Getting Hypnotized with David Spiegel

Summary

StarTalk Radio: Episode Summary – "Getting Hypnotized with David Spiegel"

Podcast Information:

• Title: StarTalk Radio
• Host: Neil deGrasse Tyson
• Guest: Dr. David Spiegel, Clinical and Research Psychiatrist, Professor at Stanford University
• Episode: Getting Hypnotized with David Spiegel
• Release Date: January 10, 2025

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1. Introduction to Hypnosis

In this special edition of StarTalk Radio, Neil deGrasse Tyson delves into the intriguing world of hypnosis with renowned psychiatrist Dr. David Spiegel. The conversation aims to demystify hypnosis, moving beyond stage performances to explore its scientific foundation and therapeutic potentials.

2. Defining Hypnosis

Dr. Spiegel begins by clarifying what hypnosis truly entails:

“Hypnosis has been called a belief in imagination. It's a state of highly focused attention...” (05:41)

He explains that hypnosis involves a concentrated focus, akin to viewing the world through a telephoto lens, where peripheral distractions are minimized, allowing individuals to engage deeply with specific thoughts or sensations.

3. The Science Behind Hypnosis

The discussion shifts to the neurological underpinnings of hypnosis. Dr. Spiegel highlights the role of the Salience Network—a neural network responsible for detecting and filtering relevant stimuli:

“In hypnosis, you turn down activity in the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex... allowing yourself to give into whatever you are focusing on.” (07:56)

This reduction in salience processing enables individuals to suspend their usual responses and become more receptive to suggestions, facilitating changes in perception and behavior.

4. Hypnotizability: Why Some Are More Susceptible

A pivotal point in the conversation revolves around why certain individuals are more hypnotizable than others. Dr. Spiegel attributes this to genetic differences, particularly involving the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, which affects dopamine metabolism:

“People with a variant of the COMT gene that metabolizes dopamine at a moderate speed turn out to be more hypnotizable...” (11:13)

Additionally, he discusses how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can transiently increase hypnotizability by targeting specific brain regions.

5. Clinical Applications of Hypnosis

Dr. Spiegel elaborates on various therapeutic uses of hypnosis, emphasizing its non-invasive nature and effectiveness:

a. Pain Management

Hypnosis has proven highly effective in controlling pain, even during surgical procedures:

“People, even during surgical procedures, can reduce substantially their pain... hypnosis has not yet succeeded in killing a single person.” (28:32)

b. Addiction and Smoking Cessation

Hypnosis aids in addiction treatment by altering perceptions and reinforcing the desire to quit harmful habits:

“One out of four people who use it don't smoke. They stop for at least a year.” (30:19)

Personal anecdotes, such as Chuck Nice’s friend who successfully quit smoking through self-hypnosis, underscore its practical benefits.

c. Stress Reduction

Through focused relaxation techniques, hypnosis helps individuals manage and reduce stress levels effectively.

d. Treating Phobias

Dr. Spiegel provides strategies for overcoming phobias, such as fear of flying, by recontextualizing the experience and addressing irrational fears:

“I tell them to imagine that they're waterskiing... What you tell them is to focus on something else.” (45:23)

6. Hypnosis vs. Meditation

A comparison between hypnosis and meditation reveals their distinct purposes:

“Hypnosis is more like an antibiotic and meditation is more like a vitamin... hypnosis is used to deal with a problem, whereas meditation is for general well-being.” (27:10)

7. Hypnosis in Sports Performance

Athletes harness hypnosis to enhance performance by achieving optimal mental states. Examples include:

“Tiger Woods has used hypnosis since he was 14. He hypnotized himself every day when he was playing.” (48:29)

This practice helps athletes maintain focus, reduce performance anxiety, and improve coordination.

8. Concerns and Legal Implications

The episode addresses the contentious use of hypnosis in legal settings, particularly concerning memory retrieval:

“There's a law in California that says that a witness or victim who's been hypnotized cannot testify except under certain circumstances.” (17:40)

Dr. Spiegel underscores the risks of implanted memories and emphasizes the importance of controlled environments to ensure reliability.

9. Modern Practice and Accessibility

Highlighting the advancements in hypnosis practice, Dr. Spiegel introduces his self-hypnosis app, Reverie:

“We have just published a paper showing that you can use transcranial magnetic stimulation... we have an app, Reverie, to teach people to use self-hypnosis.” (26:02)

The app aims to make hypnosis accessible to the general public, providing guided sessions for stress reduction, pain management, and habit control.

10. Conclusion: The Future of Hypnosis

The episode concludes with reflections on the potential of hypnosis to revolutionize mental health treatment. Dr. Spiegel advocates for greater acceptance and integration of hypnosis into mainstream medical practices, citing its safety and efficacy.

“Hypnosis can help people live their lives better and far more safely... It is real. We can help people live their lives better...” (34:28)

Neil deGrasse Tyson expresses admiration for Dr. Spiegel’s contributions, emphasizing the importance of utilizing inner resources for holistic well-being.

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Notable Quotes:

• Dr. David Spiegel [05:41]: “Hypnosis has been called a belief in imagination. It's a state of highly focused attention.”

• Dr. David Spiegel [07:56]: “In hypnosis, you turn down activity in the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex... allowing yourself to give into whatever you are focusing on.”

• Dr. David Spiegel [11:13]: “People with a variant of the COMT gene that metabolizes dopamine at a moderate speed turn out to be more hypnotizable...”

• Dr. David Spiegel [28:32]: “People, even during surgical procedures, can reduce substantially their pain... hypnosis has not yet succeeded in killing a single person.”

• Dr. David Spiegel [30:19]: “One out of four people who use it don't smoke. They stop for at least a year.”

• Dr. David Spiegel [45:23]: “I tell them to imagine that they're waterskiing... What you tell them is to focus on something else.”

• Dr. David Spiegel [48:29]: “Tiger Woods has used hypnosis since he was 14. He hypnotized himself every day when he was playing.”

• Dr. David Spiegel [17:40]: “There's a law in California that says that a witness or victim who's been hypnotized cannot testify except under certain circumstances.”

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Final Thoughts:

This episode of StarTalk Radio offers a comprehensive exploration of hypnosis, blending scientific insights with practical applications. Dr. David Spiegel’s expertise sheds light on how hypnosis functions at a neurological level, its therapeutic benefits, and the importance of responsible practice. For listeners intrigued by the interplay between mind and behavior, this episode serves as an enlightening guide into the science of hypnosis.

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Timestamp Reference:

All timestamps correspond to the transcript provided and indicate the point in the episode where the quoted statement occurs.

Transcript

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[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Startalk about time we did a show on hypnosis.

[Gary O'Reilly]

We're getting there. Lot of the body to cover, Neil.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

I. I'd only ever thought of hypnosis as a stage act.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Yeah.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

And we got one of the world's experts on it.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Yeah. We're gonna get into the real deal of hypnosis.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Okay. Exactly. We gotta get Chuck out of that somehow. Coming up, all about hypnosis on StarTalk Special Edition. Welcome to StarTalk, your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. Star talk begins right now. This is StarTalk Special Edition. Neil Degrasse Tyson here, your personal astrophysicist. As always, when you hear Special Edition, not far behind that is Gary O'Reilly. Gary, Neil. All right. Former soccer pro turned announcer.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Yes.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

And we're borrowing you from the uk.

[Gary O'Reilly]

You all.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

And of course, Chuck Knight. Chucky, baby.

[Chuck Nice]

Hey, what's happening?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

All right. These special editions get inside the human condition. Yeah. In ways that I had never previously imagined we would.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah. Which makes them very, very interesting.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

What is it to be human in the big picture?

[Gary O'Reilly]

It's busy in here.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

It's busy. Yeah. Psychologically, physiologically, emotionally, you know. So, Gary, set the stage here. What do you have?

[Gary O'Reilly]

Well, in recent shows, we have ventured inside the human mind. Could discuss consciousness, which was both enlightening and fascinating. One takeaway from those shows is there is apparently no user manual for the human mind which said mankind has found ways to navigate and maneuver through the matrix of neurons to facilitate change in our mental state. Psychotherapy is nothing new. And neither is hypnosis. But what is hypnosis and how the bloody hand does it work? Does it take away control or give control? It's gotta be expert time.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

So join me in welcoming our special guest today. We've got Dr. David Spiegel. Nice. Dr. Spiegel, welcome to StarTalk.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Thank you very much. I'm delighted to be here.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah. A clinical and research psychiatrist. So that makes you an MD in there.

[Chuck Nice]

And also that you have access to all the great drugs. Let's just be honest here.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Put that right up front.

[Chuck Nice]

Put that right up front. Okay? That's the difference, kids. So that you know, when. When you see psychologists, you're like, that's somebody who's going to talk you to death. When you see psychiatrist, that's somebody who's going to give you some good drugs.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Is that okay? Figured that all out.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Interesting. You went straight to drugs, not food.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, yeah. Well, what can I say?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

So you're the Wilson professor and Associate Chair of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Sciences at Stanford. That would be Stanford University. Right. And you're director for the center on Stress and Health. Long overdue.

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Think about how in the old days we just say, just suck it up.

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Just get over it.

[Chuck Nice]

Right. What's your problem?

[Toyota Advertiser]

Mister?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

What's your problem?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Right.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

You're also the director of the center for Integrative Medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine. You got all the right pedigree here. But what we're going to focus on is a part of the mind that so many of us are intrigued by, and that is hypnosis. Ooh. Oh, I left out. Wait. You're the author of 13 books.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yeah.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah.

[Chuck Nice]

But he hypnotized somebody to write them all.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

We'll find out.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah, he only wrote one. The other 12. He was just like, you want to write a book?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

I'm actually hypnotizing people to read them. Oh, good one.

[Chuck Nice]

Nice, nice, good one.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

So you're here because this entire episode will focus on and pivot with hypnosis. And I'm skeptical. And so you're gonna hear to undo my skepticism. Cause I've seen hypnosis acts with magicians on stage, and there's pageantry to it and there's. I don't know. But that's why we have, you Here. So first tell us, what is hypnosis? So we're all on the same page, please.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well, I'm glad you're curious, Neil. And you're the expert on outer space, and I'm the expert on inner space.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

What I can tell. Outer space is easier than inner space.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Could well be. Have you ever gotten so caught up in a good movie that you forget you're watching a movie and you enter the imagined world? Does that happen to you?

[Gary O'Reilly]

So that's a state of self?

[Chuck Nice]

No, because he's not saying that you lose touch with reality, it's just that you're so engrossed that you feel like you are an extension of the movie.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Like, okay, I, I.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well put.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

So maybe, maybe the closest I can give you on that is, yes, I have felt emotions of characters that are well acted for scripts well written, in stories well told, but no time did I think I was in the movie.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah, but it's not about thinking. You're in the movie. So it's not this matter of suspending disbelief where it's like, wow, I'm part of the Matrix. Right. But while you're watching the Matrix, you can get so engrossed and so consumed with what's going on that when Morpheus is in a chair and his head is hanging and Agent Smith is talking to him, you feel like all the tension.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

I agree. I'm just saying I credit good acting for that.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Right.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

So keep going.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

So hypnosis is, has been called believed in imagination. It's a state of highly focused attention. So it's like you're looking through the telephoto lens of a camera, which you see, you see with great detail, but you dissociate. You're less aware of what's going on around you. You turn down the Salience Network that warns you that something else might happen that's more important. This intensity of focus is a key part of hypnosis and we do it all the time. To some extent. Right now, you gentlemen have sensations in your bodies touching these very comfortable chairs you're sitting in. Hopefully you are not even aware of those sensations until I mentioned. Is that, is that right?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

That's correct.

[Chuck Nice]

No, I have hemorrhoids.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Thank you for sharing.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Tmi, Full disclosure. Sorry.

[Chuck Nice]

Sorry, guys.

[Gary O'Reilly]

So.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well, I am a doctor, but I'm not going to help you.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Wait, so you use the reference to a network. What network are you referring to? It's a neural network in your head.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

It's a neural network in your head called the Salience Network. And so it's what fires off when you hear a loud noise and suddenly you think, is that a gunshot? What is it? I better pay attention to it. You're easily distracted when that network is activated. So in hypnosis you turn that down, you allow yourself to give yourself to whatever it is you are focusing on. Put outside of conscious awareness things that might ordinarily be in consciousness and you can try out being different. That's the third and most interesting part of hypnosis. So you had a producer who said she was on stage being hypnotized. You do things, you know, the football coach will dance like a ballerina. It's what scares everybody about hypnosis. But it's actually a very important lesson that you can try out being different. You can suspend yourself. So it's highly focused attention, dissociation, and trying out being different.

[Gary O'Reilly]

So, David, if Neil doesn't think it's a real thing, what can you say to him to make him understand in your mind that it is a real thing?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Why are you starting to fight between us? All I said was I was a little skeptical.

[Chuck Nice]

That's.

[Gary O'Reilly]

You don't believe in it?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

No, it's not a matter of faith. It's not a matter of exactly is.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

The evidence is there or not?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

The evidence is there. And I'm guessing you're probably not very hypnotizable, but whether you are or not, the phenomenon exists. It's the oldest western conception of a psychotherapy. It's been around for 250 years and it is a very robust phenomenon. And the majority, all eight year olds, are in trances all the time. You know, if you call them in for dinner, they don't hear you. We lose some hypnotizability as we get older, as we get into our adult years. But the majority of the population is hypnotizable.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Well, how do you test? Is there a. There's a standard hypnotizability test, is there?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yes, there is. Yeah. I use. We have one called the hypnotic induction profile. It takes about five minutes. We have it on our Reverie self hypnosis app. You can try it for yourself. All I do is do a hypnotic induction. So I ask you to look up, close your eyes, take a deep breath, let the breath out, let your eyes relax, but keep them closed. Let your body float. And then I give instructions about having one hand or the other float up in the air like a balloon. And many people are surprised that the hand starts to feel different, that it feels like it wants to be up in the air, it feels different from the other arm. You pull it down, it pops back up. They feel less control. And we score that on a 0 to 10 scale. And that's how we measure hypnotizability. In essence, a test of being able to turn inward and alter the way your body feels and reacts.

[Chuck Nice]

All right, now, if somebody's actively resisting all of this the entire way, would that negate their susceptibility to being hypnotized?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well, not resisting. There are some people that just aren't hypnotizable. You can try to fight it for a while, but, like, you know, why bother? And. And the funny thing is that there are people who think they're not hypnotizable. And that hand is up there in the air, and you pull it down, and it just wants to go back up. And they'll look at it and say, what is going on here? You know, they're surprised. So sometimes you think you can put up resistance, but you don't because you're just going along.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Resistance is futile.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

It is futile. You don't have a chance. You're just.

[Gary O'Reilly]

David, why are some people more hypnotizable than others? Because I know we're all different in a certain way, but there must be something in some part of the brain that is operating in a different way, way at a different scale.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

That's right. And we know that one of the things that happens when you go into hypnosis is that you turn down activity in the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex. The cingulate cortex is like a C on its ends in the middle of the center of your brain. And the front part, the dorsal part, is part of a network that fires off when there's a mismatch, when suddenly something's happening that shouldn't be happening, and you turn down activity in that part of the brain when you go into hypnosis. We know now that there are some genetic differences that are related to hypnotizability. So people who have a variant of the gene catecholomethyltransferase that metabolizes dopamine have a particular variant that has a moderate speed of metabolizing dopamine turn out to be more hypnotizable than those who are heterozygous for methionine or Valine and who either metabolize too quickly or too slow.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

We know many. There are many drugs that influence dopamine in your brain. So is it possible to take a drug and make you More susceptible to being hypnotized?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well, it's a good question. People have looked at that. The trouble is, it's a matter of control as well. And so there are stimulants, for example, that may make you a little more hypnotizable at first, particularly if you're somewhat anxious or depressed, but will also inhibit your control system. So you probably will not respond as consistently. So there's no reliable drug change that can alter hypnotizability. However, we've just published a paper showing that you can use transcranial magnetic stimulation over a particular region of the brain, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and transiently increase hypnotizability a bit.

[Chuck Nice]

And just so people understand, when you say transcranial magnetic stimulation, you're talking about placing magnets over a person's head. And then what happens with those magnets?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

In that process, you can either stimulate or inhibit, depending on the frequency that you're administering. But you know that when electricity flows through a wire, there's a magnetic field circulating around the electricity.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yes.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

You guys knew that. That's good. It's like Physics 101. Yeah, yeah. There's. For every electric current, there's an associated magnetic field and vice versa.

[Chuck Nice]

And that's how we make electricity, by the way.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

And that's why it's called electromagnetism.

[Chuck Nice]

That's right.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

That's right. Okay.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

All right, good. We're all agreed on that. So you can inhibit activity in that salience network, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, via the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. So you can slow down activity in that region, which is the same thing that happens when people go into hypnosis. So it is possible to inhibit activity in the salience network and enhance hypnotizability.

[Gary O'Reilly]

See, if I go back to the original hypno, Greek for sleep.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yes.

[Gary O'Reilly]

You're not putting people to sleep. So are you then manipulating the subconscious?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Manipulating is one word for it. I would say you're probably enhancing access to parts of people's thinking and experience that they don't ordinarily think about. And so you're getting them in a. In a frame of mind where they're less likely to be guarded, they're less likely to want to protect themselves, and they're more likely to suspend their usual expectations about themselves. That's another part of the brain in the back of the cingulate cortex called the default mode network. And it's a part of the brain where, when you're not working or thinking or doing anything else, and you're just reflecting on who you are. What am I? What do people think of me? What did my mother want me to be? It kind of keeps us. I'm starting the psychotherapy now, but I don't.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

I know, right? Tell me about your mother.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

What it does, is it, in a way, help imprisons you in the sense that you're going back to what your assumptions are about who you are, what you are, what you should be. And in hypnosis, you can inhibit activity in that region by activating the prefrontal cortex. And that inhibition is a kind of suspension of self. So when the football coach dances like a ballerina at one of those stage shows, I don't like making fun of people. I don't like making them look silly. But there is a message that he's able to let go of his usual assumptions about himself. So we suppress activity in hypnosis in the default mode network. And it makes you open to thinking differently about yourself. And that has great therapeutic potential.

[Chuck Nice]

Absolutely.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah. We'll get into the therapeutic value.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Yeah, for sure.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Towards the end. Let me just slip something else here. Very important. Your community. Your community of psychiatric professionals have been tapped in the legal circles to testify on behalf of or against someone's memory recovered in hypnosis. And this is a fraught industry because of what could be implanted memories. And there was no end of people in the 1970s who, under hypnosis, would recount being abducted by aliens and having anal probes.

[Gary O'Reilly]

So we went there again, didn't we?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Sorry. So it's one thing to get inside my head and show me as a ballerina. It's another thing to get inside my head and say, tell me what happened in that part of your life that you don't remember. And then that's. We're gonna. We're gonna use that as testimony and put someone in jail because of it.

[Chuck Nice]

Well, I mean, you're the. There's a very key part of that puzzle that is missing, and that is, we now know from research that memory, no matter who you are, if you're a human being, your memory sucks. Well, but I'm saying, no matter who.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

You are, going a little back in time, there were decades over which people's testimony that comes out of hypnotic trance, where they're remembering something, was counted as evidence in court. And so just where does that all stand right now?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

There's a law in California that says that a witness or victim who's been hypnotized cannot Testify. Except under certain circumstances.

[Toyota Advertiser]

Wow.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

And the circumstances are that it's done by an independent psychiatrist like me, for example, and it's video recorded, so you can see whether people are implanting information. The idea of implanting information goes far beyond hypnosis. There are studies that show that if you show a movie of a car accident and you ask them, did you see the stop sign? When it really, in fact, is a yield sign, about a third of people will say, yeah, I saw the stop sign when it was not a stop sign. Right. So people can have information suggested or, you know, you know, police can tell how. Where were you when you did this? And there have been cases of people forget hypnosis who confessed to crimes they actually did.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Not very bad part of the. Wait, wait. But so apart from those, because we know that's the failure of memory.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

But it's not a failure of memory if under hypnosis, someone says they were abducted by aliens.

[Chuck Nice]

I think it is because.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Well, I got a guy here.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, I'm sorry. Go ahead. I forgot. Yeah, we have an actual psychiatrist who is a expert on this.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

We got the real guy here.

[Chuck Nice]

Exactly.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

So are we suggesting that in those cases, the alien abduction might have been implanted by the questioner and that would show itself in the video?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Sure, it's possible. Now, the alien abduction stuff is not closely tied to hypnosis. I mean, there are a lot of people who reported this who were never hypnotized.

[Chuck Nice]

Exactly. That's why I said it's a failure of memory.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah, but the psychiatrist, John Mack, wrote a book with the cases of people who recounted this under hypnosis. So that's what I'm getting.

[Chuck Nice]

So just bear with me here. If you are a person who is under the impression, for whatever reason, you had an experience, it could have been a very vivid dream. Okay. And that has become, in your mind, a true experience that you had. If someone places you under hypnosis. Right. And puts you in a state of being very receptive to going back and recalling this memory, you will recall it without them implanting anything. You'll just relive the very vivid dream that you had.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Right.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

But we have professionals asserting that this recalled memory is evidence of a true thing that happened. And that's getting back to your court. I mean, this is. And. And it ends up. I mean, lives have been ruined by this. Okay, so let me finish. I want to make sure he's got everything he's got to say about this.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well, I, you know, you're the expert on Outer space. So maybe there are aliens out there.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

I'm not authorized to comment further on that.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Would you like me to hypnotize you? But I knew John Mack. He was one of my professors when I was training, and I had great regard for him. But I disagree with him completely about this alien abduction stuff. Most of the people who did it were having, like, dreams as they woke up. And in this transition period from waking up in REM sleep to waking up, they start thinking these things. I think I admired and respected John, but I think he was just flat out wrong about this. But let me give you a counterexample. Do you remember the school bus kidnapping in Chowchilla, California? It was this terrible thing where two guys overtook a school bus full of kids, buried the bus in a ditch by some factory and were trying to hold them for ransom and get money. And for two days the kids were gone. People were totally scared. And when the school. The school bus driver finally got out, they got it. They found them. They got them out, and they said, well, who were these guys? He says, I don't know. He said, well, they overtook you in a car. Do you remember the license plate? And he couldn't remember it. And they hypnotized him. And they said, now you're looking at the car overtaking the bus. You can see it in the rearview mirror. And he remembered all of the numbers and letters of the license plate for the first time in the wrong order, but he got them, and that led to the arrest and conviction of these guys. So there are situations that are the exact opposite of what you talk about with alien abductions. In John Mack, memory is associational. You know, it's like you go back to your elementary school and you start having memories of things that you hadn't thought about in 40 years. You know, and the lockers look a funny size and all that, and you remember some friend you'd forgotten about. So you can use hypnosis and you can use just interrogation to get people to recall things that otherwise they're not consciously aware of. Doesn't mean it's always right. It doesn't mean it's always wrong.

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[Chuck Nice]

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[Dr. David Spiegel]

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[Gary O'Reilly]

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[F]

I'm Alikan Hemraj and I support StarTalk on Patreon. This is StarTalk with Neil DeGrasse Tyson.

[Gary O'Reilly]

What makes people more receptive to a.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Verbal suggestion in hypnosis or just in general under hypnosis? Yes, you're narrowing your focus of attention. The premise is simply I'm going to guide you through an experience you can have and I'm going to show you that I can do that by helping you feel that one hand is lighter than the other and if you pull it down, it wants to go back up. So what I'm asking you to do is narrow your focus and focus more on the experience than some evaluation of the experience and what it means and why you're asking me this and have I ever done this before? You're just immersing yourself in the experience and seeing what happens and that allows people to accept unusual things sometimes.

[Chuck Nice]

Interesting. So is it kind of like a you're filtering out the noise that surrounds, you know, suggestion?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yes you are. You're you're sort of, it's, you're accepting the premise that you're telling me something interesting and useful and I'm going to follow it and see what happens.

[Chuck Nice]

Interesting.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Now we, we do that all the time anyway, but we do it in a more complete way in hypnosis.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

So what happens if you do not bring someone out of their hypnotic trance?

[Chuck Nice]

Are they a chicken forever or ballet ballerina forever?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

If people need eggs, they will remain being a chicken. It's, it's the worst thing that happened is they'd go to sleep and they'd wake up in their ordinary consciousness. But normally people, after a few minutes and I don't do that. I don't just leave people that way, but they will just, they can bring themselves out. You don't lose control. You actually learn to gain control. You can put yourself in our hypnosis app Reverie. We're teaching people to do this for themselves. You get to hear my mellifluous voice. I ask a question, you respond, but you're doing it for yourself. And we've had tens of thousands of people doing self hypnosis and we haven't lost anybody yet. They bring.

[Chuck Nice]

Very good to hear.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Tell me the name of the app again.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Reverie. R E V E R I Reverie. Go to Reverie.com or the app Store, Google Play and download it.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

And how does this differ from meditation with regard to how your app treats it? That's what specifically, because they're meditation apps and they each try to get you introspective, some peaceful introspective state on yourself.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well, hypnosis is it's there to focus on a problem, change the way you and your body react to it, and deal with the problem. So if you're stressed, for example, I'll tell you to first get your body comfortable. When you get stressed, your muscles tighten, your heart rate goes up, you start to sweat, and then you notice that and you think, oh my God, this is really bad. And you feel worse and it's like a snowball effect. What you do in hypnosis is you can get your body floating in a bath, a lake, a hot tub, or floating in space, notice that your body's more comfortable. And then I help people use an imaginary screen to picture the problem on one side and a possible solution on the other so you can deal with the part of the stressor that you can do something about, which is how your body reacts to it, and then figure out what to do about it. Meditation is different. Meditation is you're not trying to control or change anything. It's open presence. If you have thoughts or feelings, you just let them flow through you like a storm passing by. You will do a body scan and see how different parts of your body are acting. And you cultivate compassion. There are good things. They're changes in states of consciousness. But hypnosis is more like an antibiotic and meditation is more like a vitamin. You just do it every day to be better and feel better. Whereas with hypnosis you use it to deal with a problem.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Got it.

[Gary O'Reilly]

So if, if the entry and exit of a hypnotic state is important to, as it were, under the Hippocratic, do no harm self hypnosis in the hands of the untrained, is that possibly not the best thing or is this a benign situation and state?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Let me, let me put it this way. Hypnosis is for example, highly effective in controlling pain. People, even during surgical procedures, can reduce substantially their pain. We've done randomized clinical Trials demonstrating that 88,000Americans died of opioid overdoses last year alone. And we are just awash in dangerous drugs, fentanyl laced pills and people are dying. Hypnosis has not yet succeeded in killing a single person. The worst thing that happens with hypnosis is it doesn't work. And so I think it's a tragedy that we are not making better use of our own inner resources to deal with problems like stress, pain, insomnia, smoking, learning to eat better, or addiction in general. But we're.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

You say smoking, but addiction.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Addiction in general. Yes, addiction in general. You can help with that too.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Are these benefits temporary or can they remain as a permanent mental state or.

[Chuck Nice]

Do they need ongoing maintenance?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yeah, many people, they make the change. We've had people for example, who learned to stop smoking. I just tell them, for my body, smoking's a poison. I need my body to live. I owe my body respect and protection. They think of your body as if it were your baby. Would you ever put Tara and nicotine laced hot air in your baby's lungs? Hell no. So learn to respect and protect your body. One out of four people who use it don't smoke. They stop for at least a year.

[Chuck Nice]

You just bought to my recollection of very good friend of mine who I asked him, hey man, how did you like you quit cold turkey and you just really quit like you're around people who are smoking. You go out and you have a cocktail and you still don't want a cigarette. And I said what happened? And he said, I did Self hypnosis. And it worked. So. And by the way, what you're talking about, that was one of the exercises is for him, they were talking about, it was like fresh air. Like think about the air that you breathe and what you want it to be. And it was all about fresh air and his lungs. That was one exercise then, right? Think about your lungs as, you know, something pristine and untouched and then polluting it. It was like pretty, you know, involved, but really simple. And to this day, Greg, Greg Charles does not smoke. Shout out to Greg Charles to this day. And that was like 14 years ago.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

You'd be a good hypnotist. That's you. You know what we focus on with hypno? You focus on what you're for, not what you're against. You don't tell people. Don't think about purple elephants. That's what they'll think about. Instead you have an exercise that makes you feel good from the moment you start it because you can be a better parent to your own body. Just the way you're talking. I had one woman who, she said, I came into your study. I did not. You didn't want to stop smoking. I've been smoking for 25 years. And she listened to our exercise the first time. She said, I don't like it. She went home that night, she did it again. She lit up a cigarette. She looked at it and said, fat. Who needs this? She put it out. She hasn't had a cigarette since. Her friends can't believe it. 25 years she smoked. And she said to me, this is some kind of crazy ass voodoo shit. And I mean that in a good way.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Best compliment ever.

[Chuck Nice]

I got one. One really off the out there question. Okay, so I'm listening to your voice.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yes.

[Chuck Nice]

And your voice is melodic number one and dulcet. It's low register and it has a very even quality to it. Does the person's like, would Fran Drescher be able to hypnotize? It's like that woman's voice alone, she.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Made a whole career on that voice.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

You're getting very sleepy.

[Chuck Nice]

Or, or, or, or Jerry Lewis. You know what I mean? Lady with the sleep and the flaving Flavin.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Yeah, please.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

I, I would say that people with some kinds of voices might be pushing you away instead of pulling you into it. I could, I could see that. Okay. But in general, you know, there had. I, I have lots of colleagues and their voices are different, but I do try to speak to people in a way that puts them at ease. That that makes them feel calmer and more open to accepting what it is I'm trying to do with them.

[Gary O'Reilly]

So David, why doesn't hypnosis have a greater presence in general practice?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah, why, why, why did it completely.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Evaporate out of the landscape?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Is that what your affiliation is attempting to the integrative medicine at Stanford?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well, that's part of it. And, and Rivery, I, I've been doing this for 50 years now and I thought at the beginning of my career that if we all just do enough research, we prove that it works. Works using functional magnetic resonance resonance imaging, fmri. Fmri. That people would come around. And you know what? That hasn't happened. And I think some people are scared of it. But the other thing is big pharma guys, you know, I don't have money to hire a bunch of ex cheerleaders to go around the doctor's offices and talk them into using hypnosis. And there's a, you know, and I'm, I'm a physician, I use medication. There are time and a place for it. But we, we tend to undervalue any intervention that is not incision, injection or ingestion. You know, if it's not real, if you're not, if you're not using a drug, and that's just wrong, it's just not true. It is real. We can help people live their lives better and far more safely using hypnosis. And that's why I built Reverie. I thought it's never going to happen the way I've been doing it. And I want to go direct to consumer to have people try it for themselves. Try it, you'll like it. And we've had 850,000 downloads. Right now there are 27,000 people using the app. We're getting four out of five reduce their stress by 20% in the first 10 minutes. We get a 35% reduction in pain over a three month period. Just using the self hypnosis, one out of four people stop smoking and the rest of them reduce their cigarette consumption by half.

[Toyota Advertiser]

And it makes sense for the pain.

[Chuck Nice]

I just, it just dawned on me that as much as pain is a nerve stimulation firing a synapse, it is also happening in your brain because people will lose a limb and then still feel extreme pain in a phantom limb. Something that is not there. So at that point, it's all in the brain. It's all in the brain.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah, right, right.

[Chuck Nice]

But, but what I'm saying is that's pain that's not even connected to A nerve nerve. So that's 100% in. In the brain. So clearly you could be able to do something to your brain to manage your pain without even taking a pill.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

You're from England. If I may take from My Fair lady, the strain and pain lies mainly in the brain.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, well, I think he's got it.

[Gary O'Reilly]

I do believe he's got it. I do believe he's got it. Splendid, splendid.

[Chuck Nice]

And now. And now you said straining brain.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

The brain.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

All right.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Okay. Don't forget to get tickets for our Broadway show. So you mentioned fmmr. You mentioned the FMRI scans.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yeah.

[Gary O'Reilly]

How much?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Because part let's remind people. So there's MRI where you just lay yourself in there, but the fmri, you are, the person is actively interacting with you. The. The professional. And you are seeing how their thoughts manifest in whatever are your measuring devices.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Yeah.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Right. You can see blood circulates throughout the brain, but where the brain is more metabolically active, there's a bold signal, blood oxygen level dependent signal that changes. And so you can see where the most activity is in the brain. So what we see is reduced activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, which is part of the pain network too. And there's another thing that happens. The prefrontal cortex controls activity in the insula, which is a little island of tissue, it means island in the middle of the front part of the brain. And it's a mind body conduit. So the brain can control pain perception by regulating activity in the insula and can more accurately perceive pain signals. And so hypnosis actively controls regions of the brain that have to do with pain and fear.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Okay, I got one issue. I got an important issue. Okay.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Have you.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

If I step on a nail, I don't want to hypnotize myself, so I don't feel the pain. I want to remove the nail from my foot. I mean, at what point does this distract you from solutions to what's causing the pain rather than neurological pathways so that you don't notice the pain anymore?

[Dr. David Spiegel]

I would say that kind of problem is far less common than the converse problem, which is that you feel every pain, even if you've had it for five years, as if it's something that just happened, as if you just stepped on a nail again. And it's because from an evolutionary point of view, we're pretty pathetic creatures. We're not that big, we're not that strong.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Tell me about.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

If we weren't very sensitive, hypersensitive to being injured, we probably wouldn't have survived. So we need to protect ourselves from injury. But then there comes a point where you got the message, you got the nail out. It's not crushing substernal chest pain. You're not having a heart attack. And so that's the much more typical problem. And that's where hypnosis can help. And I'll tell you, with the example of the phantom limb pain, there's a hypnotic treatment for it. And what you do is you hypnotize people and you have them imagine that they're moving the limb they no longer have and just feeling that they're controlling it, using those nerve roots, which are still connected to the brain, actually can help relieve the pain that people with phantom limb pain have. We took a group of Stanford students, gave them a series of electric shocks to the wrist, and measured evoked potential. What we did was we hypnotized them and told them their hand was in circulating ice water, cool, tingling, and numb. And two of the three components of the evoked response to the shocks were substantially reduced. The first, the P100, just disappeared. So this was within a tenth of a second of the shocks being administered. The recognition there was gone. And the P300, which is a signal that you get when you're supposed to do something in response to what you're feeling, was half as big. So it wasn't just that they were getting the pain signal and changing it later. They were changing the way the brain received and processed the signal from the.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Beginning, in real time.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

In real time. In real time, just like that, instantly. So tenth of a second later, their brain response is different. So pain, if you think about it, there's input coming in from the body, from the periphery, but then there's the evaluation of the pain and what it means. And so, like you were saying, get that nail out of my foot. And if that's what's going on, you want to pay attention to it. But afterwards, as it's healing and you've gotten the nail out, you don't need to pay as much attention to it as our brains often do. And hypnosis can help you change that.

[F]

You have one goal. Find the perfect place to grow your company. You don't have time for empty promises. And at Jobs Ohio, we don't have time to make them. You deserve a partner who gets it, someone who understands your vision and the seamless path to sustainable growth. Expect this and so much more in Ohio, where you'll benefit from the best sites, earlier funding, and the top industry talent you've been searching for. Bring your business to Ohio and join our centuries spanning tradition of movers and shakers. Get started [e-mail] now is your time.

[G]

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[Gary O'Reilly]

Well, you said about the hypnosis moving into the salience network. Are there other executive networks within the brain that you could possibly be able to start to play with? I don't want to say manipulate again, because you seem to sort of rail up against that term.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

The literature suggests it can be playful. But the three major networks that are involved in hypnosis are the Salience network turning down activity there, which also involves turning down pain perception the executive control network. That's mostly the prefrontal cortex that tells the body what to do. And so some of your activity that involves controlling pain also involves activity in the prefrontal cortex that stimulates activity in the insula. We talked about that with brain body thing. The third is the default mode network that I mentioned, where you reflect on who you are. I sometimes call it the my fault mode network, where you're just thinking about yourself. The more active the prefrontal cortex is, the less active the default mode network is. And that's how you suspend your usual presumptions of who you are and what you are when you're active in hypnosis. So those three networks, Executive Control, Salience, and Default Mode, are the three that are affected by hypnosis.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

So we've got stress, pain. There's a nice list here of the successes of hypnosis. What about phobias and other kind of clearly irrational behavior that's exhibited among people? And is that just neurodiversity that we accept, or should that be fixed in some way and what has hypnosis done about those?

[Chuck Nice]

Like, I have an irrational fear of being hypnotized.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Okay, how do you treat.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Chuck, look up slowly. Close your eyes. You're gonna love it.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Wait, wait, Chuck. I got a better one than that. It was Steven Wright. He says, I'm getting an MRI to see if I am claustrophobic.

[Chuck Nice]

That's pretty good. Pretty good.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah, that was good.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

I've treated people. I had a woman who was afraid to have mri. You get in that tube, there's a clicking of the magnet. And she had possibly a tumor in her spinal cord in her neck and was very frightened about it. Just couldn't do it. And it turned out that she liked the water ski. So I had her imagine that she'd go into the tube, she'd look up, close her eyes, and the noise of the magnet clicking on and off was the motorboat. And I just want you to imagine that you're waterskiing. And she got through it fine. So you just focus on something else.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

You know, I'd be afraid to hang out with you because I don't know.

[Chuck Nice]

This guy sounds dangerous.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Let me cast that in the positive. We all pleased to learn that you have these powers and you're using them for the greater good, because if you were the nemesis to a superhero, you would be completely dangerous.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Oh, yeah, right.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah.

[Gary O'Reilly]

I mean, what if you had the ability to hypnotize more than one person and you get a mass hypnosis?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

That's what I'm saying.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Going down the villain road, Guys.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

I'm doing that right now through the app.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Got me.

[Chuck Nice]

Look at that. Transparency. We have transparency.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Transparency through Reverie. People are using Reverie now. Hopefully they're listening to the program for the moment rather than using Reverie, but absolutely. However, all hypnosis is really self hypnosis.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

But tell me more about. About phobias now.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

So flying phobias, for example, they're, you know, in the airline industry figures, they lose 15% of their business to people who are afraid of flying. If you want to have a rational phobia, don't get in a car. Because the number of deaths per mile traveled is far greater in automobiles than it is in airplanes. Even. Even if it's a Boeing airplane.

[Chuck Nice]

Nicely done. Oh, we like that.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

See what you did there? Yeah.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

What I tell them is to do three things. I say, I want you to practice this as you prepare for your trip. Look up, close your eyes, get your body comfortable. When you get in the plane, buckle your seatbelt, and then Concentrate on, number one, floating with the plane. Most people get tense. They fight the chair. They don't like being buckled in. And I just said, imagine you're in a roller coaster ride at a fair. You're having a good time. You're floating with the plane. Don't fight the plane, float. Secondly, think of the plane as an extension of your body. If you want to get from one place to another, you can walk. If you want to get there faster, you can ride a bicycle. The bicycle is an extension of your body. If you want to get there even faster, you can get in the car. That's an extension of your body so you're not trapped in a tin can at 35,000ft. You're using an extension of your body to do what you want to do. And one of the things you did was you chose an airline that has responsible and trained pilots. And he's an extension of your brain.

[Chuck Nice]

So it's not Southwest.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Which one of us is going to get sued first? And the third thing is to think about the difference between a possibility and a probability. It's always possible the plane's going to crash, but it isn't probable. We tend to confound the probability of something with how vividly we can picture it. So you can picture a plane crash. It freaks you out.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Oh, yeah.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

That doesn't mean it's likely to happen.

[Chuck Nice]

All right, real quick. Because we're running out of time, which I can't believe.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Oh, yeah. We just started talking.

[Chuck Nice]

We just. This is crazy.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

What?

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, so we talked about, you know, fears and so forth. Let's go in the opposite direction.

[Toyota Advertiser]

Performance.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Yes.

[Chuck Nice]

Can you enhance performance through hypnosis?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Oh, good one.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yeah, you bet. You bet. And there are very good athletes who do it. So the best known one, because what you can do is calm your body, use your muscles only for what they're supposed to be used for. Excess tension can be a problem. The Stanford women's swimming team coach, they're fabulous team. A lot of these young women go.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

To the Olympics after he electrically shocked them in the pool. In the pool. Drop the toaster in, y'all. At Stanford, you know, I don't know what you guys do.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

You guys are terrible. No. The coach discovered that they were swimming faster in. In practice than they were in meets. And you would think it would be the opposite. And it turned out when we talked to them in practice, they were just concentrating on relating to their body, on making their muscles work in coordination as well as they could when they're in the Meet. They're thinking about the girls on either side and sort of competing with them. Now, swimming isn't a contact sport. It doesn't matter what the other swimmers are doing. What matters is what you're doing.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

I used to wrestle. It really matters what your opponent is doing.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Well, in wrestling, yes, indeed. But not in swimming and not in golf. For example, Tiger woods has used hypnosis since he was 14. He hypnotized himself every day when he was playing.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

He became the ball.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Good reference.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

E B. Be the ball.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yes. No, you just. It's got to be a smooth swing. You don't want to think about anything except what you need to do. Connect with the ball. So these girls swam faster in meets. Once they discipline themselves to practice self hypnosis and just focus on their relationship with their own body. So there are a number of. Michael Jordan used hypnosis to train. He was fairly good at basketball. He's not bad.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Just to be clear, there's a statistical element here that we should not lose sight of. Okay. The good doctor here is not listing all the crappy athletes who also hypnotize himself. And it didn't make a damn bit of difference. I just want to make that clear.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

No, they were crappy because they didn't learn to use self. Gotcha.

[Chuck Nice]

Wow.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah. So tell us, do you have a social media presence other than your app.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

On Instagram and Facebook?

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

And the name of the app is the is the handle is Reverie.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

R E V E R I. Yeah. And it's at Reverie.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

We will totally look and find you.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Find you online, sure.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

I hope so. And I hope people will benefit from it. That's my legacy project. I want that to happen.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Yeah. This has been a delight just to know that you exist out there, that you're using your powers for good. For good.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

For the moment.

[Chuck Nice]

Not being a Marvel villain who takes the masses and turns them against Gotham. Wait, that's dc.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

I'm sorry.

[Chuck Nice]

I'm. I'm mixing my.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

No, don't mix.

[Chuck Nice]

I mixed up Gotham. Well, we're in New York, so. Yeah, we're in New York, so everything.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Is Gotham to me. Send the mail to John.

[Chuck Nice]

Don't do it, guys. You know, I know better. Okay.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

All right. Excellent. Well, thank you, sir, for joining us.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

You're most welcome. I. And I want to thank you for one other thing, Neil. And that is some of the best hours of my teenage years were in the Hayden Planetarium.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Oh, my God.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

I, I, I loved it. I love learning about the stars. I bought myself a little lamp that could project the stars out on.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Guess I wasn't director at the time you were describing here, but I'm.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

That's probably at least to know that.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

I'm carrying forth a legacy that has granted you such fond memories.

[Dr. David Spiegel]

Yes, indeed. Thank you.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

Hayden Planetarium right here in New York City. We're in my office. We're here. We're here.

[Gary O'Reilly]

It's where we are.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

It's in the office. My office here at the Hayden Planetarium.

[Chuck Nice]

Stars all over the place.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

All right.

[Chuck Nice]

Chuck, Gary, always a pleasure.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

We're good here.

[Gary O'Reilly]

Pleasure.

[Neil Degrasse Tyson]

All right, that's another wrap. This is Neil Degrasse Tyson for StarTalk Special Edition.

[Gary O'Reilly]

And you're out of the room.

[G]

Now is your time to get into a new Dr. Horton home by taking advantage of their national red tag sales event going on right now through January 19th. Stop by any of their participating communities and find select red tag homes at incredible pricing. So whether you're buying your first home or looking for an upgrade, you don't want to miss the red tag sales event going on right now. Discover the Dr. Horton [e-mail] that's Dr. Horton.com Dr. Horton, America's builder and equal housing opportunity builder.

[H]

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