Things You Thought You Knew – Force, Heat, & Speed

Summary

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StarTalk Radio – "Things You Thought You Knew – Force, Heat, & Speed"

Podcast: StarTalk Radio
Host: Neil deGrasse Tyson
Co-Hosts: Chuck Nice, Kevin
Original Air Date: November 18, 2025

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Episode Overview

In this lively and comedic science explainer episode, Neil deGrasse Tyson leads co-hosts Chuck Nice and Kevin through three pairs of everyday concepts that people commonly confuse: Force vs. Pressure, Heat vs. Temperature, and Speed vs. Acceleration. Using relatable analogies, witty banter, and pop culture references, Tyson clarifies the true meanings behind these physics terms and points out the misconceptions encoded in our language and culture.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Force vs. Pressure (02:14 – 18:28)

Definitions and Physics Basics

• Force: The push or pull exerted on an object, calculated as mass multiplied by acceleration (Newton’s Second Law).
• Pressure: Force distributed across an area; mathematically, pressure = force ÷ area.

Everyday Examples & Thought Experiments

• The Gym Spotter (04:00 – 07:20)

  • Tyson explains why a gym spotter doesn't need to be super strong: when the upward force and the weight are balanced, even a small additional force can make a difference.
  • "If all forces are balanced, then any force will move it, no matter how small." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (05:16)

• The Role of Net Forces (07:20 – 09:00)

  • Objects move (accelerate) only when there's an imbalance of forces.
  • Constant speed (e.g., cruises at 60 mph) indicates total forces (engine, friction, air resistance) are balanced.

• Pressure in Action (10:00 – 14:18)

  • Walking on Ice & Snowshoes: Spread your weight (force) over a larger area (big shoes or snowshoes) to lessen pressure and avoid breaking through.
    • "If pressure is force divided by area and that area gets smaller and smaller, the pressure gets higher, and you punch through that ice and you die." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (11:10)
    • "You need clown shoes. Get the biggest ass shoes you can find." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (11:29)
  • Sharp vs. Dull Knives: Sharp blades have a smaller area, so the same force means higher pressure, making cutting easier.

• Tornadoes and Exploding Houses (14:18 – 16:41)

  • Tornados cause destruction from pressure differences, not directly from wind force. Even a tiny pressure differential (e.g., 0.1 lb/in²) across a house’s surface area builds to thousands of pounds of total force.
    • "That is pressure at its most deadly." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (16:34)

• Bonus – How Bombs Work (16:52 – 17:41)

  • Bombs and explosions are about rapid expansions, generating sudden pressure differences that destroy structures.

Memorable Moments

• Chuck’s comedic interjections on dating pressure vs. physics pressure (09:04).
• Pop culture quip: "It’s why a tornado can explode your house... That pressure builds on top of £1,000 of pressure." (15:53)

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2. Heat vs. Temperature (22:44 – 33:26)

Definitions

• Temperature: The average kinetic energy (motion) of the molecules in a substance.
• Heat: The sum of the kinetic energies—total energy—in all the molecules.

Core Distinctions

• A single molecule does not have a 'temperature' (24:15). Temperature is a property of the whole ensemble.
  • "Temperature is a macroscopic thing... The average kinetic energy of its vibrating molecules." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (23:01)
• Fast-moving molecules at the 'tail' of the distribution can evaporate even if the overall temperature is low (25:33).

Everyday Examples

• Hot Coffee vs. The Ocean (27:39 – 29:34)

  • "Your cup of coffee... at 210 degrees Fahrenheit, is hotter than the ocean, but the ocean has more heat." (27:39)
  • The vast number of molecules in the ocean means it contains far more total energy, despite its lower temperature.
  • "That’s why your coffee cup is not gonna start a hurricane... the ocean can start a hurricane." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (28:11)

• Climate Change & Oceans (28:57 – 30:40)

  • Small average increases in ocean temperature represent colossal amounts of added heat, with significant climate implications.
  • "The ocean wins every time. It’s this tremendous heat reservoir." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (29:34)

• How Air Conditioners Work (30:42 – 32:49)

  • Air conditioners and heat pumps don’t 'create cold'; they move heat from inside to outside (or vice versa in winter).
    • "There is heat inside of your room... There is a pump that takes that heat, removes it from your air and sticks it outside." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (31:36)
    • Heat can be pumped from even 'cold' air, as long as it’s above absolute zero.

Memorable Quotes

• "Heat is the sum of all the kinetic energies of all the vibrating molecules." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (27:22)
• "Next time you're sipping a cup of coffee, looking out at the ocean... just know that ocean has more heat than this hot, scalding cup of coffee." – Chuck Nice (33:11)

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3. Speed vs. Acceleration (36:38 – 48:38)

Definitions & Physics Basics

• Speed: How fast you’re moving—does not specify direction.
• Acceleration: How quickly your speed or direction changes.

Breaking Down the Pop Culture Myth

• Top Gun's “I feel the need for speed!” (37:07)
  • Tyson pokes fun at the iconic movie line, explaining that the thrill pilots feel is not from speed, but acceleration—changes in speed or direction.
    • "Right now... Earth's rotation is carrying us due east at 800 miles an hour. Are you saying I feel the need for speed and this is great? No." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (37:55)
    • "What we think of as motion sickness is not motion sickness. It’s acceleration sickness." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (38:25)
  • The sensation of movement, thrill, or “head snap” is created by acceleration, not constant speed.
    • "When you are moving at constant speed, your body has no idea you’re moving at any speed at all." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (39:14)

Head-Turning Moments: Acceleration in Driving & Flight

• Car ads list both top speed and “0 to 60 mph” times because acceleration is what people actually feel and desire (41:51).
• Electric cars like Tesla are famous for their rapid acceleration; this is what creates the thrilling “head snap” (43:09).
  • "Now that's why everybody loves Tesla... because... very high acceleration." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (43:10)

Going Deeper – The Jerk (44:08 – 45:36)

• “Jerk” is the rate of change of acceleration—this is what causes the most physical distress or damage, as in the sudden snap of a car crash.
  • "If you have a rate of change of acceleration, that has a term in physics, it's called the jerk." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (44:13)
  • "The jerk is what actually does sort of musculoskeletal damage in an accident." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (45:13)
• The old joke: “It’s not the fall that kills you, it’s the sudden stop.” Or, as Chuck puts it:
  • "So what you're basically saying is, jumping out of a 20 story window doesn't kill you... it's the ground that does." – Chuck Nice (45:42)
  • "If there were no ground..." – Neil deGrasse Tyson (45:58)

Why Sports Cars & Motorcycles Feel Exciting

• Rigid suspension in sports cars lets you “feel the road” (46:47).
• It’s the constant banking, jerking, and sudden changes—not simply going fast—that excite enthusiasts.

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “You get my skinny ass to prevent you from dying...” – Neil deGrasse Tyson jokes about spotting at the gym. (05:39)
• "You need clown shoes. Get the biggest ass shoes you can find." – Neil deGrasse Tyson on pressure and walking on ice. (11:29)
• “That’s more than the Kool Aid man actually exerts through a wall to say, ‘oh, yeah!’” – Chuck Nice, on tornado pressure. (15:57)
• “A single particle has no temperature.” – Neil deGrasse Tyson, busting temperature myths. (24:15)
• “Your coffee cup is hotter than the ocean, but the ocean has more heat.” – Neil deGrasse Tyson. (27:39)
• “What we think of as motion sickness is not motion sickness. It’s acceleration sickness.” (38:25)
• "If you have a rate of change of acceleration, that [is] called the jerk." – Neil deGrasse Tyson. (44:13)
• Chuck’s summative advice: “Please take Neil's word for everything he just said. Let's not try the brick wall experiment for ourselves, okay?” (48:17)

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Timestamps of Important Segments

• [02:14] – Force vs. Pressure: physics definitions, net forces, gym spotting, and pressure in real life.
• [14:18] – Pressure and structural destruction: tornadoes and bombs.
• [22:44] – Heat vs. Temperature: molecules, energy, coffee vs ocean, climate.
• [30:42] – How air conditioners work: heat transfer, pumps.
• [36:38] – Speed vs. Acceleration: Top Gun, driving, why 'acceleration' is what thrills us, the “jerk”.
• [46:47] – Why sports cars feel more exciting: suspension, “feeling the road”.
• [47:10] – Motorcycle wheelies and the need for acceleration.

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Summary

This episode is a rapid-fire, humor-laced tour through some of the most basic, but most persistently misunderstood, physics concepts in everyday life. Neil deGrasse Tyson and his co-hosts illuminate the crucial distinctions between force and pressure, heat and temperature, and speed and acceleration, helping listeners “feel” and truly understand their significance. They use playful banter and vivid analogies—from tornadoes to Teslas to clown shoes—to make these abstract ideas tangible and memorable. If you’ve ever conflated these terms, this episode will have you laughing—and learning—in equal measure.

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Listen to this episode of StarTalk Radio for the full experience. As always, keep looking up!

Transcript

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Another things you thought you knew episode. This time we dig into force versus pressure, heat versus temperature, and speed versus acceleration. Check it out. Welcome to StarTalk, your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right now. I got more splaining to do.

[Chuck Nice]

You got some splaining to do, Lucy.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So here it is. Today I want to talk about force and pressure.

[Chuck Nice]

Gotcha.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Okay. So I'm not talking about sort of emotional pressure.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That's what I'm talking about.

[Chuck Nice]

Right, right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You know, my job has got me under so much pressure. I'm talking about physics pressure and physics force. All right. By the way, another way we use those words in everyday life, we say, how much force are you showing on the battlefield? So that's another cultural usage of those two terms. Each of those words has a precise definition in physics.

[Chuck Nice]

Not to mention space force.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yes, that's in there too. They don't call it space pressure. No, this is space force. So a force is what you think it is. You push on something and you create a force that might Set it into motion. If something that doesn't move but it's still fragile, you put enough force on it, you might break it.

[Chuck Nice]

Nice. Yeah.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so forces make things happen. And when we say happened, we mean something changes about the object. Typically it's set into motion. And Isaac Newton first wrote down an equation about this. Okay. He said, force equals the mass of the object times the acceleration it'll get if you put that force on that object.

[Chuck Nice]

Gotcha.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. So you use that formula. You say, well, here's an object. I'm going to put a certain amount of force, and it has to be like a net force. So in other words, if you put a force exactly opposite mine, then the forces cancel and then there's no net forces. Nothing accelerates.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So if everything is imbalanced, you can have very high forces operating, but nothing's going to happen. Right. But if there's a slight imbalance, then there will be motion. And didn't long ago we talk about this, like at the gym. Why is it that the person spotting for someone else does not have to be as muscle bound as the person lifting the weights? Have you ever thought about that?

[Chuck Nice]

Every time I go to the gym.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

No, I'm just saying somebody will say, hey, man, give me a spot. And it's always a dude who's eight times bigger than I am and he's lifting on a building. He's actually lifting a building and just.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Stand there in case I drop it. Right, right.

[Chuck Nice]

And he goes, hey, buddy, can you give me a spot? And I'm just like, no. What am I supposed to do? When you're lifting, like, and you're struggling?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Not only if you're struggling and there's a point where you can't lift it anymore. You want me to come help you?

[Chuck Nice]

Right? You want me to then take over?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, here's why that works. Okay. Because if all forces are balanced, then any force will move it, no matter how small.

[Chuck Nice]

Ooh.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So watch what happens. So I'm there. I'm on the bench. It's a bench press, typically.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Cause the weight is above the person's neck. Correct. And so this is dangerous. You don't need a spotter if you do a bent over, sort of rowing lift. No.

[Chuck Nice]

Cause you could just drop the weight.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You just drop it. It's no big deal.

[Chuck Nice]

When it's under your windpipe, it's like, hey, Chuck, can you spot me? And I'm like, hey, man, you want to die? It's okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You get my skinny ass to prevent you from dying, so watch. So here I am, I'm lifting, and that's getting harder and harder, all right? And now there's a point where I get it halfway and I can't get it any further. And I say, chuck, help me out here. In that moment, my upward force equals the downward force of those weights. And force on Earth from gravity is called your weight. So the weight equals the force pushing up on it. If they're equal. Now the thing has just stopped moving. Okay, it has stopped moving. So now you come along and say, here you go. And then you lift, and you lift. You could probably use one hand to do this. You lift it back up onto the rack.

[Kevin]

Gotcha.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Because the forces were balanced, whereas previously the person's force was greater than the weight of the weights.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And so if it's greater, I'm in control here. And I can push the thing away from Earth, away from Earth's urges to try to bring it back when we're in balance. Then you break that tie, basically, and put it over the hump. That's why that works.

[Chuck Nice]

That's very cool. Okay, so we're teaming up on the weights, basically.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You're teaming up. Right.

[Chuck Nice]

And it doesn't make a difference how strong I am. I could take two fingers and just whatever little bit I'm doing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Now you're provided. Provided that he's not losing that battle. Okay. If the weight is on its way down, you're gonna need. It's not balanced. So you have to counteract that and then put in a little more to get the thing back up to the stack.

[Chuck Nice]

And that's when I stand over top of him and go, sorry, man, you gonna die?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You sound like this has happened before. All right, so just to get a sense of what forces are. Okay, that's all. And, oh, so with regard to acceleration, if there's a net force, then the object's motion will continue to increase in speed. You have an acceleration. All right, so there you have it. One last thing, just in detail. If all forces are balanced, it can still be in motion. It just won't be accelerating. Okay, so you can have no motion or constant motion. If there's a net force, it will accelerate. That's the point that's going on here. All right, so you're in your car, and your foot is on the accelerator pedal, and you're sticking to 60 miles an hour, 55 miles an hour. Well, what does it mean if your foot is on the accelerator pedal, but you're not increasing in speed, you're not accelerating. Oh, well, the force the accelerator pedal is trying to put in the car is exactly balanced by the friction of the tires on the road and the air resistance. All of that is balanced and you're maintaining constant speed. If you want to take it out of balance, you press the pedal even harder to overcome that balance. And now you can pass the car on the right by accelerating up to 70. You pass them and then you slow back down again. So that's what's going on with force. And everybody learns this in, like, Physics 101 the first 10 days. Okay, so now what is pressure?

[Chuck Nice]

Pressure is when you have been dating for four years and she goes, what are we doing here? Okay, seriously, how many times can I take you home for Thanksgiving and explain to my parents that, you know, we're not ready yet? What's. I mean, okay, so that's pressure.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You tell me that's pressure. Okay. That's not the kind of pressure I'm talking about here. Oh, okay, okay, okay. That's dating pressure. How about that?

[Chuck Nice]

Right, right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So we're talking about physics, pressure. So pressure intimately needs force to be what it is, but it's not the same thing.

[Chuck Nice]

Uh, oh, okay, okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's not the same thing. So if you want to find out what it is, you gotta look at the equation for pressure. Okay?

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Have you ever seen the equation for pressure?

[Chuck Nice]

I don't think I have.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right, let me. Before I get to that, let me tell you a few things that are affected by pressure. For example, your knife set. How sharp are your knives? That is all about pressure. All about pressure. Okay? Are you gonna fall through the ice on that pond as you walk across it? That's all about pressure.

[Chuck Nice]

And stupidity. And stupidity.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Right. All right, so let's talk about this. Here you go. Pressure is force divided by area.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, oh, okay. And I didn't even know that equation. But that makes sense. Perfect sense.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It makes perfect sense. So watch. So watch. So if I'm walking out onto a frozen pond and I don't want to fall through, if I have tiny itty bitty ass feet, then the area of the bottom of my feet is small. But what happens if you have a small number in the denominator of a fraction? The value of that goes higher, right? So if pressure is force divided by area and that area gets smaller and smaller, the pressure gets higher, and you punch through that ice and you die.

[Chuck Nice]

You need clown shoes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You need clown shoes. Get the biggest ass shoes you can find. So that force is spread over the largest area possible.

[Kevin]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So when you have a big area, the force divided by a big area makes a low pressure. And so with low pressure now, you can get across the ice without sinking through. It improves your chances of not breaking the ice. This is what snowshoes are. What are snowshoes? They're like the mountain man snow equivalent of clown shoes. Because the snowshoe is this big.

[Chuck Nice]

It's like a big net, and it.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Attaches to the bottom of your feet. And when you walk on it, your body weight is now spread over a larger area. And you don't plunge down through deep snow. You still sink a little bit, but not as much as you would have, and then you can actually walk. Have you ever seen the width of the paws of a polar bear?

[Chuck Nice]

They're huge.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Oh, my God. It's like, oh, my God. Cause there's some big mofos, and they don't want to sink through the snow. Okay. They spend a lot of their time on ice, but this matters. Okay, and so what about your knives? When you go to cut something, you apply a force. How do you make that force as effective as possible? To cut, you want the lowest possible area over which you're applying that force so that you have the highest possible pressure. Okay. You get pressure for free. So when you. So what is a dull knife? You look at it under a microscope. It's all chewed up. It's flat. So your pressure, let's say you put 10 pounds of pressure on it, is spread over this long area over the length of the blade, and you try to cut something with it, and you mangle the food, you have to press even harder to get it through a perfectly sharpened blade. What's the area of a blade edge? Tell me that. The area of a sharpened blade edge, it is so tiny that even the mildest force of that knife will cut through the food. And that's why chefs are always sharpening their knives, because they want to increase the pressure on their food, because they don't want to have to increase their force to get the pressure they want. They're reducing the area to get the pressure they want.

[Chuck Nice]

Sweet.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So this is force versus pressure. And I don't know how many people internalize this, Feel it, think about it. But this distinction between force and pressure manifests everywhere. Everywhere. And by the way, it's why a tornado can explode your house. Wow. Okay. You say, oh, because the wind is high. Here's what's happening. It's very low pressure in the middle of a tornado. Okay. Really, really Low pressure. And inside your house, you have slightly higher pressure than that tornado. Now suppose that pressure difference is like 1 pound per square inch difference. Let's say it might be a little high for this example. A tenth of a pound per square inch. I don't care. A tenth of a pound. Okay, so inside the house, the air has not equilibrated with the outside of the house yet. The tornado comes, it sits on your house. Oh, my gosh. Every square inch of your wall is feeling a tenth of a pound pressing outward. So 10 square inches feels how much, 100? No, it's a tenth of a pound. So 10 square inches is a pound. Okay, 100 square inches is just 10 inches by 10 inches. That's 10 pounds. Your wall is probably bigger than 10 inches by 10 inches square. You keep adding this up, and that pressure builds on top of £1,000 of pressure.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, my God. That's more than the Kool Aid guy actually exerts through a wall to say, oh, y.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So what? I didn't. I didn't say it right. So it's thousands of pounds of total force.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Spread across that wall. But the whole wall is only built to handle you leaning on it or to hold up the house. It's not enough to prevent the tornado from exploding your house, and all the walls blow out. Take a look at video footage of homes. They don't collapse.

[Chuck Nice]

They're turned into matchsticks.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's matchsticks. And they explode outwards. That is pressure at its most deadly.

[Kevin]

Wow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And so there you have it.

[Chuck Nice]

Now, see, this is what I'm talking about when I say plot twist. No one would ever think that. You just talk about force and pressure, and we end up right here.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Right. And by the way, it's how bombs work. What is a bomb? It sets a pressure wave, high temperature expansion of the air because there's some. An explosion is a very high temperature abrupt device.

[Chuck Nice]

Right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So it happens. Has to happen rapidly so that it's like. Like a bullet firing. It's a rapid expansion of gas which shoves the bullet out. But if it's a bomb, there's no bullet. It's just the expanding air.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Sometimes you can put in shrapnel, but air will do this. And the expanding air comes out. And now you have air pressure too high on one side of the wall versus the other. And that'll blow the wall inward rather than outward. Or if the bomb is inside the house, it'll blow the house up instead of. Right. So this is pressure on the Wall spread over the area. And by the way, if all of that force were in one spot, it would just puncture a hole through the wall.

[Chuck Nice]

Right? That's so cool. Oh, my God. So why can't we find a way? Everybody's always trying to figure out a way to predict where a tornado will go, which is almost impossible. Why not just have like a tornado airbag? Well, you would die.

[Kevin]

Never know.

[Chuck Nice]

No, I was gonna say. Chuck.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Chuck, wait. Chuck, you don't need tools to tell you where the fricking tornado is. Just look.

[Chuck Nice]

That's true.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You try to see airbags exploding. Oh, there must be a tornado somewhere here, right?

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah, exactly. I'm overthinking.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You're overthinking that one.

[Chuck Nice]

Totally, Chuck. Overthinking.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah. Okay, Chuck, we're done there. That's pressure versus force.

[Chuck Nice]

That's very cool. Not to mention very, very cool. Song under pressure.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Oh, yeah, yeah. The Queen. Yeah. Very good. Very.

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[Chuck Nice]

I support StarTalk on Patreon. You're listening to StarTalk with Neil DeGrasse Tyson.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's a source of no end of misconception in our world, in civilization. Oh, okay. Yeah, yeah. So it's a big one. Okay.

[Kevin]

All right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And it's the difference between heat and temperature. They are not the same thing.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, so you have already. You're right. Because if you say that this is a source of misunderstanding, then I am the source. Because guess what? Heat and temperature, I mean the same damn thing. Okay, Same thing to me.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

I will start off. I hate starting off this way, but I will. I'll start off defining them from the point of view of a physicist. Okay, all right, all right. So the temperature of the thing is the average kinetic energy of its vibrating molecules. Okay, all right. So you have a thing that is of a temperature. You look in close, all the molecules, or if they're atoms, it could be atomic. They're all vibrating, they're writing fast, they're writing slowly. Okay. You put a thermometer in there, that vibration gets communicated to the thermometer. The thermometer reads a temperature is the average kinetic energy, the average energy of motion of the vibrating particles. The average, which means a single particle has no temperature.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, okay, wait a minute. A single particle?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

A single particle, that's right. There's no. It doesn't meet. Right. So temperature is a macroscopic thing that you obtain from a liquid, a solid, a gas, it doesn't matter. Okay, that's temperature. Okay, okay. So you heat it up some more, you get higher temperature. Oh, by the way, there's a range at which they vibrate. Some vibrate slowly, some. Some vibrate quickly. It's the average. That's the temperature. Let me say that another way. At a given temperature, there's like the average, which is where most of them are kind of vibrating. And then there's some off at the tail. Some are vibrating slowly, some are vibrating quickly. Okay, okay, here's an example. Okay, let's get water at. Let's stick to Fahrenheit. Let's say we are 200 degrees. Water. No, room temperature water, 75. 70 degrees. Okay, here you go. Some of those water molecules are vibrating very fast, others very slowly. Okay, Right. Some of them are vibrating fast enough to escape, right?

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. But it's just those. Only at the edge did they escape.

[Chuck Nice]

They're at the very top, right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

At the very top. They'll escape. The rest are stuck.

[Chuck Nice]

Stuck.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Right. Okay, so now they escape. This is evaporation. Correct. And you don't have to be boiling water to evaporate the water because the fastest moving molecules are always escaping. Okay, that's the point. That makes sense. Also, just while we're there, if you are a low mass atom or low mass molecule relative to high Mass molecules, your low mass ones, are vibrating even faster on average. You can split them up. The heavy ones are moving slowly. The light ones are moving quickly. The average of all of them. That's the temperature.

[Chuck Nice]

So funny how even atoms work kind of the way even molecules work the way we do, you know, the heavy ones, kind of slow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

We just kind of chill.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, God. Oh, damn. I gotta get about this chair.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

I gotta get out the chair. Oh, give me a second. And you never left the room.

[Chuck Nice]

Right? And the lighter ones are.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right, so for example, our atmosphere has both oxygen and nitrogen in it. And the oxygen molecule weighs slightly more than the nitrogen molecule.

[Kevin]

Okay?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So on average, if you separated out the oxygen, it would be at a lower temperature than the nitrogen. But mix them together, you only get one temperature because it's a mixture. That's all I'm saying about temperature. Okay? Okay, so heat. Let's go to that individual vibrating molecule and say, how much energy you got? Write down that number. Let's go to the next one. How much energy you got? Write down that number and just keep doing it for every molecule. Every molecule. Every molecule in your soup.

[Chuck Nice]

So it's not. Okay, gotcha.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So the sum of all the kinetic energies of all the vibrating molecules, that's how much heat is in the thing.

[Chuck Nice]

Gotcha. Okay, so one is an average. The other is the actual number. The sum of all the.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So your cup of coffee in the morning at 210 degrees Fahrenheit, right? Is hotter than the ocean, but the ocean has more heat.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, snap. It's hotter than the ocean, but the ocean. Because the ocean has more molecules, and.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You'Re gonna add up molecules.

[Chuck Nice]

You add up more of all the molecules.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Total molecules, okay? That's why your coffee cup. Your coffee cup is not gonna start a hurricane, Right? It doesn't have enough energy in the coffee cup to make that happen.

[Chuck Nice]

And that heat, all the energy in the ocean.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Oh, my gosh.

[Chuck Nice]

And that's why the ocean can start a hurricane. But your coffee can only make your morning very bad because it's filled in your lap.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Or it can speed up your digestive tract and you're stuck in the car. When you gotta go to coffee has other consequences to your life.

[Chuck Nice]

How about that part? That's the last time I drink coffee and get stuck in traffic. Oh. So that is a very important.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So now watch what happens. So now we have climate change, where the world is heating and you can say, okay, how much did the air. We don't want the air to go up by 2 degrees Celsius, whatever. Because that could trigger other changes. Well, let's check the ocean. How much did the ocean go up? The ocean went up a fourth of a degree or like a half a degree. And you're saying to yourself, that's not much. Right? Do you know how much total energy that is? Oh, my gosh.

[Chuck Nice]

That is.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Oh, my gosh.

[Chuck Nice]

That's a.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so, Chuck, that's why when you're trying to create the energy budget of a climate system, right? There's sunlight coming in and it warms the air. Was that where all the energy goes? No, no, all the whole. There's energy that goes into the ocean and it can hang out there lurking. All right, so you could reduce your carbon footprint and reduce the warming of the atmosphere. Then the ocean says, I got heat I can dump into the atmosphere, and I can keep doing this even after you have corrected your behavior to protect future generations. And the balance, it's actually an imbalance at this moment. The relationship between the heat that the land retains and the atmosphere and the oceans. The ocean wins every time, right? Because it's this tremendous heat reservoir. So I just wanted to distinguish the difference between heat and temperature. And there's one little thing you might not know. Okay.

[Kevin]

Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Do you know air conditioners? Right? It's like it's hot outside and it makes you cool on the inside.

[Kevin]

Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. All right. Do you ever ask how it accomplishes this?

[Kevin]

Not really.

[Chuck Nice]

All I know is you just turn it on. I just turn it on and it works. And from the time that I was a kid, I know that you don't leave the door open because we're not trying to cool the whole neighborhood. What the hell? You think we're trying to cool the whole neighborhood?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Shut the door, Chuck. I thought you had finished your therapy on your childhood experiences, but apparently some sessions remain. So what's happening? There is, okay, There is heat inside of your room. No matter what temperature your room is, as long as it's above absolute zero, there is heat there.

[Kevin]

There's heat.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

There is a pump that takes that heat, removes it from your air and sticks it outside. That's why no matter the temperature outside, if you feel the air conditioner, it's hotter at the air conditioner. Why is it hotter? Because it just pulled that heat from your 72 degree room temperature room that you're trying to keep cool. It pulled it out and it can reverse that. Okay, so let's reverse it. It's called reverse. It's a heat pump. A reverse Heat pump in your winter. Okay. You want it to be warmer in your room than the outside. Once you switch the heat pump, your air conditioner says, okay, let me take heat from this cold air out there. 40, 50 degrees, I don't care. Let's take heat from that cold air and put it in your room and make your room hotter, even hotter than it would otherwise be compared to the outside. It can do that because there is heat there no matter what the temperature is. As long as it's above that, as long as it's above absolute zero, that is okay. It's clever engineering. Just think, brilliant. Go hug your favorite engineer. This is where this comes from.

[Kevin]

Brilliant.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, so I'm gonna admit that when we started this, I was like, this guy has really dug a hole for himself this time.

[Kevin]

No way.

[Chuck Nice]

No way. This is gonna be interesting.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay?

[Chuck Nice]

But I gotta admit, this is great.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Next time you're sipping a cup of coffee, looking out at the ocean.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Just think to yourself, just know that.

[Chuck Nice]

That ocean has been more heat than this hot, scalding cup of coffee.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You could burn yourself with the coffee, but the hurricane won't. It won't matter to the hurricane.

[Chuck Nice]

That's right. Wow, that is so cool, man. That is cool.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right, that's a quick one.

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It's the season to come together over.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Your holiday favorites at Starbucks.

[Zepbound Safety Information Speaker]

Warm up with a creamy caramel brulee latte, get festive with an iced gingerbread.

[Morbid Podcast Hosts]

Chai or share a velvety peppermint mocha together is the best place to be at Starbucks.

[Kevin]

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[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Speed versus Acceleration I knew one day.

[Chuck Nice]

We were gonna have to have this talk.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's a Sit down, Chuck.

[Chuck Nice]

Chuck, I need to. I need a word with you, son. I've been meaning to talk to you about speed versus acceleration.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You're of age now, where this is the time.

[Chuck Nice]

Don't worry, there's nothing to be embarrassed about.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So there's a nice scene. Nice. There's a rememberable scene in the movie Top Gun where they just came out of their planes and they're holding their helmet and what does one of them say to the other as they high five each other.

[Chuck Nice]

I've got the need for speed.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, I thought it was. I feel the need for speed, and I want to push back on that, if I may. Oh, okay.

[Chuck Nice]

You want to push back on the need for speed?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yes, I am.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, no.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Because I claim that their speed is almost irrelevant to what it is that's triggering their emotions.

[Chuck Nice]

Really?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah. Yeah. Because, for example, right now, at our latitude on Earth, the rotation of Earth is carrying us due east at 800 miles an hour. Are you saying I feel the need for speed and this is great? No.

[Chuck Nice]

That may explain why I keep throwing up every time I stand up. It could be a reason why I vomit.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

No, but see, I'm about to say that what we think of as motion sickness is not motion sickness. It's acceleration sickness.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. So Earth is in orbit around the sun, 18 miles per second. All of these speeds are way faster than anything they're doing in their airplanes. This is true. So it's the not really after speed.

[Kevin]

Wow.

[Chuck Nice]

18 miles in a second.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

In a second.

[Chuck Nice]

One second from my house, I would overshoot the Bronx.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

I mean. No, I would overshoot Brooklyn.

[Chuck Nice]

From where I am right now, you'd.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

End up in Long Island Sound.

[Chuck Nice]

I would.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Oh, wow.

[Chuck Nice]

In one second.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so you live in Jersey, you cross the Hudson river, the wither, Manhattan, all of Brooklyn. And then you come out the other.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, my God. That's amazing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So here's the thing. When you are moving at constant speed, your body has no idea you're moving at any speed at all, okay? It's only when your speed changes that you get some sense of motion. And by definition, when your speed changes, it's an acceleration. No, in physics, an acceleration can be positive or negative. In the English language, we have another word for when it's negative acceleration. And it's just called what?

[Chuck Nice]

Deceleration.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Deceleration. Okay, So I might say acceleration in my next few minutes. I mean, increasing or decreasing, it doesn't matter.

[Chuck Nice]

Either positive or negative acceleration, acceleration, when.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That happens, you feel it, and that's what you're reacting to. All right? By the way, think of velocity, okay? So a velocity, a change in velocity is an acceleration. And a velocity has a direction, right? But suppose you're banking a turn. Your direction is constantly changing. Well, if velocity has to have one direction. Now I'm changing the direction, that's also an acceleration. So here's my point. When you're in a moving object, no matter its speed, if the direction or the speed changes, you are accelerating. And when you feel an acceleration, your body is going to respond. If you accelerate forward, your body will be thrown backwards. If you decelerate quickly, your body goes forward. If you bank a turn, you lean against the door or next to the person next to you in the front seat. So that's how you know you're accelerating, because your body is response responding in this way. So these folks said, I feel the need for speed. It's because they're doing barrel rolls in their plane and upside down and all the stuff they're doing, that's what they're feeling. But if they were going perfectly at Mach 1, 2, 3, 4 or 3:30, they wouldn't be saying I feel the need for speed. Because that's not anything they would notice. This has been the complaint about the Lexus car. When it first came out, the Lexus was a, you know, a luxury car and that ride was smooth. I read one commentary and it said it's like sitting on your living room couch while you're driving your car.

[Chuck Nice]

That sounds lovely.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so nobody who feels the need for speed is buying a Lexus. They want a car that can bank turns and go from 0 to 60 in whatever, how many seconds you're talking about. That's an acceleration.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah, but it doesn't sound good to say I feel the need for acceleration. It's a celebration of acceleration. Now I just sound like Jesse Jackson. You know, that's what I'm saying.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

My man rhymes anything that comes out of his mouth.

[Chuck Nice]

Celebration of acceleration.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Keep hope alive. Okay, so that's all I'm trying to tell you. So that's why they will give top speed. When you're buying a car, they will give a top speed, but they will also give 0 to 60 or 0 to 50 in a certain amount of time. So that is the change in velocity over a certain amount of time. And so if you change velocity in less and less amount of time, your acceleration is higher and higher and higher. That's why they keep trying to drop the acceleration time. Then it's more head snapping now, right?

[Kevin]

Yeah.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Now that's why everybody loves Tesla. Oh, because, well, it's high. It'd be true for any well made electric car will have very high acceleration. Yeah. Even at low speeds. Right. Teslas can accelerate 0 to 60 in 3, 4 seconds. Yeah, that's great. And I've been in it and you can feel it. It's like.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Okay, so now watch. Let's kick it up a notch. You ready? I don't think you're ready. Are you seated?

[Kevin]

Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

All right, I'm seated.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, there is.

[Chuck Nice]

I don't want to accelerate too fast. I better strap in.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so if acceleration is the rate of change of your velocity. Okay. So if your rate changes quickly, you have high acceleration, you will feel this response all the more. Okay. All right. If acceleration is the rate of change in your velocity, what happens when you have a rate of change of your acceleration?

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, my goodness. Let me guess. Your head explodes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yes. Well, okay, so if you have a rate of change of acceleration, that has a term in physics, it's called the jerk. Okay? All right, so watch.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, man, that's great.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so watch what happens. You ready?

[Chuck Nice]

Go ahead.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So I'm headed towards a brick wall. I'm trying to come up with these examples on the spot. Headed towards a brick wall. And so I should put on my brakes. So you put on your brakes. Okay. And while you put on your brakes, you feel yourself, you're leaning into the shoulder strap. Okay. When you hit the wall, your body jerks forward because you had a steady slowing down of your speed until your speed went to zero instantly. So that is a rate of change of your acceleration. And then you feel a jerk.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, but why do we run into a wall?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so the jerk is what actually does sort of musculoskeletal damage in an accident.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Because we can sustain an acceleration. When they say I have 1G, 2G, those are pure constant accelerations. But if you go from 1G to 6G's in an instant, your whole body snaps.

[Kevin]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That's this. And so the jerk is one reverse and the same thing reversed. Correct.

[Chuck Nice]

So what you're basically saying is jumping out of a 20 story window doesn't kill you.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That's correct.

[Chuck Nice]

It's the ground that does. It's the ground.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

If there were no ground.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, man.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So that's velocity, acceleration, and jerk. So almost every. And there's some cars, they say, in this car you can feel the road. If you ever test drive, like a sports car, they tell you that, right? Well, what does it mean to feel the road? Well, if the road were perfectly smooth, you wouldn't feel anything. So the fact that the road has certain bumps, the Lexus wouldn't feel those bumps because the tires are adjusting to it. But your sports car, which has, quote, rigid suspension, it is rigid enough so that you're feeling that. All right? So you and the road and the bumps and wiggles and the turns and twists on the road, you're feeling it all.

[Kevin]

Nice.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You feeling It. And so you. So this is what you like, this is what you seek. This is what the sports enthusiast is actually after, even if they're not self conscious of it. Because if they only wanted high speeds, you can just get on a, you know, get on a high speed train. And then you don't feel it because they're smooth. No, you want to, you want to bank the turns and feel it.

[Chuck Nice]

That reminds me of a guy on the. I was on the turnpike and a guy comes by on a motorcycle and he's already, I'm doing 80, so he had to be doing a little faster than 80 because he came by me. And then he pulls back on the throttle and pops a wheelie at 80 miles an hour and pulls off. Okay, so. And I'm pretty sure he was like, I feel the need for acceleration.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And with the high accelerating cars, of course, a constant acceleration is a one time thing, by the way. You either press yourself back or forward or lean one way or another, and any abrupt change in that creates this jolt. But even if you're going at zero and then you floor it, there is the initial head snap. Okay, That's a very high moment of acceleration. But then you stays that way until you hit the brick wall and then you snap in another way. So anyhow, I'm just putting all this out there in case you didn't know.

[Chuck Nice]

So all I can say is please take Neil's word for everything he just said. Let's not try the brick wall experiment for ourselves, okay? We're not responsible for anybody who crashes the car into a wall. All right? Just take his word for it. All right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

There it is once again. Chuck, you heard it here, and I'm Neil Degrasse Tyson. As always, keep looking up. Howdy, partner. Next time you get chicken at McDonald's, you won't have to choose between the creamy flavors of ranch and the tangy kick of buffal any longer.

[Kevin]

This time, enjoy all the flavors you love all at once.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Try new creamy and tangy buffalo ranch sauce. I participate in McDonald's for a limited time.

[Morbid Podcast Hosts]

Hey, weirdos. I'm Elena. And I'm Ash and we are the hosts of Morbid Podcast. Each week, we dive into the dark and fascinating world of true crime, spooky history, and the unexplained. From infamous killers and unsolved mysteries to haunted places and strange legends. Legends. We cover it all with research, empathy, humor, and a few creative expletives. It's smart, it's spooky, and it's just the right amount of weird. Two new episodes drop every week, and there's even a bonus once a month. Find us wherever you listen to podcasts.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yay.

[Chuck Nice]

Woo.