Episode Summary: Jón Arason, Last Catholic Bishop of Iceland

Podcast: Stuff You Missed in History Class
Host: Tracy V. Wilson and Holly Fry
Release Date: January 27, 2025

Introduction

In this compelling episode of Stuff You Missed in History Class, hosts Tracy V. Wilson and Holly Fry delve into the life and legacy of Jón Arason, the last Catholic bishop of Iceland. They explore the intricate interplay between religion, politics, and personal ambition that defined Jón's tumultuous tenure during the Protestant Reformation.

Early Life and Rise to Power

Tracy V. Wilson introduces Jón Arason's early life, highlighting the ambiguity surrounding his birth year—1484 or possibly 1474. "Most sources say that Jon Arason was born in northern Iceland in 1484, but some sources argue that it was really a decade earlier than that, in 1474" (06:20).

Jón was ordained around 1507 and entered a common-law marriage with Helga Sigurdartr, fathering nine children. His family's socioeconomic status fluctuated between poverty and reasonable means, reflecting the limited historical records.

Following the death of Bishop Gottskal Nikolason in 1520, Jón's rise within the church hierarchy was rapid. Trusted by Gottskal, Jón was entrusted with significant missions to Norway, including procuring timber and gold for ecclesiastical purposes.

Conflict with Ulmener Paulsen

With Gottskal's passing, Jón was poised to succeed him as Bishop of Holar. However, this succession was contested by Ulmener Paulsen, leading to a power struggle within the church. Tracy recounts, "Ulmender seems to really, really, really hate Jon" (09:19), illustrating the intense personal and political conflicts that ensued.

Despite opposition, Jón secured his position with the support of the northern clergy and the changing political landscape in Norway. By August 1524, he was formally consecrated as Bishop of Holar by the new Archbishop Olaf Inglbertson, overcoming Ulmener's attempts to undermine his authority.

Introduction of the Printing Press and Accumulation of Wealth

Jón Arason's influence extended beyond ecclesiastical duties. He introduced the printing press to Iceland around 1535, facilitating the spread of literature and religious texts. "He also wrote poetry, most of it religious or devotional... he was the greatest poet of his generation" (17:37).

His wealth was unparalleled, controlling over a hundred farms and amassing estates that accounted for approximately 18% of Iceland's real estate. This vast accumulation of wealth drew both admiration and criticism, positioning Jón as a dominant socio-economic figure in Iceland.

The Protestant Reformation and Religious Turmoil

The mid-16th century was a period of significant religious upheaval in Europe, marked by the Protestant Reformation spearheaded by Martin Luther. Christian III of Denmark, who ascended to the throne in 1533, was a fervent Lutheran and sought to propagate Lutheranism across his realms, including Iceland.

Jón Arason and Ulmener Paulsen, despite prior conflicts, found common cause in resisting the imposition of Lutheranism. Tracy explains, "Bishops Jon and Omender recognized that the king's religious efforts were a threat" (20:00), highlighting their unified stance against the religious reforms.

Struggle for Religious Supremacy and Final Conflict

The tension between Catholicism and Lutheranism culminated in several confrontations:

• 1539: Governor Klaus van der Marwitzen's representative, Diedrich van Minden, led attacks on Catholic monasteries, leading to excommunications and heightened conflicts.

• 1541: A new governor, Christopher Huitvelt, arrived with the mandate to enforce Lutheranism and levy new taxes. Jón negotiated to maintain religious liberties in exchange for compliance.

Despite these negotiations, secret Lutheran sympathizers within the Catholic hierarchy, including Gisser Einarsson, undermined Jón's authority. This internal betrayal weakened the Catholic resistance, paving the way for Jón's eventual downfall.

Jón Arason's Execution and Legacy

In 1550, Jón Arason and his sons were captured under dubious circumstances. Despite efforts to delay and defend their positions, they were swiftly executed without a formal trial. Tracy narrates the brutal end: "Ari was beheaded first, with his head severed in one blow... Jon gave his last words after the third, saying in Latin, 'Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit'" (42:39).

Jón's death marked the end of Catholic leadership in Iceland, leading to the island's complete conversion to Lutheranism. His execution turned him into a martyr and a national hero, symbolizing Iceland's resistance against external religious and political domination.

Modern Perspectives and Historical Impact

Today, Jón Arason is remembered as a pivotal figure in Icelandic history. His legacy is complex, intertwining religious conviction, political strategy, and personal ambition. As Tracy notes, "The irony in Jon Arason's status as a national hero... he was fighting against something that's now part of the national fabric of Iceland today" (47:00).

Jón's influence extended beyond his lifetime, with debates surrounding his motivations and the extent of his role in shaping Iceland's socio-political landscape. Modern Iceland cherishes him as a symbol of national identity and resistance, despite the Protestant Reformation's long-term acceptance.

Notable Quotes

• Tracy V. Wilson (06:20): "Most sources say that Jon Arason was born in northern Iceland in 1484, but some sources argue that it was really a decade earlier than that, in 1474."

• Tracy V. Wilson (09:19): "Ulmender seems to really, really, really hate Jon."

• Tracy V. Wilson (17:37): "He was the greatest poet of his generation."

• Tracy V. Wilson (20:00): "Bishops Jon and Omender recognized that the king's religious efforts were a threat."

• Tracy V. Wilson (42:39): "Jon gave his last words after the third, saying in Latin, 'Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit.'"

• Tracy V. Wilson (47:00): "The irony in Jon Arason's status as a national hero... he was fighting against something that's now part of the national fabric of Iceland today."

Conclusion

Jón Arason's story is a testament to the intricate dynamics of power, faith, and identity. Through meticulous research and engaging storytelling, Stuff You Missed in History Class sheds light on a pivotal moment in Icelandic history, offering listeners a nuanced understanding of Jón's role in shaping the nation's religious and political landscape.

For those intrigued by the intersection of history and personal narratives, this episode provides a thorough exploration of Jón Arason's life, his unwavering commitment to Catholicism, and his enduring legacy as a symbol of Icelandic resilience.

Listen to the episode on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or your preferred podcast platform.