Six Impossible Episodes: Listener Requests III

Summary

Podcast Summary: Stuff You Missed in History Class
Episode: Six Impossible Episodes: Listener Requests III
Release Date: December 2, 2024

In this engaging episode of "Stuff You Missed in History Class," hosts Tracy V. Wilson and Holly Fry delve into six remarkable yet underrepresented historical figures, brought to life through listener requests. These "Impossible Episodes" highlight individuals whose stories are either too complex, visually driven, or previously lacked sufficient information for a full episode. Here’s a detailed exploration of each featured personality:

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1. Nellie Cashman

[04:09 – 11:19]

Early Life and Migration:
Nellie Cashman was born Ellen Cashman around 1844-45 in Ireland to a Catholic family during the Great Famine. Faced with the devastating consequences of potato blight and British governmental inaction, Cashman's family emigrated to Boston by 1850, later relocating to San Francisco.

Career and Adventures:
By 1872, Cashman became a prominent figure in the American West, engaging in "grub staking"—providing loans and supplies to miners with hopes of striking it rich. She ventured into remote mining areas across Nevada, British Columbia, Arizona, New Mexico, and Alaska, often being one of the few women present.

Charitable Endeavors and Legacy:
A devout Catholic, Cashman funded churches and hospitals, notably raising funds for Tombstone’s first Catholic church and a hospital in Alaska. Her heroic efforts during the winter of 1874-75, where she delivered essential supplies to starving miners, earned her the moniker "Angel of the Cathayer Mountains."
Tracy V. Wilson notes at [07:40]:
"She undertook a mission to take fresh vegetables and potatoes to those stranded miners, ensuring their survival."

Cashman's pioneering spirit also led her to become the first woman known to vote in Alaska in 1912, a year before women were legally granted this right. Her legacy is commemorated through a postage stamp and a monument in Middleton, Ireland.

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2. Ella of Salisbury

[11:19 – 15:21]

Noble Lineage and Early Life:
Born around 1187 to William, the 2nd Earl of Salisbury, and Eleanor de Vitray, Ella became the ward of King Richard I after her father’s death in 1196. Circumstances surrounding her guardianship remain vague, with theories suggesting either protective concealment or ill-intent due to her inheritance.

Marriage and Power:
Ella married William Longsby, an illegitimate son of King Henry II, around the early 13th century. This alliance elevated her status, making her the Countess of Salisbury in her own right after William’s death in 1226, allegedly due to arsenic poisoning.
Holly Fry remarks at [13:55]:
"After her husband's death, Ella was Countess of Salisbury in her own right."

Religious Contributions and Later Life:
Influential in religious circles, Ella founded monasteries, including Hinton Charterhouse and an Augustinian canonesses house at Lacock, Wiltshire. In 1237, she embraced a life of devotion, becoming the first abbess of Laycock Abbey where she served for two decades until her death in 1261.

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3. Charles "Teenie" Harris

[20:05 – 23:55]

Photography and Community Impact:
Born in Pittsburgh in 1908, Charles Harris, known as "Teenie," was a self-taught photographer whose work became a critical record of Pittsburgh’s African American community from the 1930s to the 1970s. Starting at the black-owned magazine Flash and later with the Pittsburgh Courier, Teenie captured everyday life and prominent figures alike.

Archival Struggles:
Teenie's extensive archive, comprising over 70,000 images, faced jeopardy when photo dealer Dennis Morgan improperly acquired his work in 1986 under dubious contractual terms. Despite legal battles, it wasn’t until after Teenie’s death in 1998 that his family successfully reclaimed the archive, which was subsequently preserved by the Carnegie Museum of Art.

Legacy and Recognition:
Today, Teenie Harris’s photographs are accessible online, showcasing vibrant depictions of Pittsburgh’s neighborhoods and notable personalities like Ray Charles and Louis Armstrong. His contributions are further honored with a historical marker and inclusion in the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture.

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4. Jane Gauguin

[23:55 – 28:34]

Entrepreneurial Spirit and Artistic Innovation:
Jane Gauguin, born Jane Allison in 1804 in Scotland, was a pioneering knitter and writer who significantly influenced the craft of knitting and crochet. After marrying John James Gauguin, she expanded his haberdashery business, introducing lace and braid manufacturing.

Contributions to Craftsmanship:
In the mid-1830s, Jane began creating custom knitting patterns, eventually publishing comprehensive books such as Lady's Assistant and Knitter's Friend. She developed a system of notations that predated modern pattern languages, enabling precise and intricate designs. Her works gained royal acclaim, with high-profile subscribers like Dowager Queen Adelaide.

Challenges and Legacy:
Despite her success in literature, Jane's focus on pattern books strained her husband's business, leading to multiple bankruptcies and eventual separation. Jane passed away in 1860, but her innovative contributions to knitting remain celebrated, with her pattern books available online and her impact acknowledged in historical craft studies.

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5. Edward A. Carter Jr.

[32:43 – 41:03]

Early Life and Military Endeavors:
Born on May 26, 1916, in Los Angeles, Edward A. Carter Jr. was immersed in missionary life, moving to India and China during his youth. Fascinated by military life, he joined the Chinese National Revolutionary Army at 15 before eventually enlisting in the U.S. Army after serving with the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in the Spanish Civil War.

World War II Heroism:
During WWII, Carter served in a segregated unit and sought combat roles despite racial barriers. In a pivotal battle crossing the Rhine River, Carter displayed extraordinary bravery by taking out enemy soldiers alone after being severely wounded, capturing intelligence that was crucial for his unit’s advancement.
Savannah Guthrie highlights at [35:39]:
"He killed six of them, captured two more, and used the two he had captured as a shield to get back to his unit."

Post-War Struggles and Recognition:
Despite his heroism, racial discrimination led to Carter being unfairly scrutinized and denied further military advancement. It wasn't until the 1990s that his service was reassessed, resulting in a posthumous Medal of Honor awarded by President Bill Clinton. Carter's remains were honored with burial at Arlington National Cemetery, and his legacy was formally exonerated in 1999.

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6. Alice Augusta Ball

[41:03 – 50:45]

Academic Prowess and Scientific Breakthrough:
Alice Augusta Ball, born on July 24, 1892, in Seattle, was a trailblazing African American chemist. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical chemistry in 1912 and a pharmacy degree in 1914 from the University of Washington. At the University of Hawaii, she became the first woman and first black person to earn a master’s degree in chemistry.

Medical Innovation:
Ball developed the "Ball Method," an effective treatment for Hansen's disease (leprosy), which transformed the management of the disease by making the active components of chalmugra oil water-soluble and injectable. This advancement significantly reduced bacterial counts and lesion development in patients.

Tragic End and Posthumous Recognition:
Alice Ball died on December 31, 1916, under circumstances that remain debated—officially from tuberculosis, though some suggest a laboratory accident. Initially uncredited, her contributions were overshadowed by her male counterparts. It wasn’t until the 1970s that her work gained recognition, leading to honors such as a campus plaque and the University of Hawaii’s Medal of Distinction.

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Listener Engagement and Additional Insights

The episode also features an insightful email from listener Jenna, discussing the use of framing devices in literature, specifically relating to Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto. This interaction underscores the podcast's commitment to engaging with its audience and exploring diverse historical topics.

Tracy V. Wilson responds:
"The frame stories I could think of from literary fiction of that era were mostly from things that were later than the Castle of Otranto."

---

Conclusion

In "Six Impossible Episodes: Listener Requests III," Tracy and Holly bring to light the extraordinary lives of Nellie Cashman, Ella of Salisbury, Charles "Teenie" Harris, Jane Gauguin, Edward A. Carter Jr., and Alice Augusta Ball. Through meticulous research and engaging storytelling, they ensure these pivotal yet overlooked figures receive the recognition they deserve, enriching listeners' understanding of history's multifaceted narratives.

---

Notable Quotes:

• Tracy V. Wilson on Nellie Cashman:
  "As she moved from place to place, she'd follow the gold or silver strike, stay there until it started to be played out, and then move on to the next thing."
  Timestamp: [07:01]

• Holly Fry on Ella of Salisbury:
  "After her husband's death, Ella was Countess of Salisbury in her own right."
  Timestamp: [13:55]

• Savannah Guthrie on Edward A. Carter Jr.:
  "He killed six of them, captured two more, and used the two he had captured as a shield to get back to his unit."
  Timestamp: [35:39]

• Tracy V. Wilson on Alice Ball:
  "I also really like this interest in the rise of the novel in the English speaking world, in part because when I was in college I was required to take either a class called the Art of the Novel or Masterpieces in Drama."
  Timestamp: [50:23]

This comprehensive summary encapsulates the essence of the episode, providing a vivid portrayal of each historical figure and the hosts' insightful discussions, making it accessible and informative for listeners and history enthusiasts alike.

Transcript

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[Tracy V. Wilson]

Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson.

[Savannah Guthrie]

And I'm Holly Fry.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

It's time for six Impossible Episodes. This is when I round up six topics that for one reason or another, they don't really work as a full episode. Sometimes it's just a lack of information. We will not know a ton about a particular person or thing. For two of today's topics, we do have quite a bit of information, but a lot of that is visual. This is an audio podcast. We would be describing visual things at length and I don't think that would work out very well for what we do. This is actually our third installment of six Impossible Episodes that has been devoted entirely to listener requests, and I've been hanging on to a lot of these requests for months or years.

[Savannah Guthrie]

So first up, from listener Tina, we have Nellie Cashman. Nellie Cashman was born to a Catholic family in Ireland in 1844 or 1845. Her parents were Patrick and Fanny O Kisane. Their family name was Anglicized at some point later on and she was christened with the name Ellen. It might be possible to do a whole episode about her because there is a lot of information available about her life, but some of what's around is really contradictory or possibly apocryphal. Her life also followed a pattern as she moved from place to place, so parts of it would start to really feel a bit repetitive.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Nelly was born right at the start of the Great Famine in Ireland. We have a two part episode on this that came out in 2013, but essentially a lot of people in Ireland were tenant farmers and they were subsisting mostly on potatoes, as in getting about 80% of their daily calories from their potato crops. Anything else they grew or raised was to sell, not to eat. Starting in 1845, a blight killed the potato crop and that went on multiple years in a Row, leaving these farmers and their families without their biggest food source. The British government was also in control of Ireland and took a very laissez faire approach to the situation and also continued to export those other foods which might have been used to help people make up for the loss of their potato crop. This was a catastrophe. More than a million people died of hunger or disease because of it.

[Savannah Guthrie]

The famine also led to a huge wave of emigration out of Ireland, including Nelly's family. She, her mother and her sister Fannie were in Boston by about 1850. From there they went to San Francisco, where Fannie later married another Irish immigrant named Tom Cunningham. After Fanny's death in 1884, Nelly took over the care of Fanny's five children.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

As far as we know, Nelly herself never got married. Much later on, the Phoenix Daily Herald carried a report that she was going to marry a man named Mike Sullivan. But there's no record anywhere else of this person or of a marriage between them. A couple of sources used in this episode quote her as saying that she did not have time for marriage. And that quote, men a nuisance anyhow, now, aren't they? They're just little boys grown up. As quotable a quote as that is, neither of the sources that included it cited where this might have come from. And my attempts to find it in newspapers of the day were unsuccessful.

[Savannah Guthrie]

By 1872, Nelly was making her living by following discoveries of silver and gold, opening boarding houses and restaurants and provisioning and providing loans to people who hoped to strike it rich. Also known as grub staking, Nelly also staked mining claims of her own in some of the places where she lived, going out into remote areas in sturdy boots and trousers. It's much easier to find newspaper quotes of her describing the uselessness of skirts while doing this kind of work. But surviving portraits of her generally show her in the long skirts that were common for women of the day.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Yeah, this is where she had the similar pattern. As she moved from place to place, she'd follow the gold or silver strike, stay there until it started to be played out, and then move on to the next thing. Gold and silver rushes took her so many places. There was Poach, Nevada, Cassier, in northern British Columbia, Canada, Tombstone, Arizona, Kingston, New Mexico, various parts of Alaska and Canada during the Klondike Gold Rush. She was a successful businesswoman and sometimes also a successful prospector and miner. And sometimes she was one of the only women in the area where she was living.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Her business and mining successes funded an array of religious and charitable efforts. In the various places where she lived. Nelly was a devout Catholic, and among other things, she raised funds for Tombstone's first Catholic church and a Catholic church and hospital in Alaska. And sometimes she went to extreme efforts to help other people. Like over the winter of 1874-1875, she heard that miners who had decided to stay in the Cassier Mountains rather than coming back to town were starving and that they had started to develop scurvy. She undertook a mission to take fresh vegetables and potatoes, which contain vitamin C, to those stranded miners.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Some of the descriptions of this make it sound like she was the one making the financial and logistical arrangements, but others say she undertook the mission herself when troops from the Canadian army refused. In this version, when the snow was too deep to traverse with sled dogs, she and a group of men she'd recruited put on snowshoes and pulled the sleds themselves. At one point during this journey, she was buried in an avalanche in the night. After weeks of travel, she successfully made it to the miners, who reportedly all survived thanks to her efforts. And then afterwards, she was known as the angel of the Cathayer Mountains.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Cashman's charitable efforts also took her to places that other people simply would not go. For example, in 1883, six men carried out a robbery in Bisbee, Arizona, during which they killed five people. Afterward, one of the robbers was lynched and the others were scheduled for a mass hanging. Cashman seems to have been one of a very few people who thought they deserved to be treated humanely, even after having committed a heinous crime. She visited them in jail and acted as their confessor and their spiritual counselor. When she learned that local businessmen were building a grandstand for the public to watch the hanging, she was appalled. She hired some men to tear down the grandstand in the middle of the night before the hanging took place.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

On August 13, 1912, Cashman became the first woman known to vote in Alaska. That was a year before non indigenous women were legally given the right to do so there. We don't really know whether she knew that her vote was actually illegal at the time.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Nellie Cashman spent much of the last years of her life in the northern parts of Alaska and western Canada. In addition to mining, she had a team of sled dogs, and at one point she set a record as a musher. She died in Victoria, British Columbia, on January 4, 1925, at the age of about 80 at a hospital that she had helped to fund. In 1994, she was featured on a US postage stamp in a series called Legends of the West. In 2014, a monument was erected in her honor in Middleton, Ireland.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Moving on from Nellie Cashman, next we have Ella of Salisbury, requested by Josiah. The exact year of her birth is unclear, but her parents were William, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, and his wife, Eleanor de Vitray. William died in 1196, and most sources say that Ella was around nine years old when this happened. Ella was her father's only heir, and after his death, she was considered a ward of King Richard I. But then she disappeared.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Like a lot of things about Ella's life, the circumstances around this are vague, but it seems that she was taken to Normandy and hidden there, possibly with her mother and possibly sheltered by her mother's family. The two main possibilities for what was going on here are that someone was imprisoning her to try to get at her wealth, or that someone was hiding her to protect her from that same thing.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

A knight named William Talbot disguised himself as a pilgrim to go to Normandy and retrieve Ella. He spent about two years looking for her, finally found her and took her back to the king. After this, Talbot became one of the Salisbury family retainers.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Eventually, Ella was married to William Longsby, illegitimate son of King Henry II and half brother to Kings Richard I and his successor, John Lackland. William became the third Earl of Salisbury through this marriage, which was probably arranged while Ella was still a child, but not performed until she had come of age. Ella and William had at least six children together. Some sources say four sons and two daughters, others say four and four. We know very little about her marriage or her family life, but we do know that she and her husband laid some of the foundation stones for the Salisbury Cathedral when Construction began in 1220.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Her husband, William, was part of various military campaigns on behalf of the king, and at one point he was believed to have been lost at sea. Another man came and tried to marry Ella, but she refused him. William then did die at Salisbury Castle on March 7, 1226, and he was buried in the cathedral. It is possible that he had been poisoned by one of his enemies. His tomb was reportedly opened in the late 18th century, and the body of a rat was found inside his skull that showed evidence of arsenic poisoning.

[Savannah Guthrie]

I love that imagery as much as I hate anybody to be poisoned with arsenic. After her husband's death, Ella was Countess of Salisbury in her own right. She never remarried, which some sources attribute to her devotion to her late husband. Others suggest that she wanted her oldest son to become the Earl of Salisbury, and she knew that if she remarried, that title would pass. Instead to her husband. After being widowed, she had to surrender Salisbury Castle, but otherwise she retained all of her wealth and served as Sheriff of Wiltshire.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Yeah, a lot of sources describe her as really like one of the most powerful women in England in the 13th century. In 1230, she founded two monasteries in one day. One was for the Carthusian order. It was known as Hinton Charterhouse. Her husband had actually founded a charterhouse for this religious community in Gloucestershire, but the monks had come to Ella saying that this wasn't sufficient to their needs, and then she resettled them on land that she controlled.

[Savannah Guthrie]

The other was a house of Augustinian canonesses at Lacock, Wiltshire. Eventually, Ella decided to pursue a life of religious devotion and she gave up her title and joined this community herself. In 1237, when this became Laycock Abbey, she became its first abbess, serving in that role for 20 years and continuing to live there after retiring.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

She died on August 24, 1261, and was buried at the abbey she helped to establish. After the dissolution of the monasteries, this church was demolished and her tomb was moved to the abbey's cloisters. As I said earlier, she was really an unusually powerful woman for the time when she lived. And I do wish we knew more about her. Like, I want a fuller sense of who she was as a person than we have from these sketchy outlines. We're going to take a quick sponsor break and come back with two more.

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[Tracy V. Wilson]

Now we will move on to two people who we have lots of information about. But so much of that information is mostly visual. The first is Charles Harris, known as Teeny, which was requested by Virginia. Teenie Harris was a photographer whose work forms a tremendously important record of Pittsburgh's black community from the 1930s to the 1970s. I think we may have read a listener mail about him at some point, maybe even the mail that came from Virginia, because I have a vague memory of really gushing over how beautiful his photographs were, because they are truly stunning.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Charles Harris was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1908. He went to school until about the eighth grade and eventually developed an interest in photography. He was mostly self taught and he became really good at it. His first professional job as a photographer was at a black owned magazine called Flash. After that, he became a photographer for the Pittsburgh Courier, which was one of the United States major black newspapers. He also had his own studio, Harris Studio, in Pittsburgh's Hill District, where he did portraits and other photography. In spite of the fact that he had very little formal training in photography, he earned the nickname One Shot for how efficient he was at it.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

His enormous collection of negatives, prints and other material is now part of the collection at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh. And when we say enormous, this is at least 70,000 images. And there's a whole additional story behind this collection. In 1986, Harris signed an agreement with a photo dealer named Dennis Morgan, who paid him $3,000 and promised that he would also pay him royalties on his work. And then Morgan took almost all of Harris's archive. Shortly before his death, Harris filed suit to try to get this archive back. He kept saying he just wanted his negatives, but this case had not concluded by the time Harris died, which was on June 12, 1998 at the age of 80.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Eventually, a jury ruled that Morgan had breached his contract with Harris and ordered him to pay $4.3 million in actual and punitive damages. The Harris family ultimately dropped their monetary claim so they could instead get Harris archive, which is what he had always wanted.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

The Carnegie Museum purchased this collection in 2001 and started the decades long process of conserving and preserving it. A lot of this material had just been stored in a basement without any sleeves around the negatives. So those negatives had to be very carefully separated from one another before they could be digitized.

[Savannah Guthrie]

The very thought of that just made my entire back like tense up. Today those 70,000 images are available for browsing at the Carnegie Museum of Art website. The Charles Teenie Harris Archive Gallery also opened at the museum on November 2nd of this year. There are photos of life in predominantly black neighborhoods around Pittsburgh and famous people of the day, including Ray Charles, Louis Armstrong and Harry Belafonte. And there are self portraits of Harris showing him as a very dapper and stylish man.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Today, one of Teenie Harris cameras is in the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. A historical marker was also placed outside of the home where he used to live. That was in September of this year, just a couple of months ago, and some of his descendants were there at the ceremony.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Our other largely visual topic is Scottish knitter and writer Jane Gauguin, requested by Anne she was born Jane Allison on March 26, 1804 and was the fifth of 12 children born to James Allison and Elizabeth MacLaren. James was a tailor and clothier and was a Burgess of Edinburgh and contractor in ordinary to King William IV in Scotland.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

On November 16, 1823, Jane married a merchant named John James Gauguin. They went on to have nine children together, although three of those died in infancy. They lived in Edinburgh and they eventually moved into lodgings that were above John James warehouse.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Jane helped expand her husband's business into a thriving haberdashery firm which brought in laces and other goods from France. They made a couple of moves over the years as they were able to afford bigger, better locations and John James also became a braid manufacturer. Eventually they expanded into selling stationery and Jane started creating patterns in the mid-1830s.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

When this was happening, hand knitting and crocheting were becoming popular hobbies for middle and upper class women as well as for royalty. The Gauguin's shop in Edinburgh became a really central location for this flourishing craft. Jane started making custom patterns to order, printing her first three patterns in 1836. Soon she was expanding this into whole books, starting with the Lady's assistant for executing useful and fancy designs in knitting, netting and crochet work. In 1840 she was hugely influential with these patterns. Among other things, she devised a system of notations with abbreviations and figures that was one of the precursors to what's used in these kinds of patterns today.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Jane Gauguin's books were very successful. She had lots of advanced subscribers, including Dowager Queen Adelaide, wife of King William Ivan. Her miniature Knitting, knitting and Crochet book, which came out in 1843, sold 23,000 copies in just three years. There were also additional volumes of the Lady's assistant and other books included the Knitter's Friend being a selection of receipts for the most useful and saleable articles, Mrs. Gauguin's crochet doily book and Mrs. Gauguin's knit polka book. In her introduction to the Knitter's Friend, Gauguin wrote about how gratified she was that her books had been the means of affording a genteel and easy source of livelihood to many industrious females, both in the humble and middle ranks of life. You can find scans of a lot of these books online today.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Yeah, if we tried to read the huge amount of information she left behind, we would mostly be reading off knitting and crochet patterns. I also want to point out that she spelled the word doily in her book title, D apostrophe O Y L E Y, which led me to go look up the etymology of doily because I was like, there has to be a story for why this is that was named after a person. So I'm not sure how she got to the D apostrophe o, but I do love it. Ultimately, Jane's work making these pattern books seems to have overshadowed her husband's businesses and they started to struggle. He was listed as bankrupt at two different points in 1843 and 1852. They eventually separated, and in 1849 they signed an agreement specifying that she would keep all the proceeds from the books and their copyrights. Apparently, he cut her out of his will.

[Savannah Guthrie]

I have thoughts and feelings. Jane Gauguin died on May 20, 1860, reportedly of tuberculosis. Her entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes her as living in a tenement with her two daughters. Now, the term tenement doesn't have quite the same connotations of poverty in Scotland as it does in the US that same entry lists her wealth at the time of her death as 822 pounds, 13 shillings, five and a half pence. The National Archives historical currency converter puts that as being worth a little more than 48,000 pounds in 2017.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Yeah, that was the year that the Converter listed 2017 specifically. We'll have our last two stories after another quick sponsor break.

[Hoda Kotb]

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[Savannah Guthrie]

Hi everyone, it's Savannah Guthrie and Hoda Kotb from the Today Show.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

We love this time of year. There's so much to celebrate.

[Savannah Guthrie]

That's right, nobody does the holidays quite like today all season long. Join us for special performances with the brightest stars, plus festive recipes to whip up the perfect holiday feast and great deals on the hottest toys and gifts.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

For everyone on your list.

[Savannah Guthrie]

So join us every morning on NBC to make today your home for the holidays.

[Holly Fry]

Congratulations to CBS Sports and Sony Electronics for their first place wins for innovation in industry at this year's unconventional awards by T Mobile for Business. In a collaboration that was clearly built on breaking new ground, CBS and Sony created a first of its kind broadcast for the PGA Championship. Using a custom built T Mobile Private 5G network to power the live production, they deployed a 5G wireless camera system throughout the event. The network's speed combined with Sony's innovative ultra low latency video codec allowed for seamless, high quality footage without disruption. With that innovative approach, CBS gave broadcasters the tools they need to do what they do best. Take their coverage to entirely new places. These innovations will shape the way live sports are covered moving forward and for that, T Mobile congratulates Sony and CBS for their unconventional thinking.

[Savannah Guthrie]

If you use paper you're a human, but if you choose paper, you're a papertarian. Someone who lives a paper based lifestyle because it has a positive impact on the planet and also because it's the easiest choice you'll make all day. Seriously it's as easy as reaching for boxed instead of bottled water. It's as easy as opting for beauty products that come in paper packaging. It's as easy as grabbing eggs in a cardbo container. And that's all in one trip to the grocery store. Which, if everyone's being honest, you were planning to go to anyway. But paper isn't just an easy choice. Papertarians know that. It's the smart choice too, because paper comes from trees, a renewable and sustainably managed resource, and paper products are designed to be recycled. In fact, when you choose products that come in paper based packaging, those fibers can go on to be recycled up to seven times. So why wouldn't you go paper tarryin? Learn more at howlife unfolds.com papertarian.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Next up is Edward A. Carter Jr. Requested by Lisa, who heard about him from her father. Edward Carter Jr. Was born on May 26, 1916 in Los Angeles. His parents were missionaries and when he was a child they moved to India to start a church and then after that they went to China. From his early years he was fascinated with soldiers, and while they were living in China he was sent to a military school, which seems to have really suited his temperament.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Various descriptions of Carter's early life are sketchy and a little contradictory on the details, but it seems like he had a rocky relationship with his parents. When he was about 15, he ran away to join the Chinese National Revolutionary army, which was fighting against Imperial Japan. His father eventually tracked him down and he was expelled from the army when his commanding officers realized how young he was.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

The descriptions of what was going on in his family life that I read among different sources were wildly different from one another, which is why I have not tried to get in the detail on that. Carter did not give up on military service, though he tried to join the US army at the age of 18 and was rejected. He briefly served in the Merchant Marine and then he joined the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, which was one of the American volunteer units that fought against Francisco Franco's forces during the Spanish Civil War. As Franco's forces closed in on victory in that war, Carter had to escape to France.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Back in the United States, he met Mildred Hoover, and in 1940 they got married. In 1941, he successfully enlisted in the US army to serve in World War II. After his service in China and Spain, he was already an experienced soldier, unlike virtually all of the other new recruits, and he was promoted several times. But as we've talked about on the show before, During World War II, the U.S. army was racially segregated, and overwhelmingly all black units were assigned to things like manual labor. Carter was sent to Europe in 1944 with a unit that was going to be doing supply transport.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

He kept trying to get assigned to combat duty, though, and that became possible after the Allies faced enormous losses during the Battle of the Bulge. At that point, the army could no longer afford to keep black soldiers out of combat roles. The army got thousands of black volunteers to go into combat, but they were accepted only if they gave up whatever rank they had earned and went back to being privates. Carter did exactly that, but by this point he had proven himself to be immensely capable. Not long after joining the 1st Infantry Company, Provisional 7th Army Negro Company, he was quickly promoted back to sergeant and made a squad leader.

[Savannah Guthrie]

His unit became part of a big push into Germany. They needed to cross the Rhine river, but most of the bridges in the area had been destroyed. As they were approaching the one bridge they believed was still intact, they came under small arms and bazooka fire from a warehouse. Carter volunteered to take three men to try to get to the warehouse, which was in the middle of a large field.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

This involved their crossing about 150 yards of open space that had almost nowhere to take cover. They came under fire right away. One of the other men was killed instantly. Carter sent the other two men back to the road embankment where everyone else was sheltering. One of those two men was killed and the other badly injured. On the way back to that embankment, Carter himself was shot five times and took shrapnel wounds. As he tried to get to the warehouse, he stopped to take some wound tablets. These were antibiotic tablets that were distributed to soldiers to try to prevent infection. And as he took a drink from his canteen to wash them down, the Germans shot it out of his hand.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Carter wound up lying in the field playing dead for about two hours. When German soldiers came out of the warehouse to investigate. He killed six of them, captured two more, and used the two he had captured as a shield to get back to his unit. He spoke German and he interrogated them on the way back to the road embankment. When they got there, he refused any medical treatment until he had finished his interrogation and was able to pass on all of the information he had gathered, information that greatly assisted his unit in getting to the bridge they needed to cross. Eventually he was sent to the hospital, and when he was recovered enough to leave, he returned to service and trained other soldiers until the end of the war. He was recommended for the Distinguished Service Cross, which was at the time the highest honor the army was awarding to.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Black soldiers back in the United States after the war. Carter initially got a hero's welcome. But unbeknownst to him, army intelligence had started a file on him in 1942 due to suspicions that he might be a communist. Even though he was fighting against Japan while in China and was fighting against fascists in Spain, there were concerns that he might have been serving alongside communists. The fact that he could speak Hindi and Mandarin because of where he'd lived before that also raised eyebrows. His attendance at a star studded welcome home dinner for veterans was also held against him. Since a lot of those same Hollywood stars were suspected of being communists, all his commanding officers had to file reports on him and his family members and neighbors were also targeted with investigations.

[Savannah Guthrie]

As all this was going on. Carter re enlisted in 1946. But when that enlistment was up, his next attempt to reenlist was denied. With no explanation. He thought there might be racial discrimination at work. So he went to the NAACP and the aclu. The ACLU said he might be suspected as a communist and he started trying and failing to clear his name. Eventually, he asked the ACLU to return his Distinguished Service Cross to the Army. He died of lung cancer on January 30, 1963.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

In the 1990s, the US army started examining service records from World War II, including the records of black soldiers who had been awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and not the Medal of Honor, which is the United States Armed Forces highest military decoration. After this investigation, President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to Carter and to six other black men who had earned it during their service, but had only been given a lesser award. All but one of those recognitions was posthumous. The next day, Carter's remains were moved to Arlington National Cemetery.

[Savannah Guthrie]

It was clear that racial bias was involved in black men not being awarded the Medal of Honor during World War II. But that didn't explain Carter's other experiences with being kept out of the Army. Later on, his daughter in law, Aline, wife of his son Edward Carter iii, put in requests about his service under the Freedom of Information Act. That's when all that scrutiny came to light and the fact that Carter had been kept out of the army even though there was no evidence that he had any ties to Communism. Aline Carter also wrote a book about Carter and his service.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

After the family's advocacy, in 1999, Edward Carter Jr. Was formally exonerated of all suspicion. President Clinton and the US Army Vice Chief of Staff, John Keene, issued a formal apology to the family and to the nation. Carter was also posthumously awarded other medals that he had been eligible for during his service but had not received, including the Army Good Conduct Medal, the Army of Occupation Medal, and the American Campaign Medal.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Lastly, we have someone whose story is short, and that's because her life was tragically short. That's Alice Augusta Ball, requested by Angela and many other listeners. She was born in Seattle on July 24, 1892, one of four children born to James Presley and Laura Louise Howard Ball. James and Laura listed their race as black on census and marriage records, but Alice's birth certificate listed her race as white. Most accounts today describe her as a black woman.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

James was a newspaper editor and a lawyer and Alice's mother and grandfather were both photographers. Alice got an early interest in chemistry through developing photographs. She graduated from Seattle high school in 1910 and then went on to earn a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical chemistry in 1912 and then in pharmacy in 1914. Both of those were from the University of Washington. She was a very good student. She co wrote a paper called Benzoylations and Ether Solution with her professor William Den, which was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in October of 1914. They also co authored another paper called Colorimetric Studies of Pick Rate Solutions that would go on to be published in 1917.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Ball was offered various scholarships to pursue graduate study. She decided on the University of Hawaii, which at the time was known as the College of Hawaii. She and her family had briefly lived in Hawaii when she was younger with the hope that the warm weather would help her grandfather's arthritis.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

In 1915, Alice Ball became the first woman and the first black person to earn a master's degree in chemistry from the university. She also taught at the university, making her the first woman to be a chemistry instructor there.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Her master's thesis was on the chemical constituents of Piper methysticum, or Kava. Not long after she graduated, Dr. Harry T. Holman got a copy of that thesis. He was a doctor at the leprosarium on the island of Molokai. We talked about this leprosarium and the history of leprosy, also called Hansen's disease, in Hawaii on a recent Saturday Classic. Holman thought that this research might make Ball a good candidate to study the oil made from the seeds of the chalmugra tree and he asked her for help.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Chalmugra oil had been used as a treatment for Hansen's disease in China and India, but it was known for being incredibly unpleasant. It was extremely sticky when Used topically and was so foul tasting that people involuntarily threw it up when trying to take it orally. It also could cause additional skin lesions when injected. It's an addition to the lesions that were caused by the disease. This oil did seem to have some efficacy, at least in some people. But all of these side effects were such an ordeal that a lot of patients just refused to do it.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Ball discovered how to create an ester ethyl form of this oil, which made its active components water soluble and injectable. These injections were active against the bacteria that cause Hansen's disease, and this became the first effective treatment for it. Although patients weren't considered to be completely cured afterward, Many had negative bacterial cultures and stopped developing the lesions that are typical of the disease. This became the preferred method of treatment until the development of sulfa drugs in the 1930s and 40s. Alice Ball was only 23 years old when she did this work.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

But tragically, Alice ball died on December 31, 1916, at the age of only 24. Her death certificate listed her cause of death as tuberculosis. However, an article in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser said that she died of expansion exposure to chlorine gas after some kind of workplace accident involving a gas mask demonstration. The college denied that anything like this accident happened.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Regardless, after her death, Arthur L. Dean, who had been Ball's graduate advisor, continued her work that on its own, would have been reasonable. But when he published his findings, he didn't credit her or even mention her work. People started calling this method the dean method. In 1922, Harry T. Holman published a paper of his own in the Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology detailing how he had gone to Ball for help and naming the process the Ball Method. He noted that using this method, 78 patients had recovered and were able to be sent home from the leprosarium on Molokai. But this journal wasn't as widely read as Dean's publications. And Dean also eventually became president of the university. So it wasn't until the 1970s that people really started to become more aware of Ball's contributions.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

There's a chalmugatry on the campus of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. In 2000, a plaque was placed there in honor of Alice ball. And in 2007, the University of Hawaii Board of Regents also awarded her with its Medal of Distinction. She is somebody that I have also had on my list for an episode for a really long time and just did not have enough information. And every year or so I would circle back to see if any more information had become available, and when it became clear that that was probably not going to happen, she became part of the six Impossible episodes today.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Hooray.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

I have some listener mail that is from Jenna and this is a listener mail about a conversation that Holly and I had in our behind the scenes episode about Horace Walpole, and Jenna wrote, hi Tracy and Holly, I'm writing with a quick answer to the question you may not have seriously posed in the Horace Walpole behind the scenes episode about whether this was the first novel to be published without attribution and with a framing device to make it seem like a true story. I'm slowly finishing up a master's degree in English Literature, and the rise of the English novel is one of the areas that's really piqued my interest. I actually read the Castle of Otranto in one class on the subject. While Walpole's version of this framing device is one of the more elaborate I've seen, that kind of framing device was actually fairly common in fiction at the time. Robinson Crusoe, for example, begins with an unnamed editor saying he's put together the book from Crusoe's writings and swearing to their truth. As I understand this was done at least early on to convince readers to pick up the book and off offset the stigma associated with fiction at the time. This stigma existed for reasons ranging from viewing it as falsehood and therefore inherently sinful, to viewing it as cheap slash lowbrow entertainment for women and commoners. While I can't think of any novels off the top of my head that use this framing device while also leaving off the author, I'm sure there were some. I hope this doesn't come across as patronizing or luxury. I just get excited whenever I have an excuse to talk about literature, especially the rise of the novel in the English speaking world. There's so much stuff we take for granted about fiction, especially literary fiction, so it's interesting to think of a time when people thought they needed excuses to write it. Fun fact. While I don't have a PhD in Mystian history, I consider myself to have a master's degree since I listened to all of the episodes you two have worked on. I gave up after that, but I think it's still a pretty cool achievement that others might want to join in. Attached as pet taxed is my many round panther aria, and in her aspect as a land seal as well as a few more normal pics, she's we've just moved so she's been rolling around on her new carpet like there's no tomorrow as well as a bit more clingy than usual, which I find the opposite of a problem. Thanks as ever for all the work you do and making stuff I missed in history class accessible and engaging even if I forget most of it the second the episode is over. All the best Jenna. Thank you so much Jenna Holly. And I also forget most of it the second that the episode is over. Also, I did not find this email as luxury or patronizing at all. I hope distinct and informative. The frame stories I could think of from literary fiction of that era were mostly from things that were later than the Castle of Otranto. I did not immediately think of anything earlier when we were talking about that on the episode, so it is good to know. I also really like this interest in the rise of the novel in the English speaking world, in part because when I was in college I was required to take either a class called the Art of the Novel or Masterpieces in Drama. I don't know why I remember this. I wanted to take the Art of the Novel, but they were offered in alternate semesters and the one that was going to fit with my schedule was Masterpieces and Drama. So I might have known this already, but possibly not remembered it at all because college was more than 20 years ago at this point.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Yeah.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

For whatever reason though, I remember more about the class where we talked about Castle of Otranto than anything else from the entire time. I love these kitty cat pictures. Everybody who has a black cat. I love them. I love ours. We just got back from Iceland the day before yesterday, so mine also are being extra clingy.

[Savannah Guthrie]

I love it. I love clingy cat time. Yeah, I've gotten my face licked off. It's all good.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Thanks so much Jenna for this email. If you'd like to send us a note about this or any other podcast or history podcast that iheartradio.com and you can subscribe to our show on the iheartradio app and wherever else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff youf Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Here's to the season. From hanging ornaments in matching pajamas to building gingerbread houses with extra icing and staying up late to wrap gifts gifts and watch movies, these traditions make the holidays truly special. And through it all, the Chinette brand is there to share in the joy with the Chinat Crystal Collection, Holiday tables are perfectly coordinated, allowing for excellence with less cleanup so everyone can focus on what really matters. Here's to the traditions that bring everyone together year after year. Here's to us, all of us. Find a local [e-mail] the flavor, the.

[Hoda Kotb]

Tradition and the spirit of Carne Asada lives on at Del Taco. Join the asada today with Del Taco's new limited time half pound Chipotle Carne Asada Steak Burrito. Packed with sweet, spicy and smoky flavor. Wrapped up and grilled to perfection, the whole Carne Asada steak menu delivers the bold flavors you crave with epic burritos, loaded fries and street tacos. Starting at just 2.9 not only at.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Del Taco, we've all got a thing, an obsession. For some of us, it's vintage fashion.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Our cars, anything we can collect.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

They all live under one roof.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Ebay.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

It's where closets get filled with statement pieces and vintage finds, where must have.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Sneakers wait for you, and designer handbags.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Are the real deal on ebay.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Doors open to stacks of the rarest.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Trading cards and a garage stocked with all the car parts you need for any DIY job.

[Savannah Guthrie]

EBay's home to whatever thing you're into that keeps you up at night.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

Ebay Things People Love do you like podcasts, music and audiobooks? Because when you subscribe to Amazon Music Unlimited, you get all three in one app. Imagine listening to your favorite podcasts and music on the go to work, school, the gym, or better yet, vacation. Now imagine being on vacation with your favorite audiobook from Audible and then listening to a new one every month from a huge selection of popular titles. That sounds like a pretty good vacation, right? Audible is now included on Amazon Music Unlimited. Download the Amazon Music app now to start listening terms apply.

[Hoda Kotb]

Hey, it's me, Tyla Bose.

[Savannah Guthrie]

Open earbuds are stylish.

[Hoda Kotb]

The color, the way it looks, it looks almost like an earring, you know, So I feel like it could go with it anything.

[Tracy V. Wilson]

My style is very fun.

[Hoda Kotb]

I feel like I always look like I'm on holiday. I just really like playing around with it and tying it to the music.

[Savannah Guthrie]

So yeah, I really feel like the.

[Hoda Kotb]

Music I'm making right now feels like a holiday, so I want to look like it soon.

[Savannah Guthrie]

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