Things You Thought You Knew – Is Everything Light?

Summary

StarTalk Radio – "Things You Thought You Knew: Is Everything Light?"

Host: Neil deGrasse Tyson
Co-Host: Chuck Nice
Release Date: May 12, 2026

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Episode Overview

This energetic, funny, and illuminating episode of StarTalk Radio dives into three core topics: albedo (reflectivity), light pollution, and the electromagnetic spectrum. With Neil deGrasse Tyson's trademark blend of scientific rigor and playful analogies (including potatoes!), the episode explores how light interacts with objects, how artificial lights impact our skies and ecosystems, and how what we call "light" is really just one tiny slice of a vast spectrum—most of which we're blind to.

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1. Albedo: The Science of Reflection

[03:18 – 17:02]

What is Albedo?

• Definition: Albedo is a measure of how much light is reflected by a surface, ranging from 0 (all absorbed) to 1 (all reflected).
  • "An albedo of 0.5, that means half the light that hits it gets reflected." – Neil [03:44]
  • Albedo 1 = perfect mirror; Albedo 0 = perfect absorber (e.g., black hole).
• Application to People:
  • Neil muses that if we classified people by albedo (how much light their skin reflects), it would be a more scientifically precise system than race.
    • "If you thought about albedo from the beginning, you'd realize that the human species fully populates the entire spectrum, the entire range of albedos." – Neil [06:02]
• Real-World Examples:
  • The Moon:
    • Its albedo is about 0.1 – "almost as dark as the sidewall tires on a car." [07:42]
    • Despite appearing bright, that's due to the intensity of sunlight, not lunar reflectiveness.
  • Earth:
    • Global albedo ~0.3 (varies with clouds, ocean, ice) [10:19]
    • 70% of solar energy hitting Earth is absorbed.
    • This ties into climate and why heat management matters so much ("We're stupid as hell. What is wrong with us?" – Chuck [11:12]).
  • Fashion and Daily Life:
    • White clothes keep you cool by reflecting sunlight; dark clothes absorb more, making you hotter [08:52].

Memorable Moments / Quotes

• On humans: "There are very highly reflective white people. There are very highly absorptive black people." – Neil [06:16]
• Chuck's product idea:
  • “I'mma make some moonshine and call it Albedo. Albedo Moonshine, baby. When you want to shine twice as bright!” [15:16]
• Historical note:
  • Leonardo da Vinci was the first to understand that what we see as the faint glow on the Moon’s dark side is actually sunlight reflected off Earth—Earthshine—not light emitted by the Moon itself [16:40].

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2. Light Pollution and Beyond

[22:02 – 35:24]

What is Light Pollution?

• Excessive or misdirected artificial light obscures the view of stars from cities.
  • "When you have the electrification of the cities, all of a sudden the night sky was competing with lights that were shedding photons up into the atmosphere." – Neil [22:19]
• Neil recalls believing planetarium stars were fake due to his urban upbringing—an early realization of what light pollution erases [23:00].

Solutions and Policies:

• The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) encourages shielded lighting and efficient use to minimize skyglow ([24:49]).
  • "If you can see any light at all directly from its source, somebody's paying to illuminate the sky, right?" – Neil [26:15]
  • Tucson, AZ, collaborates closely with astronomers at Kitt Peak to keep light minimal ([27:32]).
• Secondary impact:
  • Light pollution doesn't just blind astronomers. It disrupts wildlife—like birds losing circadian cues and dying of exhaustion because city lights keep them flying [29:35].

Other "Light" Pollutions:

• Radio Wave Pollution: TV, cell phones, and other electronics interfere with radio astronomy, requiring observatories in remote, "radio-quiet" zones [31:03].
• Satellite Pollution:
  • Sunlight reflecting off the increasing number of satellites (e.g., Starlink) creates streaks in astronomical images.
  • Ongoing efforts (like Musk’s satellite sunshades) help, but more solutions are needed [32:40].
  • The new Vera Rubin Telescope will take movies of the night sky and must distinguish between satellites and, for example, killer asteroids [34:04].

Memorable Moments / Quotes

• "If I see your light, it means you are paying to illuminate my airplane flying overhead." – Neil [26:19]
• On radio fobs and microwaves: "Cool it on the Hot Pockets, people." – Chuck [31:27]
• Chuck’s PSA vision:
  • “What we should have is an astrophysicist standing next to a rocket with a single tear rolling down their face.” – Chuck [34:39]
  • Neil: “Space pollution. Only you can stop space pollution.” [35:07]

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3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Everything is Light

[37:10 – 50:39]

"It's All the Same Food": The Potato Analogy

• Just as fries, chips, and mash are all potatoes, the EM spectrum—from radio waves to gamma rays—is all “light,” differentiated only by wavelength/frequency [39:06].
  • “My revelation of middle school … all of those [types of EM radiation] were the same thing.” – Neil [39:06]

The Visible Slice

• Humans perceive only a narrow band: visible light.
  • “If you put this on a scale… we are practically blind.” – Neil [47:11]
• "Light" in physics means the whole spectrum—the visible part is minuscule.

EM Spectrum Breakdown

• Beyond Visible:
  • Below red: Infrared (heat)
  • Above violet: Ultraviolet (causes sunburn/cancer), X-rays (penetrate skin, damage organs), Gamma rays (extreme energy)
  • Below infrared: Microwaves → Radio Waves (longer and longer wavelengths)
• All forms move at the speed of light and are just different “flavors” of the same fundamental phenomenon.

William Herschel's Discovery of Infrared

• Herschel used a thermometer to reveal that heat (infrared) exists beyond visible red light—“light unfit for vision” [49:06].

Memorable Moments / Quotes

• On safety and X-rays: “X-rays can penetrate your skin ... it can actually harm your organs. And organ cancers are triggered by this.” – Neil [42:35]
• Neil on the term “light”:
  • “Most of it is invisible to you ... if you drew all these things and you ask, well, how much of this whole electromagnetic spectrum can we see? ... we are practically blind.” [47:11]
• On why we call it "electromagnetic":
  • “It’s a wave that can move through the vacuum of space ... a self-propagating electrical and magnetic wave.” [49:44]
• Potatoes come “full circle” (infrared keeps them warm!) [50:33].

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Notable Quotes & Highlights

[Organized by timestamp] | Timestamp | Speaker | Quote / Moment | |-------------|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 03:44 | Neil | “An albedo of 0.5, that means half the light that hits it gets reflected.” | | 06:02 | Neil | “… human species fully populates the entire spectrum, the entire range of albedos.” | | 07:42 | Neil | “The moon is almost as dark as the sidewall tires on a car.” | | 11:12 | Chuck | “We’re stupid as hell. What is wrong with us?” | | 15:16 | Chuck | “I’mma make some moonshine and call it Albedo. Albedo Moonshine, baby. When you want to shine twice as bright!” | | 22:19 | Neil | “… the night sky was competing with lights that were shedding photons up into the atmosphere.”| | 24:49 | Neil | “… International Dark Sky Association.” | | 26:15 | Neil | “If I see your light, it means you are paying to illuminate my airplane flying overhead.” | | 31:03 | Neil | “Other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum are also polluted.” | | 32:40 | Neil | “… agreement with Elon Musk for some of his satellites to use a sunshade … it did improve the seeing conditions.” | | 39:06 | Neil | “… my revelation of middle school … all of those were the same thing.” (potato analogy) | | 47:11 | Neil | “If you put this on a scale … we are practically blind.” | | 49:06 | Neil | “… there must be a form of light quote unfit for vision.” (Herschel on infrared) | | 49:44 | Neil | “… self-propagating electrical and magnetic wave. And that’s why we call it the electromagnetic spectrum.” | | 50:33 | Neil | “We keep them warm with infrared. It all comes full circle.” |

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• Albedo and Reflection: [03:18 – 17:02]
• Light Pollution (visible, radio, satellite): [22:02 – 35:24]
• Electromagnetic Spectrum (the "potato" section): [37:10 – 50:39]

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Tone & Style

The episode mixes scientific accuracy with StarTalk’s trademark humor and relatability—likening the spectrum to basic foods, using personal anecdotes, and riffing on cultural norms. Chuck provides comic relief and curiosity, while Neil brings depth and perspective, always relating abstract physics concepts to the practical and everyday.

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For Further Exploration

• International Dark-Sky Association
• Vera Rubin Observatory
• Leonardo da Vinci’s Codex Leicester (Earthshine)
• William Herschel’s experiment on infrared

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Summary in a Nutshell

Albedo determines how much light objects reflect—affecting everything from climate to clothes to how the Moon looks at night. Light pollution dims our view of the universe, wasting energy and disrupting nature, but smart policy (shielded lights) can help. Finally, all electromagnetic radiation—radio, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV, X-rays, gamma rays—is “light”, differing only by wavelength, and our eyes catch just a sliver of what's out there. Enlightenment, indeed!

Transcript

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

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[Chuck Nice]

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

this hemisphere and there's a lot of Spanish people.

[Chuck Nice]

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Pay never Coming up on Stark things you thought you knew. Three topics of immense interest to me, maybe even to you. We're gonna talk about albedo followed by light pollution and ending with the electromagnetic Spectrum. Be there. Welcome to StarTalk, your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right now. Chuck, I got one for you.

[Chuck Nice]

Alrighty, I'm ready.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

One of my favorite words.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Albedo.

[Chuck Nice]

All right, now what language is that?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Language of science, really. Albedo.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, first of all, it sounds like a scientist, not a scientist.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Albedo.

[Chuck Nice]

Hey, how you doing? I'm albedo. Perhaps you're familiar with my equations, but albedo, Albedo, albedo.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So albedo is a very precise measurement of how reflective something is really at a given wavelength. But typically we just. At any wavelength, so. So for example, if you have an albedo of. By the way, an albedo can range from 0 to 1. Okay. So think of it as a percentage. So 0% to 100%. So an albedo of 0.5, that means half the light that hits it gets reflected.

[Chuck Nice]

Gotcha.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So what happens to the other half?

[Chuck Nice]

It's absorbed.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Absorbed. Absorbed. Absorbed. Okay. An albedo of 100% is a mirror. A mirror, precisely.

[Chuck Nice]

Cool.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So nothing gets absorbed. Okay. And an albedo of zero means 100% of the light energy gets absorbed and nothing gets reflected. Black back. Wow. Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

Can that even exist?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, it's called a black hole. But. No, but also, also stars have basically zero albedo. But no one thinks about it that way because they are generating light.

[Chuck Nice]

Of they're radiating light. Why would they be? Yeah, but that's.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

No, no, because. Yeah, so it turns out that these glowing stars out there, they absorb all energy that hits it and they manufacture their own energy to come back out. But it's the absorbed energy. The absorbed energy is not as interesting to talk about when it is an energy generating source unto itself. So let's see how albedo affects us. So if you didn't have anthropologists saying, let us divide the world into races. Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

If they really wanted to be sort of scientific about it, they could just have an albedo. You just get to have an albedo.

[Chuck Nice]

Right, Because.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, that's a full spectrum.

[Chuck Nice]

I mean, there's so much. That's so much more specific.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

There's more information.

[Chuck Nice]

There are arbitrary designations that we give people based on their skin color and their culture.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, right. Because what we do is we say everybody who has this rain, put them in this one bin and we'll describe them all that way.

[Chuck Nice]

Exactly.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. And that way. But if you thought about albedo from the beginning, you'd realize that the human species fully populates the entire spectrum, the entire range of albedos. Right. Okay. They're very highly reflective white people. They're very highly absorptive black people. And so dark skinned people.

[Chuck Nice]

So like Djimon Hounsou, he would put the actor, he'd be like a point one.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah. Way down there. Very way down there. Okay. Reflecting very little light that hits him. And so this tells you a lot of things. Okay, yeah. So if you're very fair skinned, you're reflecting most of the sunlight that hits you.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Even so fair skinned people are susceptible to sunburn.

[Sponsor/Announcer]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Even though they're reflecting most of the light that hits them, the little bit that gets through is sufficient to do skin damage.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

If darker colored skin, you're absorbing most of the light that hits you.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So the role of melanin is extraordinary in that regard. Okay, so, but let's keep going. Take a guess what the albedo of the moon is. Just take a guess. You see it at night.

[Chuck Nice]

Well, I gotta tell you, it's pretty bright, but it's nowhere near as bright as the sun. So I'm.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Well, the sun gives off its sun radiates it. Albedo is a reflectivity.

[Chuck Nice]

Right, that's what I'm saying. So it's just, you know, it's not

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

a mirror because it would be as

[Chuck Nice]

bright as the sun. So I'm gonna say.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

I'm gonna say 5.5.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah. 0.5.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. So no, no, the albedo of the moon is around 0.1.

[Sponsor/Announcer]

Wow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The moon is almost as dark as the sidewall tires on a car. Wow. Yep.

[Chuck Nice]

That's just how bright the sun is. Yes, yes, that's how bright the sun is. That it takes 0.1 albedo and makes it look like.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Look like. And you can read by the light of the moon at night. Yes, From Earth. That's right.

[Chuck Nice]

How romantic.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

I love so point one. And so the moon is basically dark, dark now. So when you measure the daytime temperature on the moon, that's kind of why it gets up to the hundreds of degrees.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Where's it getting this temperature? Because it's absorbing all that sunlight. Wow. If you're absorbing the energy, reflecting very little, the consequence is your temperature rises.

[Chuck Nice]

That's cool.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so now, I mean, that's hot. Okay, that's good. That was good. That was good. All right, so now let's look at the fashion industry. Summertime, Right? Okay. Are they rolling out their black shirts and black dresses and black blouses and black.

[Chuck Nice]

No, super light colors.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And white colors lighten so that in the summertime where you Want to stay cool even when you're outdoors. Here's this sunlight, and you wear white clothes. It reflects the sunlight. And if you wore dark clothes, not only are you hot because the air is hot, you'll get hot because you're actively absorbing sunlight.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And so it's not just a fashion thing, it's a physics thing that if you want to stay cooler in the summer, then you wear lighter colored clothes. Unless it's the Arctic summer, and it might warm up in the Antarctic. It, like, might warm up to 28 degrees, you know, in the heat of the summer.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, that's a hot day in the summer, huh?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

There. You might want to. To wear extra black to absorb as much sunlight as you can.

[Chuck Nice]

And. Or you're just from New York.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You just can be strategic about the color of the clothing that you wear, and then you put the fashion element on it. You can't wear white after Labor Day or whatever. Right, but still, I am strategic when I put on clothes. Depending on the weather, forget the air temperature. Is the sun out? Do I want the sun's energy or do I not? And so I will factor all this in before I step out the front door of that day.

[Chuck Nice]

Wow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so now go ahead. What do you think of the albedo of the Earth is?

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, so I'm looking at the Earth. It's mostly water. I'm gonna say that it's 0.3.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That's exactly 0.3. Okay, well, it's fine. It fluctuates. It depends. Chuck doing a happy dance. So the Earth is harder to give a single value to it, because if it happens to be cloudy on that side that's facing the sun, clouds are white, and they're highly reflective. So in that case, the albedo is higher than average. If there are no clouds and the oceans are pointing towards the sun. Oceans do reflect a lot of sunlight, but they're basically dark. And so the average comes out to about 0.3 cool. Okay, so that means 70% of the sun's energy that's hitting the Earth is absorbed.

[Chuck Nice]

Right. Wow. And you know. Wow, man, you just broke my heart when you said that. Because, you know, the fact is that we're trapping heat, and then we got this heat coming in, and 70% is already absorbed. And then we're trapping what is being reflected. We're trapping what's being reflected. We're stupid as hell. What is wrong with us? What is wrong with us?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Chuck, I didn't mean for you to blow a gasket on that little Bit of data there.

[Chuck Nice]

It's like, why is we doing that? Exactly.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So 70% gets absorbed and basically stays here unless it can re. Radiate back. But that amount goes, gets to the Earth's surface. That's the point. And gets absorbed.

[Chuck Nice]

Look at that.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And what happens later is how much greenhouse gases are there and this sort of thing. All right, so. But wait, there's more. Okay, so I love it. So Earth is about four times as wide as the Moon is. Moon is about 2,000 miles across. Earth is 8,000 miles in diameter. So four times away. If you do the math, Earth on the sky seen from the moon is 16 times larger than the Moon in the sky as seen from Earth. If you do the math.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, it must be so great to stand on the Moon and watch.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So watch. So full Earth on the Moon is not only 16 times larger, it is also three times more reflective than the Moon because it has an albedo of 0.3 instead of 0.1. So that means full Earth seen from the moon is three times 16. So it's nearly 50 times brighter. Brighter on the Moon than full Moon is on Earth.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, God, the Moon has it so

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

much better than we do.

[Chuck Nice]

It's like you could sit there. I mean, to watch an Earth rise on the Moon is just like so much better than what we get.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, yeah. So you talk about lunar beings. Yeah, lunar beings have it real good. Moon people. Yes. So. Yes. And so they could easily read by the light of the Earth if they needed to do so. Now, the Earth is so bright that the crescent Moon. Right, the crescent moon. If you do the geometry on this, if you see the crescent Moon in the sky, you're looking towards where the sun is, and the entire side of the Earth that's lit by the sun is facing that crescent Moon. Okay. Okay. So what that means is if you're in the darkened area of the Moon, not the crescent. So there's the crescent and the rest of the Moon stand where it's not crescent. The Earth is this bright orb in the sky. Okay, so now watch. The sunlight goes from the sun to the Earth goes to you on the Moon. And you're impressed that we're 50 times brighter. And it is so bright on that darkened area of the Moon that it reflects back to Earth. That's why you can see the outline of the rest of the Moon from the crescent. Have you seen this in the twilight sky?

[Chuck Nice]

Yes, just about the same that this happened.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You can't. You. The sun isn't illuminating that there's no reason at all in this universe for that to be visible to you. Except that it's double reflecting Earth light.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, that's amazing. That is really cool. I mean, that is just. That's amazing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And it's called Earthshine Earth. Oh. And I think it really should have been called moonshine if you ask me. That's just me. That's just me. But it's the sun illuminating full Earth, illuminating the darkened moon, coming back to Earth. And that's why that's visible.

[Chuck Nice]

That's. That's. Yo, that's great.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And it's all about the albedo. It's all about.

[Chuck Nice]

You know what? I'mma make some moonshine and call it Albedo. Albedo Moonshine, baby. When you want to shine twice as

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

bright, count me in on that. I want to be an early investor on your moon. Moonshine, Albedo. And one last thing before we land this plane here. For the longest while, people assumed that the moon was the source of its own light.

[Chuck Nice]

Right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Then you had to come up with explanation for why it would go through phases, which was hard, but that was just assumed. And basically that's traceable back to biblical Genesis. You know, God created the moon to light the night and the sun to light the day. And no one understood the geometry of what was going on. It was just widely assumed that that meant the moon was making its own light. So Earthshine was unexplained until Leonardo da Vinci, my man. And in his notebooks, which are all, he's left handed and he writes backwards and he illustrates what he's talking about. And he's a brilliant artist. So he figures out, because he saw where the sun is, where Earth is, what must be illuminated, what must not. He has a picture. I think it's in this codex likes like Codex Leicester, which is these. These opuses of his writings. And in it, you. He draws this array of sunlight coming to the Earth, going back to the moon, and then coming back to Earth.

Wow.

And so he first figured it out. 15th century.

[Chuck Nice]

Guy's a genius.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

We got it.

[Chuck Nice]

That's amazing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

There it is. So that's albedo. And you see why I like the word. It's fun to say, it's fun to think about. And it applies to so many things in this world, including Earthshine, which is my new thing.

[Chuck Nice]

I love it. All right, Chuck, that was great, man. That was albedo. Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

I got an applause for that one. Thank you.

[Chuck Nice]

I'm telling you, that was really cool, man. I'm gonna name my next son Al. Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right. And if you have a daughter, you're gonna name her Clairvoyant, right? And people then that's when Child Services comes to your house, right? Exactly.

[Chuck Nice]

They say, yeah, we're here to pick up Albedo and Clairvoyant. Because you certainly are in no mental state to take care of these kids.

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

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[Chuck Nice]

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

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[Chuck Nice]

I mean,

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

because you're a green guy. You're a green guy.

[Chuck Nice]

I think about it quite a bit and the deleterious effect that it is having on our existence, our ecosystem.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So not all pollution is made of plastic. So very early on the astronomers of the world have complained about light pollution. When you have the electrification of the cities, all of a sudden the night sky was competing with lights that were shedding photons up into the atmosphere. And I grew up in a city, so I had no understanding of the night sky until my first visit to the Hayden planetarium at age 9.

[Chuck Nice]

Nice.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And I know it was nice. And I looked up and the lights dimmed and the stars came out. I said this before, I'll say it again. I thought it was a hoax. Way too many stars.

[Chuck Nice]

I don't know.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

I don't know what this is. I'll go along with it for now, but stop trying to pull my leg. Next time I come back, show it how it really is.

[Chuck Nice]

Fake news. Fake news.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It was totally fake news. And. And to this day, from mountaintops, when I've gone to high level mountaintops with high level telescopes, I look up at the night sky and I say, reminds me of the Hayden Planetarium. That's an urban.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah, urban frame of reference.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Urban frame of reference. That was so. Plus, I'm old enough to remember what. Not only was there light pollution as there still is. But back then there was also air pollution. And today we think of polluting the atmosphere with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is transparent. So that's not what I was thinking at the time. I was thinking auto exhaust and. And this sort of thing. So not only did lights, but auto exhaust disrupt your ability to see all objects in the night sky, especially the dimmest objects. And we should do a whole explainer on noise of all kinds. So remind me to do this. But let me just say, if you're in a perfect dark night and you can just barely see a very dim star, and then other light gets added to this, the first things to go are the dimmest stars. So you start hacking away at the dimmest things available to you simply because other light is competing with it and it no longer shows up on your retina or even in a camera. So these are problems. And so we've been living with this like our whole lives. In fact, there's something called the ida International Idaho. International International Dark Sky Association.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, they sound like a group of super villains.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The idea.

[Chuck Nice]

That's all I'm saying.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That's all I can tell you about them.

[Chuck Nice]

Yes, exactly. So we've called this meaning of the International Dark sky association to finalize our plans to permanently block out the sun.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That is true.

[Chuck Nice]

Dark skies for everyone, 24 hours a day. Like that's so funny. I've never heard of that.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And how much will it cost? It will cost a million dollars, sir.

[Chuck Nice]

Just want to let you know that's not a lot of money these days. Okay, $5 million. What's the inflation rate? How much should we ask for? Should we ask for something more? Did he add.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Was that whole conversation in the movie?

[Chuck Nice]

I think so. I don't know how it went, to be honest. But it was something like.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And how much now is it? So they. That organization has gotten more and more powerful and more power. Not in a let's override you, but there's a lot of interesting, sensible things to do. For example, let's say you're in an airplane and you're flying over a city and you look down, you see the suburbs and you see the street lights illuminating the streets.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

At night from your airplane.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Do you know why you can see the street light?

[Chuck Nice]

Because it's bright. I don't know.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Because somebody in that town is paying for electricity to go into this lamp to generate photons that are going up into the. Through the window of my airplane.

[Chuck Nice]

I got you. So I got you like A lantern. The light's going everywhere. Everywhere it's not directed.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You don't need the light everywhere. Everywhere, do you? If I see your light, it means you are paying to illuminate my airplane flying overhead. If you can see any light at all directly from its source, somebody's paying to illuminate the sky, Right? So the IDA simply makes the economic argument. Do you want to save money? Okay, so you put a little hat on each lamp.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, that's adorable.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Now, wait a minute. And make it reflective. So, hey, that light that used to be going upwards is now coming downwards. And I don't need that much light. I was wasting half of it, right? So now I can cut the wattage in half or by whatever fraction, Right. Use less light. And now I'm not illuminating the airplanes flying overhead. It's that simple.

[Chuck Nice]

And that's why we don't do it, because it's that simple.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's simple because.

[Chuck Nice]

And anything that's simple, we just can't

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

do it, which can't wrap our head. So the town of Tucson, Arizona, which is proximal to Kitt Peak Mountain, which has Kitt Peak Observatory, which is one of the major observatories of the nation's astronomers, long ago came into an agreement with the municipal leaders to say, look, if your place keeps getting brighter, we can't do our science. We gotta move our base. Because the home base is in town where all the scientists hang out before they go to the mountain. But they like this distinction. Plus, Arizona is beautiful and it's got deserts and, you know, so why not preserve it all? And so they got together and there are ordinances, city ordinances, that control how bright the lights can be, what kind of hat should be on them when you should turn them off, all of this. And so that was successful. That became a model for other towns to emulate. And so that's the light pollution. And like they said, the air pollution is essentially gone relative to when I was growing up. When I was growing up, I'd come home from school, from elementary school, you could brush the ash off your shoulders from incinerated garbage that had gone into the sky and descended back to Earth.

[Chuck Nice]

That is just crazy. It was snowing garbage.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Snowing ash. Correct. Every day.

[Chuck Nice]

That's amazing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, yeah, yeah. So now. So that's that. But we have more pollution than that.

[Chuck Nice]

Right. Wait, let me just say this about the light pollution that I just thought about right now because of what you just said when they were building the big hotels in Atlantic City, of course, I'm from Philly. So Atlantic City, they were building these giant hotels and the conservationists in the area, the scientists that, you know, care for animals and sea life and birds, they basically realize that you're killing all the birds because they never know that it's nighttime. Yeah. And people.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so at least I didn't lose my. At least I didn't lose my life over this chat. Yeah. Wow. So the bird just completely disrupting all of their.

[Chuck Nice]

Just all. Everything. They. They have no more circadian rhythm and they were flying until the end. They were dying of exhaustion and all kinds of crazy stuff. It was. It was a weird little study that they did, but I don't know what they did about it because they haven't changed anything. But I think the consensus from the public was they're seagulls. Who gives a crap?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Seagulls and pigeons, Right?

[Chuck Nice]

We had plenty of those.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Plenty more of them where they came from.

[Chuck Nice]

You want us to care about that? I mean, first of all, we could see if they were chickens. They're delicious. But it was terrible. It was terrible.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So, Chuck, it's not only light pollution that worries astronomers. When we think of light, you think of visible light, right? But we don't only use visible light to communicate with the universe or to receive the universe. We also have radio waves, Huge radio telescopes. Okay, well, wait a minute. We have tv, you know, am, fm, satellite, microwave. All those are in the radio parts of the spectrum. So not only is there light pollution with visible light that interferes your eyes from seeing dim objects, there's radio wave pollution that prevents our radio telescopes from seeing dim objects.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum are also polluted. And so our best radio telescopes have to be put in places where there's like a radio free zone around it. All right? Just so that we don't get noise, radio noise coming in, disrupting our observations of radio galaxies, the microwave background of the formation of the universe, and all of this.

[Chuck Nice]

Well, there you go, people. Cool it on the hot Pockets microwave. Take it easy on the hot pockets, people.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And you know what else? The remote fobs for cars, right. Also creates a background noise of radio waves to a radio telescope that is extremely sensitive. So leaving the realm of light in that sense, there's also a new kind of pollution called satellite pollution. Oh, my gosh. And so what happens here is the effect of this is the satellite is moving across your field of view and it's reflecting sunlight, so you get a streak. So other parts of your photo might be okay. But suppose that streak goes to the one object you're trying to look at. So you need a way to sort of subtract it out from the process. We have people working on software to accomplish that right now. We don't know how this is all going to shake out in the coming years. So we're preloading our data reduction utilities just to try to subtract them out, I'm told. I just attended a workshop on satellite pollution where there was an agreement with Elon Musk for some of his satellites to use a sunshade.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So even though they're up there, the sun will not reflect off of it down to us. And it did improve the seeing conditions.

[Chuck Nice]

Gotcha.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It did improve it. But I think the whatever might be a long term solution to this has not yet arrived. So that's what we're in the middle of now.

[Chuck Nice]

That is kind of crazy.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And the current most powerful telescope on Earth is called the Vera Rubin Telescope. And it is designed to take movies of the night sky every single night.

[Chuck Nice]

That is pretty dope.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Because think about it. Up till now we've been taking just snapshot. Okay? So if the thing did something different an hour later, after you're on the way back to the computer, Tough Tux.

[Chuck Nice]

Tough.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You missed it.

[Chuck Nice]

Tough, tough.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You missed it. Missed out. Okay, so it's taking a movie. So that it's called. There's an entire branch of my field that concerns itself with things that change over time.

[Chuck Nice]

Right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Because most images you're seeing is just a static picture of something, right? So the people who care about stuff that changes in the universe, this will be a delight for them. But now that we're taking movies, we basically have movies of all these satellites crossing our field of view. And we have to distinguish between that and what might be a killer asteroid moving across the field of view. Because this has an asteroid alert system built in.

[Chuck Nice]

Wow. So without. I mean, this sounds more important than it might appear. Because this ain't just looking at a telescope and going, what is that? That's some old Elon Musk junk. Don't worry about it. And then it ends up being a killer asteroid.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah. What is that? Oh, that's a killer asteroid that we almost mistook for an Elon Musk satellite.

[Chuck Nice]

Right, Right. Yeah.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Right. So, yeah, that's what we're confronted with right now. The buckets of pollution that influence the modern astrophysicist knows no bounds.

[Chuck Nice]

Wow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And none of it has anything to do with plastic or carbon dioxide. What do you think of that.

[Chuck Nice]

Well, what we should have is an. An astrophysicist standing next to a rocket with a single tear rolling down their face.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That'll be a public service announcement. All right, well, I'll volunteer. I'll be the tearing astrophysicist for that.

[Chuck Nice]

That be great.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Space pollution. Only you can stop space pollution.

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[Chuck Nice]

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

This is Ken the Nerdneck Zabera from Michigan, and I support StarTalk on Patreon.

[Chuck Nice]

This is StarTalk Radio with Neil DeGrasse Tyson.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Tell you a story from my childhood.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, I'm totally into this now.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So I as a kid, or even as adult who doesn't love potato chips, right? Okay, so I had potato chips and then, you know, you go to a fast food restaurant and then I ordered French fries. Okay, that's kind of cool. And then, you know, for turkey dinner, there's mashed potatoes, right? And then in the breakfast brunch, you know, diner, you can get hash browns yes. Okay. I think I was 11, maybe 10, before I figured out that all of those were the same food.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Well, potato.

[Chuck Nice]

It's nothing to think about when you're 11 or 12.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's just food.

[Chuck Nice]

It's just food, and it's delicious.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And only one of them, two of them have the word potato in it. That's mashed potatoes and potato chips, but they are completely different from each other. And french fries, no one says potato. And hash browns, they don't say potato, so.

[Chuck Nice]

And my place grew up on freedom fries, so they don't even know what.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

French fries. Freedom fries. Okay. So it was a revelatory moment for me to realize that one food could be made so different and so interestingly different to have its own place within our culinary offerings. Each one of those could do that, right? Oh, another one I liked were the potato sticks. Do you remember those?

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, God, yes, man. Do you remember the potato sticks that. Oh, well, yeah, they're the same thing. Never mind. So they had. They were like french fries. They had the big potato sticks, and then they had the tiny little matchsticks. Potato sticks.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The matchstick. Those were the best because it was like a lot of salt. Okay. So the point is.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, I am starving. I'll be back. I'll be right back.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So they were all different, yet they were the same.

[Chuck Nice]

Right, right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And so, too, was my revelation of middle school, early middle school, but it's probably. Probably sixth grade now where. Because I was an early geek, but realizing that, okay, you've heard of these things called microwaves. You've heard of radio waves, you've heard of infrared, ultraviolet. You've seen rainbows, visible light. You've heard of X rays, you've heard of gamma rays. It's all the same thing, Right? It is just different ways of preparing your light. Okay, to use my potato analogy, and

[Chuck Nice]

you're basically 11 years old and you're making this discovery for yourself.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

After I realized about the potatoes. Yes.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay. Because I was 37.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So I said, my gosh, it's all light. It all travels at the speed of light. And this word, light, where you're talking about what the human retina can see, that's very limiting for if you want to talk about the universe because. So what's our favorite light colors? Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, white. Okay, continue there. And you go the other side of violet, you get ultraviolet, you go beyond violet. That's how it got its name. It's beyond violet. And we abbreviate it uv. But I Like flesh and ultraviolet. Give me all the syllables that it's got. Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

And this is the sounds far more harmful.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

In fact, it is because in this direction, we are reducing the wavelength of light that's coming to us. And when you reduce the wavelength of light, more energy is packed into one pulse of that light, and so the energy goes up. Okay. Okay. So the higher the frequency, it's how many crests go by per second, the higher is the energy of that light. So the red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet is all sort of pretty harmless. You get into ultraviolet light, it has enough energy to break apart biological molecules. And this will give you sunburn and skin cancer.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. So I heard a DJ talk about when he just learned that the temperature on Venus was 900 degrees. He said, well, you better bring sunblock a million for that. So he's wrong. He's thinking that you. You. You're protecting from the heat, that you can block that. Right? No. Right. You're not blocking heat.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The point of the sunblock is to block just the uv.

[Chuck Nice]

It's just a uv.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, Right, So.

[Chuck Nice]

So you still. You still get dark and crispy no matter what you want.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah. You'll get toasted.

[Chuck Nice]

You're toasted no matter what.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

No matter what. So then you go beyond the ultraviolet, and that's when you get the X rays.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

X rays is part. It is continuous with the ultraviolet.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

We put a line there just because our convenience of words and machines built on it, but ultraviolet smoothly transitions to X rays.

[Chuck Nice]

Interesting.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. And you know, X rays are bad for you because when you go in the X ray room, what does the X ray tech do?

[Chuck Nice]

They go to a bomb shelter. They leave the room,

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

they say, are you okay? Are you comfortable? Yeah. Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

Boom.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Door closes.

[Chuck Nice]

Exactly.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

They look through a lead glass, and then they. Okay, so X rays can actually penetrate your skin, unlike ultraviolet, and in doing so, it can actually harm your organs. All right? And so you can get organ failure from it. And organ cancers are triggered by this. Now, once again, it's a continuum of a change of wavelength of light, and then you get to beyond X rays, you get to gamma rays.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And by the way, gamma rays just keep getting higher and higher energetic, but we don't have more words for it. It's just the last word we've got. But you could have divided that up even more. We just don't. Okay. And so gamma rays get omega rays

[Chuck Nice]

or something like that. I wonder what superhero would be made from omega rays.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Well, gamma rays are in the early days, before we fully understood what the sources of energy were, there were alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma particles. Alpha, beta, gamma. And the alpha particle is a helium nucleus. The beta particle is an electron, and the gamma ray is a photon. But they all had energies that we could measure. So we're measuring the energies, not knowing what the thing was that caused it at the time. But that all splits out. So we have, like I said, ultraviolet X rays, gamma rays. There you have it. All right, Go the other direction. Wavelengths are getting longer. The energy is dropping. So you go below the red, you get infrared below the red. All right. By the way, you can't see infrared, you can't see ultraviolet. If you buy. I want an ultraviolet bulb. We used to call them black light bulbs. I want an ultraviolet bulb, and you turn it on and you see it. You say, I can see the ultraviolet. No, you're not. You're seeing the violet.

[Chuck Nice]

Right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. There's a little bit of violet spilling out. The actual ultraviolet you don't see at all. Same with the infrared lamps. You buy an infrared lamp, if that was pure infrared, you turn it on, you wouldn't see a damn thing. Okay, Right.

[Chuck Nice]

You're a predator.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Exactly. So a little bit spills into the red part. So you see the red emitted by the infrared lamp. All right. We can detect infrared not by our eyes, but by our skin. You detect infrared as warmth.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right. It's a detector. Think of it that way. All right, A warmth detector. So there's the infrared, and then you go beyond infrared, below infrared. What used to just all be called radio waves. And then they said, well, there's a section of the radio waves that have special utility for us for communicating. It's just the shortest of the radio waves, and they call them microwaves. Sweet, short radio waves. Microwaves. So that got labeled right there between infrared and radio waves. And beyond microwaves, we have radio waves. But now we're getting physically, realizably sized wavelengths of light. So microwaves about a centimeter long, we can actually show that between a millimeter up through a few centimeters. And then we get into the meter zone, yards and things. Those are radio waves. And once again, like gamma rays, these just continue forever. And we don't have more words for them.

[Chuck Nice]

Right. Which is why we have so many different broadcast. Or is those just frequencies?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

But the frequency.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah, the frequency is the wave.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You can call. They call it. Call them wavelengths.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

But it's our habit to call them frequencies. Right, Right. So each frequency, when you're tuning right on in the old days, you'd have an AM or an FM radio. When you're turning the dial, you are changing the frequency of your detector to receive a signal sent through that zone.

[Chuck Nice]

Wow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

There you have it.

[Chuck Nice]

That is. That's great.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And in the old days, when you turn old timers, you turn the knob to change the channel on the tv. You're actually changing the frequency detector inside the television. And there's that secondary knob that you could tune it a little sharper. I don't know if you knew that. Okay, that. That got you honed in on that one frequency. Was it channel seven? Channel eight. We just numbered them. We didn't give you the frequency, because that's why when you can just number them, which is what we did in the day. So anyway, all of these move at the speed of light. It is all light. Most of it is invisible to you. In fact, if you put this on a scale, if you drew all of these things and you ask, well, how much of this whole electromagnetic spectrum can we see?

[Chuck Nice]

Right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And we see this tiny slice, this tiny slice among all these broad zones in the electromagnetic spectrum, we are practically blind. Oh. And we didn't even know that until William Herschel discovered infrared light, Right?

[Chuck Nice]

Look at that. That is.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And I think I said in another explainer how he discovered it. I'll do it real quick now.

[Chuck Nice]

You ready? I love this.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, I do remember, and I. Herschel's a big fan of Newton. Newton has a spectrum. He shows sunlight is composed of colors. And you put a sort of slit in the curtains so the beam of light comes through your prism so that it's dark elsewhere except where the prism light goes. And Herschel said, I wonder what the temperatures are of each of these different colors to even think to ask that. All right, so he's got a thermometer, and he puts it in the blue. And then he put. And by the way, it's an experiment, so you need a control thermometer. So you put the control thermometer somewhere where the colors are not all right, on the same table, but just put it outside the colors, which is what he did. And he checked the temperature of the blue and the violet and the green and the orange and the red. And he wrote down all these temperatures. And what he noticed is that the temperature sitting outside of the visible spectrum read the highest temperature of them, all right?

[Chuck Nice]

And now why didn't he just say, oh, it must be hot in this room. I didn't realize how hot it was in here. Maybe there's something wrong with me. I can't feel heat anymore.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So there it was. Because he didn't put the thermometer somewhere else. He put it next to the other.

[Chuck Nice]

Right next to it.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Right next to it. Because the same environment is there. And he said, oh my gosh, there must be a form of light quote unfit for vision.

[Chuck Nice]

That's a. I love the terminology.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Unfit for vision.

[Chuck Nice]

Light that is unfit for vision.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And had that thermometer been on the other side of the violet, it's not clear that ultraviolet would have warmed the thermometer in this way. But he happened to have it on the side where the red was and he discovered infrared light with that experiment. And so when I look at my microwave oven and I look at a radio transmitter, I look at my cell phone and I look at my lamp on my table, it is one happy family of electromagnetic spectrum coming to us.

[Chuck Nice]

That's so cool.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's dope. And it's called electromagnetic because it's a wave that simultaneously moves between being an electrical wave and a magnetic wave. And it's self propagating through space. So it's a wave that can move through the vacuum of space without having needed a medium through which that will to vibrate to send it through like sound does.

[Chuck Nice]

Right, Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So could all those movies, Star wars, they'd all be silent movie because no explosions are in space. But light has no problem moving through space even though it's a wave because it's a very different kind of wave. It's a self propagating electrical and magnetic wave. And that's why we call it the electromagnetic spectrum. There you have it, Chuck.

[Chuck Nice]

That's great.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And it all started with my potatoes. Just saying.

[Chuck Nice]

And what wavelength are they on? The delicious wave.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The delicious. We keep them warm with infrared. It all comes full circle.

[Chuck Nice]

That's so true.

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