor read that before we published, and. And she was like. It's like the people talking about this never read the end of that book because it's not a happy ending.

B (35:42)

It's not a happy ending.

C (35:44)

It's quite grim. Yeah. What I find so disturbing and fascinating about reporting on this, the future of warfare, the way new technology is reshaping warfare is just how fast things are evolving, especially in the cauldron of a war for survival like Ukraine is facing. It's facing an enemy that is genocidal in its intent and really wants to destroy Ukraine, wipe Ukraine off the face of the earth. And you know, when you're faced with that, it really pushes you a to seek any means of defending yourself and to push aside legal and moral qualms that may otherwise, you know, be the subject of intense debate within the military or within society or within academia. Ukraine to some extent doesn't have time for that right now. And there are many people. I wouldn't say it's the majority. I've actually been surprised the extent to which they are very thoughtful about these decisions. I mentioned already the, the ethics advisor was very well respected and I quote him in my article, Gunduz Mamedov. He has a strong voice and he, he's always there to remind the top brass in the military of the ethical implications. But there are cowboys for sure among the tribes. Drone unit commanders on the ground even more so once they're in this kind of competition of the. The gamified. They call it the bonus program, the, the gamification of drone warfare where they're. They feel this competitive need to outdo their, their rivals, their other. Other drone units in the field and they might be pushed to use a technology like AI in a more aggressive way than. Than others.

B (37:22)

So I think there's a kind of interesting thread for us to, to push on here around what that sort of process of innovation and feedback looks like. I think many of our listeners are familiar with innovation inside of something like a startup environment where you have at least financial pressure that reduces your timelines and forces you to focus. I hope sincerely not too many of the listeners, at least those who are not living in Ukraine, have had to deal with the level of pressure and adversity facing the folks doing this here. But I'm kind of curious, like what does it end up looking like? What is the steps from. I have an idea to. I'm trying it to. This is actually going all the way up to being propagated across the military command.

C (38:07)

Yeah. I mean it starts often with there's a startup ecosystem in Ukraine, in the military tech world. And these are often people who start in their garages using whatever they can come up with, using their skills, calling the friends, getting donations, emptying out their, their savings accounts. But that's at the kind of really initial level before the seed funding. I will say that there have been basically accelerators or something you could compare to venture capitalists going around physically. Ukraine, I don't want to call any of them out by name, but you know, some of them are household names in the us. Some of them are famous three letter agencies of the US government. And they were starting early in the invasion. We're talking like spring of 2022, going around looking for successful tinkerers, successful teams that were coming up with new solutions, new technologies. The team that first put a starlink on top of an agricultural drone is one good example. These people, these, let's call them venture capitalists. That's an imperfect perfect term in this context, but I don't think there's another one yet that I'm familiar with. They are Westerners, foreigners. They come in, they look around, they take a tour of the front, and then they pick winners. They say, okay, these guys are doing something interesting. You know, I have a conversation with the founder of this kind of startup team that's working on a new kind of drone. He seems like his head's in the right place. He's responsible. Let's give them a certain amount of money and if they need some equipment, let's give them a bunch of chips, drones, whatever they need to accelerate their development. And I know that some of the names on the leaderboard of this gamification program, they did receive help from these kind of, you know, support systems or individuals. Sometimes these were nothing more unusual than like a crowdfunding website where you would have some people in the kind of charity or philanthropy community gathering money for drones or Ukrainian defense. And then they would say, okay, these guys are, these guys in the field are doing something really interesting. Let's support them, let's funnel the money to them. Oftentimes it was also just much more military or intelligence services from the west coming in and saying, you know, these guys are doing really great work. The let's make sure that they don't fall behind. That is also part of the process that you asked about of who's iterating, who's pulling ahead and how it's merit based. I mean, it's not like someone's calling their cousin in the CIA and saying like, can you please help me out with my Drone startup in Ukraine. I mean these decisions are from what I've heard certainly based on how successful is the, is the technology that they've come up with.

B (40:55)

Yeah, well, and you have once again a downstream impact of the gamification is you have the feedback loop. You have we're trying this and our, the team's using this, their score is going up or we're, we're using it in our team and our score is going up. Wow.

C (41:09)

Yeah. And they see it, you know, on, on the platform, this Brave 1 marketplace. A new technology comes up and they throw it up on the marketplace. Somebody tries it, they have success, they spread the word on social media like wow. We just, you know, we, we decided to use a few of our bonus points to acquire fire this new gadget or this new kind of AI enhanced targeting system. And it just, you know, we just went up five points or sorry, five spaces on the leaderboard. So and then everybody wants to try that. So it sort of gives you the kinds of things that the US Military takes years to figure out. The Pentagon will do studies and you know, hire all kinds of contractors and bring in all kinds of think tanks to analyze. And then once they have an idea of what they need, they put it, they give a contract to like Lockheed Martin or one of these big companies in the military industrial complex. This stuff takes years to do the study to figure out what works to get, to get the equipment, to get the approval for the budgets. Anyway, like this is incredibly cumbersome, slow. By the time the weapon is then delivered to the troops, technology has progressed so much that new weapon may no longer be relevant. And just one more tidbit that really blew my mind here in this context. You know, a lot of the, especially in the early days of the invasion, the US Military and other militaries, the British were donating some of their drone equipment and other kind of more high tech weapons and a lot of them would just end up gathering dust in warehouses because they were not capable of overcoming the electronic war warfare and jamming environment that Russia was throwing over the battlefield. So these things, you know, very expensive systems, loitering munitions and all these kind of fairly advanced drones would just not be useful. You wouldn't fly. So the Ukrainians either had to re engineer them to make them overcome those, those electronic warfare challenges. But you know, one, one guy told me that it's often just faster and easier to build the thing from scratch rather than re engineer what the Americans sent us in 2022.

B (43:15)

It's amazing to me the Parallels between what it feels like, for example, building inside of a startup in Silicon Valley where versus in a big company somewhere else. Yeah, you know, there's the pressure cooker environment. There's a money that's available that's going purely based on merit, not based on connections. Though there are still some connections, I'm sure. There certainly are in Silicon Valley. There's the culture of advice giving and sharing, best practices and trying stuff. It's, it's really wild. So I'm curious now, we've talked mostly about what has happened to date. How do you see this continuing to evolve, looking forward, both within Ukraine and then spreading out across the world?

C (43:57)

Yeah, great question. And it's, it's something I've really been, been looking at very closely. You know, as we approach the four year anniversary now of this invasion, I can't believe it's gone on for this long. So currently Ukraine has basically a total ban on export of weapons and other military technology. That makes sense. You're in the middle of an existential war. You don't want your weapons manufacturers to be shipping stuff to other countries. They should stay inside Ukraine and serve the war effort. It is possible to get an exception from, for this, but it's very difficult, very rare. But I know from talking to some of the Ukrainian manufacturers that there is a lot of demand for what they're coming up with and they're raring to go. The manufacturers, including the one I visited, Skyfall, have built additional capacity into their factories, more than they expect the Ukrainian military to need. So that when that export ban is lifted, at some point when the war ends, when there's a ceasefire, we're not sure how that will happen, but at some point Ukraine will allow its manufacturers to begin exporting this technology, this know how, and it will go global. Believe me, a lot of what they've come up with maybe isn't something that the US military or the Israelis or the French would buy necessarily because they have their own stuff. And it's important, impressive in, in many ways, maybe more impressive. But what the Ukrainians have gotten very good at is cheap, easy to use, easy to scale, easy to tinker with and adjust based on the changing dynamics on the battlefield. And that is really valuable commodity for not only governments in smaller countries, but also there could be militias, there could be various organizations, let's put it that way, non governmental organizations that want this stuff, want these weapons. I wonder sometimes about the level of influence or control that Ukraine's European or American allies would have in limiting who Ukraine or Ukrainian manufacturers trade with and sell this and share this equipment with, that could really begin to redraw the map of the, of, of the balance of military power around the world in some interesting and disturbing ways. Now the same goes for Russia. No one's going to stop Russia from selling its equipment. It is already doing that with North Korea. It's doing it with Iran for sure. There's a lot of technological, know how. Just a, a small side note here. Russia was so behind in drone technology in the beginning of the war that Putin, Vladimir Putin had to personally go to Iran to ask the mullahs to sell him drones, and they did. So. Just a side note, no matter how this war ends, I think it's, it's very reasonable to expect that the global market for weapons will be transformed by the flood of capacity that both Ukraine and Russia are developing for drone weapons, electronic warfare capabilities, AI enhanced targeting, all the stuff we've been talking about. It's going to become available either on the black market or just at kind of military trade shows to the highest bidder. And that's scary to think about, you know, especially if you look at terrorist threats or threats from, from various militias like the Houthis in Yemen and so on. You know, they already, the Houthis have used drones to block shipping routes in the Red Sea in recent years, but their drones are pretty primitive. You know, imagine if they do get access through the black market or otherwise maybe through Iran to more advanced systems. So that, that's all coming down the pike pretty soon, I'm afraid. You know, in the coming couple years at most.

B (47:48)

It is one of those sort of shifting moments where a lot of the sort of established lines of power start to, to break and fragment because now there's a, you know, you don't need a million dollars to buy a rocket. You can buy a ton of drones for a lot less.

C (48:08)

That's right. This really, you know, on a kind of philosophical level has been the main lesson of this, of everything we've been talking about. The, the ability of a small nation under resourced nation to use this technology to, to totally turn the tables on a much more powerful adversary. Probably the most famous example of that, that some of your listeners might remember, you might remember, in early June of this year, Ukraine smuggled a couple of truckloads of drones into Russia and then released them remotely. The pilots were sitting in Ukraine. They were flown into military air bases very far from Ukraine, inside Russian territory and used to destroy Russian bombers, strategic bomber planes that are part of The Russian nuclear triad, you know, the triad being land based nuclear launchers, submarine nuclear launchers, these long range bombers. Right. So that is the kind of holy trinity of a strategic military power like Russia or like the United States and Ukraine was able to use a couple of truckloads of these cheap FPV drones to destroy, it's estimated about 10, $12 billion worth of these strategic bombers. And forget about their monetary value, their strategic value is what's shocking in this, in this attack that was so successful because they hit right at the pressure point of Russia's strategic nuclear deterrent and they did it using FPV drones. It's just insane in terms of the, what you just said, the rebalancing of military power and, and how this can really just shake up the entire chessboard of, you know, great power, competition, military might and everything related to that.

B (49:54)

The new key resource may be the number of nerds you've got.

C (49:56)

Yeah. How to tap them, how to get them, you know, involved and coding. Not to create a unicorn in, you know, whatever the consumer market, but more in military and the United States. We're seeing that. I mean, I don't know if you sense that. I mean, it's more a question for you in your community, like, is it becoming kind of cool to work for military applications? Is that more of an acceptable kind of career path for a really talented coder?

B (50:22)

It's a great question. There's definitely a lot more sort of military startup things going on, which to your point, like a lot of the traditional military industrial complex is very slow moving, is very maybe behind the cutting edge in a lot of ways, or if they're at the cutting edge by the time they actually ship it, it's behind the cutting edge. There's a proliferation of security and military related technology industries. I think it really depends on which subculture you're in. Right. Like there's, let's say Silicon Valley is an interesting example where a lot of the folks on the ground and the coders are, tend to be more leftist, many more pacifist or other, you know, kind of idealists. Nerds. Most nerds. Not all nerds, but most nerds, you know, we're pretty, I'll speak for myself. I'm pretty pacifist. I'm pretty strongly in favor of thou shalt not harm others around you, if you can help it. On the other hand, I do think anyone who's experienced bullying, either personal or whatever, can empathize with Ukraine and what it feels like to have a superpower coming in and trying to destroy things. And I think, you know, seeing what's going on there, seeing some of the conflicts around the world, there is a sense of like, hey, maybe we need to actually invest in defending ourselves a little more.

C (51:46)

From what I understand from a distance, and I do want to do more reporting about this in Silicon Valley. How is the culture there changing? Alex Karp, the CEO of Palantir, published a book recently that dives into a lot of this and argues for Silicon Valley technologists and inventors having a moral obligation to help the US Military maintain its dominance around the world. You know, it's an interesting argument. I'm not endorsing it, but. But it's sort of. It has driven a debate in Silicon Valley, as I understand and broadly in the military industrial complex, about how much the partnership needs to strengthen between, say, the Pentagon and Silicon Valley. It is strengthening. I just don't know if from a grassroots level like the, the, the talented young coders and developers, developers coming out of, you know, Berkeley or Stanford or mit, feel a kind of drive or allure to go in that direction, yet I don't sense that it could develop in that direction too.

B (52:46)

I mean, I think the thing that this conversation has reiterated to me is we can put our heads in the sand and choose to ignore the changes that are happening in the technology of war warfare, or we can get with the program. I personally do not want to be working on military applications, and I think that's a perfectly valid personal framework. And if my homeland was being invaded, you'd better bet I would be there and be working on those things.

C (53:17)

Yeah, it'd be great if there was a kind of, you know, legal framework before we get to that point of an existential war. I think a lot of problems can arise for humanity if those innovations and technological evolutions happen in the context of a war for survival without the kind of legal homework and the ethical homework having been done beforehand. So I think it might be more comfortable for more compelling for young developers to go into that field if they knew, okay, these are the parameters within which we're going to work. Whereas right now, you know, in the application of AI in warfare, the development in drones, it really is kind of, yeah, it's a wild west, like I said before, you know, it's. There really are not the kinds of guardrails that you would expect. We have, for example, in the field of chemical weapons or nuclear weapons, where there's very well defined, decades old legal, international law architecture that limits how those can and should be used those kinds of weapons here. Nothing like that exists. That's kind of scary.