Things You Thought You Knew – The Color of the Sun

Summary

StarTalk Radio – Things You Thought You Knew: The Color of the Sun

Host: Neil deGrasse Tyson
Co-host: Chuck Nice
Air Date: December 30, 2025

---

Episode Overview

In this enlightening and energetic installment of StarTalk Radio's "Things You Thought You Knew," Neil deGrasse Tyson and comedian Chuck Nice tackle persistent science misconceptions and everyday mysteries. This episode delves into topics ranging from the true color of the sun, the physics of weather acoustics, and the reality of friction. With humor, clear explanations, and memorable analogies, the hosts dispel scientific myths and tie complex phenomena to daily life.

---

Key Discussion Points and Insights

1. The Real Color of the Sun (01:57–15:38)

Childhood Misconceptions

• Most people grow up drawing the sun yellow—this is a common but incorrect image ingrained from early art classes.
• Neil deGrasse Tyson: “This notion has been with us since childhood that the sun is yellow. And that's not true. It's not even close to being true.” (02:26)

Why We Perceive the Sun as Yellow or Red

• We typically glance at the sun when it's near the horizon (sunrise/sunset), due to eye safety.
• Near the horizon, the sunlight passes through significantly more atmosphere, which scatters blue and violet light and leaves more reds and oranges—making the sun appear yellow, amber, or red.
• Quote: “The atmosphere made it yellow, okay? It’s lying to you.” – Tyson (07:46)

What Color Is the Sun Really?

• At midday, shaded only by thin clouds, the sun is white.
• If the sun were truly yellow, objects that reflect all wavelengths, like snow, would appear yellow—but snow is white.
• Neil deGrasse Tyson: “The fact that snow looks white is evidence that it’s being illuminated by white light. Wow.” (10:43)

White Light and Artistic Misconceptions

• The sun’s spectrum includes all visible colors; their combination, in optics, is white light.
• Art mixes pigment, not light, so the rules differ.
• The language and labeling of color in film and photography stem from these spectral realities—such as the difference between daylight film and tungsten film.

Cultural and Artistic Associations

• Photographers and artists use “warm” and “cool” to describe light, but physics reverses these: hotter “cool” bulbs actually emit bluer (hotter) light.
• Quote: “We need a cooler scene, they had to have a hotter bulb.” – Tyson (14:19)

---

2. Weather Acoustics and Phenomena (17:50–34:55)

Thunder and Lightning (17:50–25:38)

• Lightning follows jagged paths (“never goes in a straight line”); each “kink” creates a shockwave, producing the characteristic multi-layered thunder.
• Neil deGrasse Tyson: “That’s why the lightning can go snap, crackle, pop. That’s why it’s not just one acoustic experience. It is a highly...I love your thunder.” (20:48)
• The pitch of thunder changes with distance—higher frequencies dissipate faster, so distant thunder rumbles lower.
• Rule of Thumb: Sound moves about a mile every 5–6 seconds (count seconds between lightning and thunder to estimate distance).

Snow and Silence (26:19–29:28)

• Fresh snow absorbs sound rather than reflecting it, which is why cities are so quiet during and after a snowfall.
• Cold-packed snow “crunches” underfoot due to its rigidity—temperatures below 20–25°F create notable crunchiness.

Other Weather Sounds

• Hail forms and falls in summer storms due to updrafts in cumulonimbus clouds; its sound is like marbles, often prompting calls to the insurance company!
• Chuck Nice: “That is the sound of a call to the insurance adjuster.” (30:40)
• The “down pause”: The silence you notice when driving under a highway overpass in the rain.

---

3. Friction: Friend or Foe? (37:19–51:49)

Friction in Daily Life

• Friction usually gets a bad rap, but it’s crucial; without it, we couldn’t walk, drive, or even sit still.
• Neil deGrasse Tyson: “Without friction, life as we know it would not be possible. Friction is your friend.” (37:41)
• All forms of transportation, apart from rockets, depend on friction.

Physics of Friction

• Walking, driving, and even sitting depend on friction.
• Rockets are the exception—they operate via thrust, not friction.
• Actions like rubbing your hands together to get warm directly demonstrate friction converting movement into heat.
• Chuck Nice: “Friction. I have lots of missing skin on my knees [from it]…” (37:48, jokingly)

Friction and Planetary Movement

• Through action–reaction (Newton’s Third Law), everyone on Earth running in the same direction would technically alter Earth’s rotation—though by an imperceptible amount.
• Rockets, by expelling mass, are able to function in frictionless space.

Friction in Science History

• Aristotle believed things naturally come to rest, but Galileo showed that with less friction, objects continue moving longer—leading to Newton’s law of inertia.

Friction and Spacecraft Reentry

• Friction (and shock waves) are what slow spacecraft reentering the atmosphere, converting kinetic energy into heat and preventing the need for huge amounts of rocket fuel.
• Neil deGrasse Tyson: “Friction is your friend. That’s what I’m trying to tell you, Chuck. Every astronaut loves friction. Otherwise they can’t come home.” (51:34–51:37)

---

Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• Neil deGrasse Tyson: “The blue sky is stolen sunlight that would have otherwise passed straight through.” (06:47)
• Chuck Nice (joking about yellow snow): “Which, by the way, sometimes snow is yellow and it’s not from the sun... Don’t eat the yellow snow.” (10:27–10:39)
• Neil deGrasse Tyson: “Snow is nature’s soundproofing.” (27:48)
• On friction:
  • Chuck: “I still can’t get my head around liking friction.”
  • Neil: “Without friction, everything would just be floating, would be gliding, sliding around…” (46:37–46:49)

---

Segment Timestamps

| Segment | Topic | Approx. Timestamps | |----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-----------------------| | Welcome & Theme | Episode premise/introduction | 01:00–01:57 | | The Color of the Sun | Childhood myths; light scattering; optics | 01:57–15:38 | | Weather Acoustics | Thunder & lightning; snow’s silence; hail, etc. | 17:50–34:55 | | Friction | Everyday and cosmic examples; physics history | 37:19–51:49 | | Closing Remarks | Key takeaways, humor, credits | 51:49–52:08 |

---

Tone and Style

Dynamic, witty, and down-to-earth, the hosts combine rigorous science with relatable humor. Tyson’s explanations are detailed but accessible, and Chuck’s comic timing keeps things fresh and engaging.

---

Summary – Takeaways for the Listener

• The sun is white, not yellow; our eyes and art have fooled us thanks to atmospheric effects.
• Thunder’s complexity and snow’s silence come from real physical interactions in our atmosphere—next time it snows, notice the quiet!
• Friction is essential to nearly all aspects of life and technology—without it, everything from walking to spacecraft reentry would be impossible.
• Scientific investigation and curiosity can upend even our most entrenched “common sense.”
• And finally, every astronaut is grateful for friction—it’s what brings them home.

---

Keep looking up!

Transcript

[K18 Hair Mask Advertiser]

What if you could cover your gray hairs without damage with K18 molecular repair hair mask? You can have strong, soft, bouncy hair and keep your root touch ups because it doesn't just cover up damage, it's a deep damage fix. Patented K18 peptide repairs on the molecular level. So no matter what you do to your hair, K18 will be there to fix the damage. Shop at Sephora or get 10% off your first purchase with code [e-mail]. That's code podcast1eighthair.com.

[Julian, Founder of The Snacks Lab]

Thanks to TikTok ads, I was able to open up a business with my childhood friend and even hire employees. My name is Julian and I am one of the founders of the snacks lab. We are an exotic snack company. We import snacks from all over the world. We had over $100,000 in sales from our TikTok ads in the first month. So our orders went from five a day to over 250 orders a day. You definitely have to use TikTok ads.

[TikTok Business Advertiser]

TikTok for business is helping owners like you reach new customers every day. Head over to get started.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Hey, everybody. In the start talkiverse, we've got yet another things you thought you knew episode. This time, Chuck and I get into the color of the sun, weather, acoustics and friction. Check it out. Welcome to StarTalk, your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right. Right now. Welcome to the explainer zone.

[Chuck Nice]

Yes. The explainer zone.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, yeah. Not the Twilight Zone.

[Chuck Nice]

Not the Twilight Zone.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

We are confused at the end. The explainer zone, where you come out knowing more than you give when you know some stuff. Right. And so I. I think there's no end to this, just so you know. Good. I will. I'll be calling you forever. All right, so I want to talk about the sun, the color of the sun. Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

All right, well, you know me. I don't see color.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You don't see color.

[Chuck Nice]

Sorry, we're already done here.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So. So. So here's the thing. If you're a school child and you to draw a scene and you want to put the sun in the sky, what crayon do you reach for?

[Chuck Nice]

Well, I was a very depressed child, so. Black.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Black. Okay. No, you. You knew about black holes back then?

[Chuck Nice]

Yes, exactly. No. Oh, it's always a big yellow ball.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's always yellow. And this is. This notion has been with us since childhood that the sun is yellow.

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And that's not true. It's not even close to being true. Uh, oh, and so, yeah, I'm sorry, you know, I don't want to. Oh, you said.

[Chuck Nice]

Are there any kids watching? Please.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You might want to leave the.

[Chuck Nice]

Room right now because we're not sure if there's a Crayola available for you to draw your little scenes with the house and the grass and the pool.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Here's the thing. The sun in broad daylight is too bright to look at, all right? Without risking damaging your eyes. So, no.

[Chuck Nice]

Unless, of course, you have perfect eyes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so. So you don't do it. All right, so when is the time most people ever find themselves looking directly at the sun? When is that?

[Chuck Nice]

Well, the only times I've ever done it is sunset and sunrise.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Exactly. Exactly. So not only do we have the yellow crayon in our crayon box from childhood, anytime we actually ever find ourselves looking at the sun, either on purpose or by accident, it's low on the horizon. The sun is rising or setting, and it has a deep yellow color. Sometimes it's so deep, it can be red. Amber into red.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So. And we know the sun isn't red. Of course it's not red. We know that's.

[Chuck Nice]

This isn't Krypton.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's not Krypton. Exactly. What? They're red. It had a red sun, so you know intuitively it's not red. But somehow you don't know intuitively that it's also not yellow. Okay, what color is the sun? It is white.

[Chuck Nice]

Now, come on, man. Why you gotta do that?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

White.

[Chuck Nice]

See?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

What?

[Chuck Nice]

Just like everything else all of a.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Sudden, Chuck, not everything. We gotta race commentary.

[Chuck Nice]

You know what? Seriously, we gotta. Must we whitewash all of history, including the sun?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Really? So, yeah, so it's not yellow.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's not yellow. Now, I can give you evidence of this if you need evidence, but I'm simply saying that as the sun gets warmer, look at Earth. And there's the atmosphere wrapped around the Earth. If the sun is directly overhead or anywhere near directly overhead, it goes through sort of. Let's call that one thickness of atmosphere, okay? Top to bottom. As the sun gets lower and lower in the sky, the path of light through the atmosphere is longer, okay? Because now you got. There's that angle through it. And the lower the sun gets on the sky, the more and more atmosphere it has to pass through. And in fact, we. You can calculate how many equivalent atmospheres it went through. Okay? And you just need a little bit of trigonometry. It's a simple calculation. And if it's low on the horizon, it goes through 5 6, 10 equivalent atmospheres.

[Chuck Nice]

Gotcha.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

When it's low on the horizon. So whatever the atmosphere is doing to the sun when it's high up overhead, it's doing it 10 times that and more when it goes lower on the horizon. Okay? Okay. So let's see what the atmosphere is doing when the sun is overhead. In comes white light, okay? And white light is composed of colors, as Isaac Newton demonstrated. All the colors of the rainbow, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, if you must, violet, violet. Okay? So in it comes particles in Earth's atmosphere that happen to be the same size as the wavelength of light of the blue side of the spectrum. The blue, indigo, purple, violet side of the spectrum. Those particles preferentially scatter the blue out of the sunlight. Preferentially scatters it. So it subtracts away a little bit. Just a little bit. All right? The rest of the light makes it all the way to Earth's surface, but some of the blue gets scattered. And that's why we have a blue sky.

[Chuck Nice]

Nice.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The blue sky is stolen sunlight that would have otherwise passed straight through.

[Chuck Nice]

Look at that. Right? Because the sky is really clear.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Right? Okay, so now watch.

[Chuck Nice]

How beautiful is that?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Now let's have the sun get a little lower in the sky. Well, there'll be more of this going on. Okay? More of the sky. That's why on cloudless days, into sunset, the sun gets deeper and deeper and deeper. Blue, the bluest sky. That's why sky blue is light blue.

[Chuck Nice]

Right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right, you want to talk about Sirius? Right? Home to Mama. Blue is the blue sky that surrounds the twilight curtain of a sunset. Now you're talking blue, right? Okay. So so much blue is taken out that we now, Roy G. Biv. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue. You took out blue, indigo, violet, what's left? Red, orange, yellow, green. Okay? If you add those colors together, you're going to get an amber sun. And depending on how many particles there are, you'll get a red sun or you'll get a simple yellow sun on the horizon. And so you now look and say, oh, we have a yellow star. Look, it's yellow. No, the atmosphere made it yellow, okay? It's lying to you. And if you. So here's what you do. Broad daylight, if there's thin cirrus clouds, okay? So it's safer to look up to the sun. Look up to the sun in the middle of the day. Is it yellow?

[Chuck Nice]

No.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

No, it is white.

[Chuck Nice]

This is very disturbing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's white.

[Chuck Nice]

This is very, very disturbing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Because the clouds themselves don't change the color of the sun. It just dims it. So you look at a slightly dimmer sun behind the thin clouds as they pass. It's not yellow. It's not yellow. Not only that, consider the following. All right, now, this takes a little extra thinking. Put your thinking cap on.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And in another explainer, we address this. But now there's a different reason for it. If I have a sheet of paper and it's white, that means light reflected from it is an even mixture. An equal mixture of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet. All those colors together in optics makes white. Don't tell this to an artist.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It doesn't work on the ease.

[Chuck Nice]

No, it's just the opposite in art. Just the opposite.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You don't get black, but you'll get, like, sludge.

[Chuck Nice]

You'll get sludge. Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right, so. So the fact that the page is white means all of those colors of light are hitting that page. Correct. So that when they reflect up, you see white. Okay. So a white light illuminating a white piece of paper shows up to you as a white piece of paper.

[Chuck Nice]

There you go.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Now white reflects all colors. Let me put a red gel in front of the light. Now look at the paper. What color is it?

[Chuck Nice]

It's red.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's red.

[Chuck Nice]

Kind of pinkish, but.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, that's right. So it reflects all colors, but now it's only getting red. It's going to reflect the red. It reflects all colors. The page is red.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Your eye. Let's put a blue gel. What happens to the page? The page is blue.

[Chuck Nice]

Same thing. Yeah.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so if the sun were yellow, then snow would be yellow.

[Chuck Nice]

Which, by the way, sometimes snow is yellow and it's not from the sun. And whatever you do, whatever you do, stay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Don't eat the yellow snow.

[Chuck Nice]

Stay away from that snow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The fact that snow looks white.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Is evidence that it's being illuminated by white light. Wow. That white light is either sunlight or a moonlight. That's right.

[Chuck Nice]

Which is also a reflection of sunlight.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's just reflected sunlight. There you go.

[Chuck Nice]

This is so disturbing. So disturbing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So I'm just trying to be honest. I'm just trying to put it out there and just. And by the way, let me take. You want to go up a notch? Are you ready to go up a notch on this?

[Chuck Nice]

I don't know if I'm ready to go up a notch.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

I don't think you're ready. Okay. So white is the sun.

[Chuck Nice]

Hate where this is going already.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Relative to incandescent bulbs.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Your Kids will have no memory of incandescent bulbs. But old timers, if you're over 25, you're an old timer, you remember bulbs that would get hot when you put them in.

[Chuck Nice]

It was a bulb with a little piece of wire in it. Okay, that wire used to light up.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That sounds like a Ken Burns special. The other guy on the porch, Right.

[Chuck Nice]

I remember the days when it had a bulb with a little piece of wire in it. Now, that wire would light up and get hot.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

We pulled a switch.

[Chuck Nice]

We pulled the switch and it gave off light. Now, first, it looked like magic.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, we gotta put you on the list of the next Ken Burns special. Origin of the light bulb. So. All right, so where was. And I forgot what.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay, he's saying incandescent bulbs.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, Incandescent bulbs. Incandescent bulbs. When you turn them on, the temperature of the filament is not as high as the temperature of the surface of the sun. And so the higher the temperature, the more full that spectrum becomes. So if you looked at the spectrum of a bulb in your house, an incandescent bulb, it's very weak in the blue section. There's some blue there, which is why blue still looks blue under that light. But the blue is very weak under an incandescent light bulb. Okay? So if you bring out film that needs the full complement of blue, and you take a picture under incandescent lights, everything is going to be red. That film, if it needed the blue, is called daylight film. This is why there was a difference. Again, I'm only talking to old timers here. There was indoor film and outdoor film, tungsten film and outdoor film. And the outdoor film was color balanced to get the entire spectrum of the sunlight. If you took indoor film and put it outside, that indoor film is too sensitive to blue because it's making up for the feeble blue coming out of a bulb. And it goes out, and it's getting all the blue it ever wanted. If you have indoor film, took a picture outside, everything looks blue because it was hypersensitive to blue, and the sun has plenty of it. Okay? So to a photographer, sunlight is blue. It's highly blue. And they have to correct for that. If they're going from indoors to outdoors, they have to redo the color balance on a white sheet of paper to account for the difference between indoor lighting and outdoor lighting. Now, here's where they all got it wrong. But they're not going to change it because they're deep into it. You ready? Now we have the blending of science and Technology with art. You ready? Here it is. If an artist draws an arctic scene, what color is prevalent? White. And what color?

[Chuck Nice]

Blue. Blue, Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

If an artist draws Dante's hell, what color is prevalent?

[Chuck Nice]

Red and orange.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Red and orange. Okay, so emotional. We think of blue as cold and red as hot. Photographers will tell you we need to reduce the temperature of the light, which means make it colder emotionally. But the only way to do that is to get more blue in it, which means upping the temperature of the tungsten that they have shining on you. Or to put more blue into it. And in the old days that meant a hotter light bulb. So they said we need a cooler scene, they had to have a hotter bulb. We need a warmer scene. They had to have a colder bulb to do that.

[Chuck Nice]

Wow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And that language is still embedded in that entire profession.

[Chuck Nice]

Yep, that is true.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The opposites. And they meet in the middle and they deal with it. Opposites of art and technology and science and the physics of light.

[Chuck Nice]

Support for StarTalk comes from the Sierra Club. From space. Earth is a small blue dot spinning and alive because of the intricate systems that sustain it. America's public lands, such as national parks, are an essential part of those systems that keep our planet healthy. Star that's why for over 130 years, the Sierra Club has fought to protect these vital ecosystems. But right now, public lands are facing monumental threats heightened by corporate greed, weakened protections and deep budget and staff cuts to government agencies. The Sierra Club is fighting back hard to protect public lands through science based advocacy, legal action and grassroots organizing. Because the future of our planet is worth fighting for. Join the fight today. This is the moment to show up together. Right now, all gifts are matched, increasing your impact to help these natural systems endure. Donate@sierra club.org startalk and do it today.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Save over $200 when you book weekly.

[K18 Hair Mask Advertiser]

Stays with Vrbo this winter.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

If you haven't seen your college besties since, well, college, you need a week to catch up in a snowy cabin. Take a week long vacation and save over $200.

[K18 Hair Mask Advertiser]

Book [e-mail] what if you could cover your gray hairs without damage with K18 molecular repair hair mask. You can have strong soft bouncy hair and keep your root touch ups because it doesn't just cover up damage, it's a deep damage. Fix patented K18 peptide repairs on the molecular level. So no matter what you do to your hair, K18 will be there to fix the damage. Shop at Sephora or get 10% off your first purchase with code [e-mail]. That's code [e-mail].

[Chuck Nice]

I'm Alikon Hemraj, and I support StarTalk on Patreon. This is StarTalk with Neil DeGrasse Tyson.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So I got one for you. How about acoustic effects in climactic phenomenon?

[Chuck Nice]

Really?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah. Yeah, I just thought. Just thought about that.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay. It sounds like something that if somebody said to me at a cocktail party, I'd be like, I gotta get a drink. I'll be right back.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

But they will come back because it's intriguing enough, but they got to pray first.

[Chuck Nice]

They got to get prepped.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Chemically prepped for it.

[Chuck Nice]

Exactly.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right, so let's start out with thunder and lightning, for example. So lightning, in its path between the ground and the clouds or between a cloud and a cloud, never goes in a straight line because it's finding the path of least resistance. The entire time unknown to you, this is what it's doing. And then when you see the lightning strike, it is already a predetermined path between one point and another. All right? Now, it turns out the sound of lightning is simply the shock wave of rapidly heated air by the bolt of electricity moving through the air, which is extremely hot.

[Chuck Nice]

Right?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. It's thousands of degrees. But what matters is that the air is some other temperature, and then it is instantaneously made extremely hot. This creates an expanding shockwave that we hear as thunder. Okay. Now, because the path of the lightning is not straight, there are kinks in the root. So each segment of that kinky lightning has its own generated shockwave. Okay, Right. So now you have multiple kinks generating their shockwaves, and you can have constructive and destructive interference of competing shockwaves.

[Chuck Nice]

That makes so much sense, which is. Oh, go ahead.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, this is good.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. So our researchers have found the lightning 50,000 degrees degrees Fahrenheit. Okay, that's hot. Okay. All right, so now watch. So with these different segments, that's why a single lightning bolt. And by the way, the lightning bolt is not all the same distance from you. Okay. The parts that are a little closer that are on the ground, if it's cloud to cloud, the part directly above you is closer than farther away. So the sound will hit you at different times, but it's ungenerated event. Right. So that's why the lightning can go snap, crackle, pop. Okay. That's why it's not just one acoustic experience. It is a highly. I love your thunder. Okay. You like my thunder?

[Chuck Nice]

We have to isolate.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

No.

[Chuck Nice]

What Just happened.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

If I see that on a meme, I will cold kick your.

[Chuck Nice]

My God. I. Absolutely.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So I'm going kick that ass. That is so going to be a meme. So here's the lightning. And it's because of the acoustical configuration of the lightning bolt itself.

[Chuck Nice]

That is wonderful. I'm serious. That is so great. Because one of my favorite things in the world is to hear lightning, to hear thunder, but not the rumbling thunder. The thunder that sounds as if it is tearing the sky.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, because. Okay, I'm getting there. That's my next point. Okay, so I'm just simply accounting for, oh, by the way, constructive and destructive interference, if you're not familiar with that. So sound travels in waves. So it crests and troughs. And this is a pressure wave through the air. It hits your eardrum, your eardrum vibrates. We interpret that as sound. Sound. So does your body too, by the way. There are certain frequencies of sound that are longer. Sorry. There's certain wavelengths of sound that are longer than what will fit in your eardrum. So your eardrum will have a hard time communicating it to your brain. But the length of the wavelength is about the size of your chest cavity. That's the low frequency, long wavelength. And so there are some sounds that you. You feel more than you hear. That's the rhythm section of the beat. What do they call the beat? The beatboppers or what do they call the beatboxers?

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, yeah, yeah. But if I heard lightning starting to do that, it was like, whoa, there is a God. A God. God is a dj. So here's what happens. The lightning sound is a huge cacophony of frequencies of sound energy. Okay, High frequency, low frequency. But here's the problem. High frequency doesn't travel very far. It's easily disrupted. It can easily lose its energy relative to the energy that it started with. And if you high frequency sound loses its energy, it becomes lower frequency sounds. So the farther away you are from a lightning strike, the lower is the total cacophony of frequencies that reach you. Aha. So lightning on the horizon is okay. If you have a pet dog, they'll. They hear that and they notice that, and they might start trembling, and you don't even know why, because that frequency is below what you can hear. The dogs hear it all right? As the storm gets closer and closer, the higher frequencies become more and more part of what you hear. And if you hear a lightning strike where that sounds like it's ripping the fabric of the space time continuum, it Meant it hits your house. All right, so that's what's going on there. Sound moves through air at about 700 miles an hour, plus or minus. Depends on the density of the air. But I like easy math. So let's just declare that the sound is moving at 600 miles an hour. Okay. 600 miles an hour is the speed of sound in air. How far does sound go in a minute?

[Chuck Nice]

600 divided by 60.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That's how far?

[Chuck Nice]

I don't know.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You just set up the verbal math problem. Did not compute it? No, that's not allowed. I don't know.

[Chuck Nice]

120 miles.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So if it's 600 miles an hour and you divide by 60 minutes, then sound will move 10 miles an hour. 10 miles in a minute.

[Chuck Nice]

In a minute.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay, so if sound moves 10 miles in a minute, how many seconds does it take the sound to move one mile?

[Chuck Nice]

10 seconds or six?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Six seconds. Right.

[Chuck Nice]

Six seconds.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So it moves a mile every six seconds so that after a minute, it moves 10 miles, and after an hour, it moves 600 miles. Right. So. So basically, if you want to know how far away the rain is from you, time. Get the time difference between when you see a lightning strike and when you hear it.

[Chuck Nice]

So you see the flash, and then you count 1,101 down.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Mississippi, 2003. So if it's five seconds, let's say that's almost six seconds. So the storm's about a mile away. A mile away? Yeah, about a mile away. And the real number is 700 miles an hour. So it's, you know, you make a small adjustment, but you get the basic idea, okay? Sound moves a mile every six seconds. And so just for your habits, and if you hear the thunder and it never gets closer than that, the rain is not headed towards you. Don't worry about it. Go home. Go back to sleep.

[Chuck Nice]

Nice.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

If that time delay keeps getting shorter and shorter and shorter, watch out. Watch out. Yep. Yeah. Hid you. You're about to lose your house. Yeah.

[Chuck Nice]

Dorothy, you're not in Kansas anym. There you go.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Nice. So, a couple of other acoustic things. So, for example, a snowflake is highly variegated. It's got six sides, it's got a lot of texture. And if you have snow that's descending and it's just softly landing on blankets on a surface. Okay. Now you have sound. Generally, when you hear someone from a distance, you are relying on the fact that the sound is bouncing off, off the pavement, off the walls. We don't think often about this, but reflected sound Is a big part of how we interact with our world around us. All right. If you have snow everywhere, the surface of the snow is not rigid. It's not highly reflective. In fact, it's highly absorbent. So particularly for city people, know this. If all of a sudden the city gets quiet and you don't hear anything, look out the window, chances are it's snowing nice. Because the sound of the cars and all the normal sounds that reach you by reflecting off of steel and glass and concrete and cement is no longer reflecting. It's all muffled.

[Chuck Nice]

Yeah.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And so the song, the Christmas song, Silent night, Holy night, whatever other reasons you want to think of it as a silent night, if it has just snowed, guaranteed to be more silent than it otherwise would have ever been.

[Chuck Nice]

Snow is nature soundproofing.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Nature soundproofing. Now, when you're walking on snow, okay.

[Chuck Nice]

As opposed to walking on sunshine, okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So it's just snowed and you're walking on it. Okay. And that will normally be a silent exercise. Okay. Because you're just pressing down snowflakes because they landed softly and now you're just sort of compressing them. Fine. If it's colder, I forgot the temperatures. If it's colder than like 25 degrees, low 20s. If it's definitely. If it's in the teens or lower. If you then step on the snow, okay? The snow says, I will not yield under your boot print. I'm going to hold my shape because it is cold enough that we are all solid and rigid. And what happens? The snow crunches. Yeah. Then you crunch on snow. So if you're filming a movie or if you're observing a scene and you hear people crunching on the snow, guarantee the temperatures in the low 20s are in the teens.

[Chuck Nice]

Or there's a guy in a booth with some cornflakes and he's just matching the sound to the people walking.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The sound studios have all those. The sound effects, Right. So that's why snow crunches at cold temperatures and does not crunch at warmer temperatures. By the way, at the warmer temperatures, your pressure is enough to melt the snow to bring it immediately below the freezing point. That's a whole other startalk explainers that we've done. What ice will do under pressure. Under pressure. Yeah. So these are some interesting sort of sound things to look out for when this happens. Now, it has been rumored that Aurora. That you can hear Aurora, and I'm not convinced of that. Really? Yeah, yeah. Because it happens, you know, it happens 50,000ft up, you know, 10 miles away. And farther up in the atmosphere, where the atmosphere is really thin. Right. It is electrical, so it could be that it's creating other electrical phenomenon in your environment. But to say that you heard sound that comes from that high, I'm not convinced of that. I don't believe. But people say it, so it's worth the I've essay.

[Chuck Nice]

It sings.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah, yeah, yeah. It's worth investigating.

[Chuck Nice]

I think so.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yeah. Yeah. And so let me think. Any other sounds you heard in weather that you wonder about?

[Chuck Nice]

I mean, you know, aside from the fact that my uncle used to like to make his own sounds and then blame it on me while we were walking in the cold. Other than that.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And here's another one. You know the sound of hail hitting? Right. These are basically. These are like marbles falling out of the sky.

[Chuck Nice]

I know what that sound is. That is the sound of a call to the insurance adjustment.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yes. So people say, you know, when do you get hail most? You get it in the summertime. That's weird. Ice falling out of the sky in the summertime. Well, it's a reminder that the sun is not heating the air. The air is transparent to sunlight. That's why you can see the sun from Earth's surface through the air. And so this happened in Los Angeles. Los Angeles and Beijing and Mexico City. Right. So those are inversion layers that. So they're climactically susceptible to trapping smog. Both those three areas, you notice, they're all in basins. All Santiago, Chile as well. So here's what happens. The sun heats the ground, the ground heats the air. All right. But if you go high above the ground, it gets very, very cold very, very quickly, no matter the time of year. All right? But in the summertime, you have the most ground heating, and so you have the most unstable air columns. So the biggest, thickest, juiciest cumulonimbus clouds, which we all learned about in elementary school, the big puffy ones, you find those in the summer turf and you look at them and you think the cloud is just sitting there. But if you look for long enough, you will see that it is roiling. And in the roiling, there is very highly unstable air rising within it. The more unstable the air is in the upwardly rising columns, the harder it is for whatever is hanging out in there to fall out of the cloud.

[Chuck Nice]

Wow.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Because it's kept buoyant by these upwardly moving air columns. Right. So you first nucleate a little droplet of ice. It wants to fall. I say, no, you're not. And it Comes back out and it nuclear nucleates with more moisture. Because what is a cloud? It's a big pocket of moisture droplets. Droplets, Water drops would gather more moisture and ah, no, you're not. And it keeps doing this. It keeps doing this until the frozen ball says, you ain't holding me this time. And that's why all of hail is about the same size, because it had to get to that size to overcome the highly unstable air columns that were supporting it. And so the more turbulent is the air, the louder they will be when they hit the ground. And then there it is. And we always reference the size of hail to some other object, which I find interesting. No one says it was softball sized hail. It was baseball sized hail. I've never seen anybody talk about hail sized golf balls. Right. Maybe it's obvious why, but I don't know. But anyhow, so, Chuck, that's a little bit of the sound of weather.

[Chuck Nice]

I love it. So, so very cool.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Oh, and one other thing, one last thing. You ever been driving a car and it's raining and it's raining, you know, the whole time you're driving and then you come under an overpass and it's silent?

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. Just silent. That's an interesting phenomenon because what your brain had done was create the sound of rain as the normal. So that when you go under the underpass, it's the absence of rain that you take notice of.

[Chuck Nice]

See? And that happens in my everyday life where the normal sound is a house.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Full of annoying children running around. And when you step out the house, you say, what was that? That's nice. When you step out into silence, you wonder, you look around.

[Chuck Nice]

So silent out here. What's relevant? What happened? And oh my God, did we move to the country?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So there's a word I've seen and it hasn't caught on, but I think it should. It's the sound of the absence of rain under an overpass. Okay. And it's called a down pause. Oh.

[Chuck Nice]

Instead of a downpour, a down pause.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Down pause. Oh, that's lovely. I will leave you with that.

[Lowe's Advertiser]

The Lowe's closeout event means the final savings of the season are here. It's your last chance to get deals on Saturday. Seasonal decor, tools, flooring, and so much more. Refresh your home. Check off your project list or simply stock up on the brands you trust. Shop now to grab amazing deals before they're gone. Lowes we help you Save. Valid through 17. Selection varies by location while supplies last.

[K18 Hair Mask Advertiser]

What if you could cover your gray hairs without damage. With K18 molecular repair hair mask, you can have strong skin, soft, bouncy hair, and keep your root touch ups because it doesn't just cover up damage, it's a deep damage fix patented K18 peptide repairs on the molecular level. So no matter what you do to your hair, K18 will be there to fix the damage. Shop at Sephora or get 10% off your first purchase with code [e-mail] that's code [e-mail].

[Strawberry Me Coaching Advertiser]

You know that feeling, that nagging sense that something in your life isn't working? Maybe it's your job. It doesn't excite you anymore. Maybe it's your routine. Every day feels the same. Maybe it's your goals. They always seem out of reach. Instead of making a change, you tell yourself, I'll figure it out later. Stop waiting. Start making progress with Strawberry Me coaching. Strawberry Me isn't therapy. And it's not just advice. It's a success strategy for your future that helps you set clear goals, build a real roadmap, and follow through. Because let's be honest, knowing what to do and doing it are two different things. Strawberry Me matches you with a certified coach who helps you tackle career changes and big life decisions. If you're stuck, this is how you move forward. Go to Strawberry Me coaching and get 50% off your first coaching session. That's Strawberry Me coaching.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Friction.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, my goodness. Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Friction. Friction. Now friction. Usually when people talk about friction, it's bad. All right? You could bring out the WD40. It's squeaking. It's friction and friction burn. Friction burn. Right, right, right. But let me tell you, without friction, life as we know it would not be possible. Hmm. Friction is your friend.

[Chuck Nice]

See, I have lots of missing skin on my knees with that to differ.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So friction. I mean, just think about it. If you just sort of put your elbow on the table, right? And you just rest it there.

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And then you want to listen to me. If there was no friction, you would just slide off the table. There'd be nothing keeping your elbow there.

[Chuck Nice]

That's why I stopped wearing silk shirts.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And let's say you wanted to drive your car. You need the friction between your tires and the road so that you will move forward. If there were zero friction between your car and the road, the wheels would just spin and nothing would happen.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You would go nowhere. You wouldn't be able to start the car, to move the car, slow down the car, stop the car, or even steer the car. All of that Requires friction.

[Chuck Nice]

To walk.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

To walk, you put a foot down. There is friction there. You press back, and your next foot moves forward in advance of it. That required friction. This is why on slippery ice, where there is no friction, you can't walk, you can't run, and you say, this is bad. Put me back on regular ground. What you're really pleading for is give me some friction. Right. You don't say that, because friction has a bad name. And what do you do when it's cold out and you're not wearing gloves? What do you do? Hands get hot.

[Chuck Nice]

I just realized it's cold in my house.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Okay. So you do that. Okay. Friction is your friend. Oh, that's nice. So we'll do a whole other thing on friction. Becoming heat. That's a whole other explainer that needs its own time for that. Oh, but friction can help get you warm. All right. So the only thing that really does not use friction is rockets. All other transportation requires friction. Oh, Bicycles, trains.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Planes, in order to take off. Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, my goodness.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That's right. All of this requires friction to take the planes needed to take off. So with a rocket, however, by the way, it's why rockets work in space, where there's no air, there's nothing rubbing against anything else. It sends material out the back, and it recoils forward.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So all rockets that are accelerating are losing mass in order to do it in a recoil. Whereas you don't have to lose mass to do it. You just have to press against the. The Earth.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Well, Newton told us, for every action is an equal and opposite reaction. So if you are standstill and you start moving forward, actually, something has to start moving backwards. And it's communicated that way through friction. So what happens? You move forward with a certain momentum. What are you pushing against the ground? The ground. The ground has to move backwards. And it does. So the entire Earth is responding to the fact that you moved in one direction. Okay.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, man. Could we all get together, every human being, just in one group, and start running in one direction?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Will we speed up the Earth? Yes. Or slow it down, depending on which direction. And it has to be due east or due west. Correct?

[Chuck Nice]

Due eastward.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Yes.

[Chuck Nice]

What?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So if everyone lined up okay and started running due east. Okay. So that will sort of spin which way we turn it? We're turning this way. So you have to run and run due west. And if everybody does that with their scurrying feet, you will speed up the rotation of the Earth.

[Chuck Nice]

What?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That is the response of the Earth to you propelling yourself forward by way of friction connecting you to the Earth itself. It's true with cars. It's true with everything. Now, I once did a calculation, and I said, let's get our most powerful rocket engines, bench mount them at the equator, where you have sort of maximum torque on the Earth. And can we use that to either speed up or slow down the Earth? Then I did the math on that, and it's hopeless.

[Chuck Nice]

Okay?

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

It's like a gnat flying full speed into the side of an elephant and believing the elephant even took notice. Okay, so.

[Chuck Nice]

Very confident gnat.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Very confident.

[Chuck Nice]

It's a very confident gnat.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

In fact, it's less than that. So. But.

[Chuck Nice]

But take that, dumbo.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

What I'm saying is the momentum that we all gave each other by putting ourselves into motion, you can write down that number. Momentum is your mass times your velocity that you gave yourself. Okay? Earth's rotation increase or decrease will have changed by exactly that same amount of momentum, so that they both cancel because you started out both not moving relative to each other. So if one thing starts moving, the other thing has to recoil the other way so that they balance out. That's Physics 101. So if you go forward, Earth goes backwards by the exact same total momentum. But Earth has so much mass relative to all the mass of the humans that your momentum, which is mass times velocity, that's the only quantity that has to be the same. All right? So all we humans run forward and add up all our mass and get all our velocities, add it all up, and we got this hunkering Earth with this really large mass, and it gets a teeny little bitty velocity to balance us out, so you don't notice it, but you can calculate what that effect is. And it is real.

[Chuck Nice]

It is real.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Wow. Excellent. And the friction, it's all friction. So I just want you to think of friction as a good thing. It's more good than bad. One thing friction does is it slows down things that were put into motion. And Aristotle not really understanding friction. Aristotle got most of his physics wrong, by the way. He's not a champ. He's no hero in physics and astrophysics.

[Chuck Nice]

Thank God he had philosophy philosophers like.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Him, and he did important things. But there's stuff he could have really checked and he didn't. And so it's before experimental philosophy kicked in, as opposed to thinking philosophy. And so the experimental philosophers. Bacon had a whole book just on experiments that he said he conducted. But there's like a thousand experiments in it, and that's all he'd be doing every day for the rest of his life. So I don't think he did them all. But it's a book. We collected them. And so Galileo, do the experiment. If you have an idea, okay?

[Chuck Nice]

Because otherwise, and no disrespect, Aristotle, you're just bullshitting.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You're just thinking stuff up that you think should be true because it makes sense to you. We can all do that in the armchair. So he said, things in motion to tend to come to rest. Okay, so that's true, right? All right. But Galileo said, wait a minute. If I wax the track, you know, I have a thing. I roll it down the hill and it stops like here. Now I make it smoother, it stops a little farther away. Make it even smoother, it starts even farther away. And he said, wait a minute. What would happen if there was no friction on this track? Where will it stop? And he concluded that things in motion will tend to stay in. He fed Newton's Things in motion tend to stay in motion. It's the opposite of Aristotle, unless acted on by an outside force.

[Chuck Nice]

Ah, look at that.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And so Galileo was the bridge between Aristotle and Newton. And doing the experiments by waxing the track, making it ever more smooth, reducing the friction coming. That enabled him to establish a fundamental truth about nature going beyond just what your life experience is.

[Chuck Nice]

So look at that Galileo, the Mr. Miyagi of physics, who knew.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Wax off, wax off, wax off. So I just want you to appreciate.

[Chuck Nice]

Friction, you know, I will not. I. No. I still can't get my head around liking friction. But it is necessary.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Without friction, everything would just be floating, would be gliding, sliding around, sliding around. You sit on a couch, the couch would just slide back. By the way, you could push very heavy things. If there's a freight train, I don't care what it weighed. If it's on frictionless tracks, let's say it's a Magleb frictionless track and you have a little handle. Just take it and start pulling. So you can put a force on it. And yes, it's way more mass than you are. So the velocity will be small, but it'll have some velocity. So you can just start pushing it. And this is why those strong men in competitions, okay, where they pull with. In the old days, they pull the train with their teeth, okay? It's because trains are on steel rolling wheels on steel tracks, which has very low friction, okay? If you took it off the tracks and let it sit there in the mud, and then haven't tried to Tug the train. That ain't happening.

[Chuck Nice]

That's, that's kind of funny though.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You could pull things that have wheels on them because wheels have very low friction in the transmission of the movement of that object to the ground. Because you're not dragging it on the ground.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

But the wheel itself still needs a little bit of friction in order to not spin, spin out. That's all.

[Chuck Nice]

That's so cool. Oh, you know, I have to say, I will never think of friction in the same way.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

One last thing, One last thing. When astronauts reenter the atmosphere and they have that, you know, the burning phase, you know?

[Chuck Nice]

Yes.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

The flames and the thing. All right. We say, oh my gosh, will they survive? This is bad. How could. No, you need that. The astronauts coming out of orbit are going 17,000 miles an hour and they didn't bring fuel to break. Oh, okay. Because all they would have to do. All they would have to do. We don't do this. But what they could do is bring enough fuel while you're in orbit at 17,000 miles an hour, because that's orbital speed, turn their ship around and fire it backwards.

[Chuck Nice]

Right.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

That will slow you down. And you keep doing that until you like have zero velocity and then you just drop out of the sky. If you drop out of the sky, you're not going to be burning up because what's burning up is the kinetic energy of having gone 17,000 miles an hour in the first place. I saw a movie, I think it was one of these Mars movies, one of the earlier ones that came and went, where there's something happening on a platform and the guy falls off the platform, but it's a stable platform up there above the ground. And as he falls, we see him just burn up. It's like, no, no. The act of falling through the atmosphere alone is not what burns you up. It's the fact that you are going from 17,000 miles an hour to zero. And where does all that kinetic energy go? There is friction between you and the air molecules passing across your surface. There's also shock waves that communicate. As you're going faster than the speed of sound, shockwaves take all this energy that you have and converted into heat. And then the heat dissipates and then you fall down out of the sky alive because you have special heat shields that protect you. Uh huh.

[Chuck Nice]

There you go.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

And before we perfected the tiles that we used on the shuttle, you know what the heat shield was? Astronauts, they weren't really shields. A shield is something that protects you. We call Them shields. But that's not what they were. You know what they were? They're like onion layers of burnable material.

[Chuck Nice]

Oh, so they just burned off.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Exactly.

[Chuck Nice]

But you had to go through enough of them to get to the crispy center.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Where the astronauts are.

[Chuck Nice]

Where the astronauts are.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

So it turns out coming out of orbit, you need more of these layers than when you come back from the moon. So coming back from the moon, you just make that layer thicker and then it ablates and it heats, it burns off and goes out. That takes the heat away and each as these layers go. So it's a very blunt, effective heat shield, but it's really a shield that dissolves away in the heat. All of that, the friction, the shock waves. And that allows you to not have to take fuel in order to slow down using fuel. Because you're basically aerobraking. Sweet. That's what reentry is. It's a form of aerobraking.

[Chuck Nice]

That is fascinating.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Friction is your friend. That's what I'm trying to tell you, Chuck.

[Chuck Nice]

Every astronaut loves friction. Otherwise they can't come home.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

You can't come home. Or you need fuel to slow down. That's all I'm saying. You want to exploit what you got, and so you should say, great, they're burning up their heat shields. That's a good thing.

[Chuck Nice]

Sweet. All right. I'm liking it, Chuck.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Friction's your friend.

[Chuck Nice]

All right, I got a new friend.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

Today.

[Chuck Nice]

That makes one.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right, Mix one. One, One French Chuck and his one friend.

[Chuck Nice]

I got my one friend phrases.

[Neil deGrasse Tyson]

All right, Neil Degrasse Tyson here, your personal astrophysicist. Keep looking up.

[TikTok Business Advertiser]

The holidays mean more travel, more shopping, more time online, and more personal info in more places that could expose you more to identity theft. But Lifelock monitors millions of data points per second. If your identity is stolen, our US based restoration specialists will fix it, guaranteed your money back. Don't face drained accounts, fraudulent loans or financial losses alone. Get more holiday fun and less holiday worry with Lifelok. Save up to 40% your first year. Visit lifelock.com Specialoffer terms apply.

[K18 Hair Mask Advertiser]

What if you could cover your gray hairs without damage with K18 molecular repair hair mask? You can have strong, soft, soft, bouncy hair. And keep your root touch ups because it doesn't just cover up damage, it's a deep damage fix patented K18 peptide repairs on the molecular level. So no matter what you do to your hair, K18 will be there to fix the damage. Shop at Sephora or get 10% off your first purchase with code [e-mail]. That's code [e-mail].