ADHD pt 1

Summary

Stuff You Should Know – ADHD Pt 1

Published by iHeartPodcasts

---

Introduction to ADHD

Josh Clark [01:01]:
"In today's episode and in Part two, we talk very frankly about ADHD and all that that means over the lifetime of a person who has it."
Josh introduces the episode, highlighting that it will delve into Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), its implications across a person's life, and why it's significant to understand this condition comprehensively.

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [01:33]:
"Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio."
Chuck officially welcomes listeners, setting the stage for an in-depth discussion on ADHD.

---

Historical Overview of ADHD

Josh Clark [02:29]:
"ADHD, which stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder... it's where people have a lot of trouble paying attention, sitting still, focusing, and a bunch of other stuff that we'll talk about."
Josh provides a foundational understanding of ADHD, emphasizing its core symptoms and the challenges it presents.

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [03:56]:
"You can probably go back all the way to the 18th century with a Scottish physician named Sir Alexander Crichton, who in his 1789 book talked about children who were unable to focus on one thing at a time."
Chuck traces the origins of ADHD, noting that descriptions resembling ADHD symptoms date back to the 18th century, debunking the myth that ADHD is merely a modern ailment caused by sugar or screen time.

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [05:05]:
"In the 30s, some more descriptors came along from the courtesy of some German physicians... talking about more of the hyperactivity side of things."
He continues the historical narrative, explaining how ADHD was further characterized in the early 20th century, highlighting the evolution of its understanding.

---

Medical and Psychiatric Recognition

Josh Clark [08:09]:
"ADD had a couple of subtypes depending on whether there was hyperactivity involved, but it wasn't a part of the actual definition at this point."
Josh discusses the transition from Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) to ADHD, illustrating how the classification has evolved over decades.

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [11:39]:
"They can detect some of these differences, like, you know, with brain scans, physical differences, as early as age 4."
Chuck emphasizes the biological underpinnings of ADHD, noting that differences in brain structure can be identified in early childhood, underscoring ADHD's neurodevelopmental nature.

---

Neurobiology of ADHD

Josh Clark [17:03]:
"If you have ADHD, it means that you have a deficit of two things that really make a big difference in your life: Dopamine and norepinephrine."
Josh explains the neurotransmitter imbalances associated with ADHD, specifically focusing on dopamine and norepinephrine, and their roles in motivation and emotional regulation.

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [19:46]:
"It's not because they don’t care or are lazy; they literally don't get that same reward or adults that same reward that someone who doesn't have that neurodiversity does."
Chuck clarifies common misconceptions about ADHD, highlighting that behavioral challenges stem from neurological differences rather than a lack of effort or desire.

---

Executive Functioning and ADHD

Josh Clark [22:43]:
"They're going to do the job of two people. They produce between 90 and 140% more work than their peers in the same department..."
Josh discusses the impact of ADHD on executive functions, detailing how impairments can affect working memory, self-control, planning, and time management, but also highlighting areas where individuals with ADHD can excel when engaged.

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [26:00]:
"Another big one is that they'll very frequently ADHD causes you to walk into a room and you have no idea what you went in there for."
Chuck provides relatable examples of everyday challenges faced by those with ADHD, such as forgetfulness and difficulties in task shifting, reinforcing the real-world implications of executive function deficits.

---

Emotional Regulation and Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD)

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [38:35]:
"That's why a lot of people who don't have ADHD recognize because they were thinking the same thing, but they know not to say it. This person says it. You know what I'm saying? That's the difference."
Chuck introduces Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD), a profound emotional response to perceived rejection, which significantly impacts interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being.

Josh Clark [40:53]:
"It's like a tidal wave or getting punched in the stomach. That's what it feels like... and they can't change it."
Josh elaborates on RSD, describing its intensity and the immediate emotional turmoil it can cause, making it a challenging aspect of ADHD to manage.

---

Strengths and Positive Traits Associated with ADHD

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [43:59]:
"Hyperfocus is one of them... they can tune out everything and sometimes to their own detriment, but it can also be a great thing."
Chuck discusses the concept of hyperfocus, where individuals with ADHD can intensely concentrate on tasks that interest them, leading to high productivity and unique problem-solving abilities.

Josh Clark [47:49]:
"Another one is, you know, earlier when we were talking about some of the impaired executive functions and being super just sort of black and white and rigid."
Josh highlights additional strengths, such as a strong moral compass and the ability to connect disparate ideas, which can lead to innovative thinking and creativity.

---

Conclusion and Looking Ahead

Josh Clark [51:02]:
"And then we’re going to talk some more about ADHD in part two."
Josh wraps up the episode, indicating that the discussion on ADHD is extensive and will continue in a subsequent episode, ensuring listeners know more insights are forthcoming.

Charles W. Chuck Bryant [51:20]:
"See you Thursday."
Chuck concludes the episode with a friendly sign-off, maintaining engagement and anticipation for the next installment.

---

Key Takeaways

• ADHD is a Long-Recognized Neurodevelopmental Disorder: Its roots trace back to the 18th century, with medical understanding evolving significantly over time.

• Biological Basis: ADHD involves neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine, affecting motivation and emotional regulation.

• Impact on Executive Functions: Challenges in working memory, self-control, planning, and task shifting are central to ADHD, affecting daily life and productivity.

• Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD): A critical emotional aspect where perceived rejection triggers intense emotional responses, influencing relationships and self-esteem.

• Strengths of ADHD: Traits like hyperfocus, strong moral compasses, and innovative thinking can be leveraged for personal and professional success.

---

Notable Quotes

• Josh Clark [01:01]:
  "In today's episode and in Part two, we talk very frankly about ADHD and all that that means over the lifetime of a person who has it."

• Charles W. Chuck Bryant [05:05]:
  "It's just not a modern condition because kids eat too much sugar and they have screens in their lives."

• Josh Clark [17:03]:
  "You have a deficit of two things that really make a big difference in your life. Dopamine and norepinephrine."

• Charles W. Chuck Bryant [19:46]:
  "It's not because they don’t care or are lazy; they literally don't get that same reward or adults that same reward that someone who doesn't have that neurodiversity does."

• Josh Clark [22:43]:
  "They produce between 90 and 140% more work than their peers in the same department."

• Charles W. Chuck Bryant [38:35]:
  "This person may have ADHD, it's a good chance."

• Josh Clark [40:53]:
  "It's like a tidal wave or getting punched in the stomach."

• Charles W. Chuck Bryant [43:59]:
  "Hyperfocus is one of them... they can tune out everything and sometimes to their own detriment, but it can also be a great thing."

---

This episode of Stuff You Should Know provides a comprehensive exploration of ADHD, debunking myths, elucidating its neurobiological basis, and highlighting both challenges and strengths associated with the condition. By understanding ADHD's complexities, listeners can foster greater empathy and support for those navigating its effects throughout their lives.

Transcript

[Home Depot Representative]

The holidays are here at the Home Depot So let's get to decorating. Find your perfect tree in our huge assortment of shapes, sizes and styles. Like the easy to assemble Jackson Noble fir with pre lit branches perfect for styling with all your favorite ornaments. Or the flocked starry light Frasier fur with over 1900 pre lit memory wire branches that keep their shape so it's ready right out of the box. Find the perfect tree now at the Home Depot and enjoy free delivery on most holiday decorations subject to availability. See homedepot.com delivery for details.

[Shipt Representative]

With Shipt same day delivery, you get more than just groceries delivered by hand from your favorite stores. You get to hunker down for holiday movie night, toast mimosas with friends, or check out the neighborhood light displays. So while a shopper with Shipt checks off your grocery list or makes that last minute trip to the store, you get the greatest gift of all.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

More.

[Shipt Representative]

You get more from the holidays. Download the Shipt app and start shopping today.

[Josh Clark]

Hey everybody. In today's episode and in Part two, we talk very frankly about ADHD and all that that means over the lifetime of a person who has it. So if you're a parent with a kiddo who has adhd, maybe considering listening by yourself first before you share it with them. Just a thought. Hope you enjoy these episodes.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Welcome to Stuff youf Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.

[Josh Clark]

Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant. And there's Jerry, Jerome Rowland. You put the three of us together and you got yourself a podcast called Stuff youf Should Know.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

That's right. And this is the sort of long simmering. We've had it on the back burner down to as low as it can simmer for many, many months. The ADHD what is now going to be a two part episode because we've had, I mean, that's not why we're splitting it up, but we have had a lot of requests for this over the years and it's, you know, it's big. There could certainly be more than two episodes. And as much as I wanted to try and split this up into AD&HD for fun, and it just kind of doesn't work that way. So we're just going to split it up into two parts.

[Josh Clark]

I think you're more thinking of AC dc.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Oh, okay.

[Josh Clark]

That's what I think it is.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, I gotcha.

[Josh Clark]

No, Chuck, instead, today we're talking about adhd, which stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Kind of wordy, but it really does get the point across because with adhd, I'm sure a lot of people are familiar with it, especially the people who requested it. I'm not exactly sure exactly what kind of disorder it is, whether it's a mental disorder, a personality disorder, an externalizing disorder. There's actually a lot of debate about it. But essentially it's where people have a lot of trouble paying attention, sitting still, focusing, and a bunch of other stuff that we'll talk about. And you put it all together and it can make life kind of hard to navigate. And at first we'll talk about it a lot more. But kids, it used to be like little boys fidgeting, essentially was what ADHD or ADD at the time was considered. But over time, it's really kind of expanded. We've realized way more girls have it than we thought before. And we've also come to realize that adults have it too. And that's a. I mean, it's. It's a really big, huge disorder. And a lot of people just kind of use it as shorthand, like, you know, oh, I forgot my keys, it's my ADHD or something like that. But the more you know about it, the more you realize it's a genuinely debilitating disorder that people have.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And sometimes you may lose your keys.

[Josh Clark]

It's true. That is a big part of it. I mean, they're not wrong about that one for sure.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

So, you know, when it comes to something like this, that is only in, I mean, honestly, in the last, like 25ish years really come more into focus as far as our understanding of it. When you look back through medical and psychiatric literature, you're going to see it pop up. They just didn't know what it was at the time. And in this case, you can probably go back all the way to the 18th century with a Scottish physician named Sir Alexander Crichton, who in his 1789 book talked about children who were unable to focus on one thing at a time. It's one of those clear cases, kind of like, oh, well, it was probably somebody with adhd. It is not just a modern condition because kids eat too much sugar and they have screens in their lives. Screens can. We'll talk about that. It can certainly make things worse, but it's not like, oh, because people are so busy and there's too many distractions these days. And back in the olden times when there were no distractions, people didn't suffer from something like this. It's just not true. When you hear about some of these old descriptions?

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, no, not at all. And our understanding of it has progressed, like, over the centuries. But it is interesting that it started in the 18th century because, I mean, Crichton nailed it on the head. Like, he's like, there's definitely something here. And I guess it just kind of stayed there for a little while until 1902, when a pediatrician from the UK named Sir George Frederick still, ironically. Yeah, I thought that, too. He described children who had a defect of moral control, which is essentially saying that these are kids who have trouble delaying gratification, not thinking about negative consequences when they carry out actions. And that's impulsivity. That's what we call it today, is impulsivity. And that's what still was essentially describing at the time.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. In the 30s, some more descriptors came along from the courtesy of some German physicians named Franz Kramer and Hans Polno, in this case, talking about more of the hyperactivity side of things. And then about five years after that, still in the 1930s, in 1937, a big, I guess, breakthrough came along when a doctor for the Rhode Island Facility for Children with Neurological Problems named Charles Bradley was doing an experiment where he was doing imaging tests on the brain and. And specifically in this case with kids, he was draining some brain or some fluid around the brain, rather, gave the kids headaches. He treated them with Benzedrine, which is an amphetamine. And what he found out was, wow, this doesn't seem to make any intuitive sense, but giving these children amphetamines is. Or at least for about half of them, made them less fidgety and more focused. And all of a sudden you were onto a pharmaceutical potential. Pharmaceutical treatment.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. I mean, what a way to accidentally stumble into that. Because even today, we're not exactly sure how stimulants, like, take care of ADHD symptoms. We just know they really, really work. Luckily, this doctor was like, quit complaining. Take some Benzedrine and shut up little kids.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

And back then, the kids obeyed.

[Josh Clark]

So there was a. So that was actually kind of a diversion. 1937, when. When Charles Bradley discovered this, that amphetamines treat ADHD, it didn't, like, take off like wildfire, because there was an interim period between then and, like, the 50s where psychiatrists and psychologists were like, all this stuff needs to just be talked out through psychoanalysis. That's how you treat, you know, mental disorders. And in the 50s, finally, people were like, no, let's. Let's start prescribing drugs. And one of the first companies was Siba Geige Pharmaceutical Company. Yeah, I mean, you're definitely going to go out of business if that's the name of your pharmaceutical company. But they're the first ones who developed Ritalin. And it turns out that the guy who developed the drug, Leandro Panasoni Panasone, his wife was named Rita and he named it after.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

That's right, Lovely Rita. So it was the first half of the 20th century when things started to change, not, I guess I could say begin in earnest as far as researching this kind of thing. A lot of research into brain injuries were happening at the time and they thought that, well, hey, this is what's going on with any kind of developmental issue. It's almost certainly a brain injury that can be the case for sure with all kinds of developmental issues, including ADHD in this case. But in the 1960s, that started to go out of favor a little bit and they started to realize that, hey, a lot of this stuff, there are a lot of actually distinct conditions and you can't just lump them all in there and say it's because a kid hit his head when they were young.

[Josh Clark]

No. So in the late 60s, the DSM 2, the sequel, introduced a diagnosis called Hyperkinetic reaction of Childhood. And it's essentially ADHD that they were talking about. And this is the first time it showed up in psychiatry where it's like, this is actually a thing. We just aren't clear what to name it yet, clearly, because we're calling it Hyperkinetic Reaction of childhood. And within a decade and a half, we finally had it nailed down to Attention Deficit Disorder. Add, which people of our age. That was what the name we were first exposed.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, for sure.

[Josh Clark]

It was not adhd, this newfangled version. It was add, and that's the way it was. And you liked it.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

That's right. ADD had a couple of subtypes depending on whether there was hyperactivity involved, but it wasn't a part of the actual definition at this point. I think seven years later, it finally landed upon, I guess this would be 1987. I was but a junior, I'm sorry, a sophomore in high school.

[Josh Clark]

I was 11.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Oh, you were just a cute little 11 year old. How was a pimple? Well, I didn't get pimples, luckily. But a would be pimply faced teenager when ADHD finally rolls through the door. And I think if you had no hyperactivity attached at that time, it was called undifferentiated add. Am I saying all this right? I think so, yeah, yeah, you totally are. And then in the 90s, another big breakthrough came through when they found out, hey, there's a genetic component to all this. And there are actually a lot of adults that have this. We thought kids just grew out of this kind of thing, but now adults are saying, like when they're diagnosing, like Gen Xers basically diagnosing their kids, they're saying, wait a minute, that sounds a lot like me. Maybe I have it and, oh my goodness, I do. And that may be also why my kid has it.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. One of the reasons why they used to think it was just a childhood disorder that you grew out of is because the first batch of kids with ADHD or add, they weren't followed into adulthood. They stopped studying them after they were kids, so they just didn't think about it. And then also, and this is really sad, if you think about this as an adult, as you grow up, you get so good at masking your symptoms in order to blend into society totally that researchers were unaware that there was a whole group of people with a disorder that was just went unrecognized because they were good at disguising it, which is a huge part of adhd. And it turns out, just being neurodiverse in general.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, for sure. And we'll get to masking more in a little bit. But another revision in 94 and the DSM finally divided ADHD up into three types. The inattentive type, hyperactive, impulsive type, and then the combined type, which is both.

[Josh Clark]

Yep. And that's where we are today. Right?

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

That's where we are today. But, you know, the more we learn, I feel like every 10 years that there's another change, so who knows where it's going to stop?

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, they're just going to keep adding letters maybe. So I say we take a break and come back and talk about how this whole thing kind of works in the brain, as far as we know.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Let's do it.

[T-Mobile Representative]

Congratulations to 3am Innovations on their first place win for innovation in community at this year's unconventional awards by T Mobile. For business, 3am used T Mobile 5G to enable Florian, the first AI enabled incident command platform for first responders. Florian's features include real time tracking of personnel on a 3D map and voice activation. AI is used to filter out background noise until it hears a trigger word such as Mayday. Increasing situational awareness on the ground and improving on site safety. This will shape rapid response moving forward. And for that, T Mobile congratulates 3am for their unconventional thinking.

[Bartesian Representative]

Black Friday is coming. And for the adults in your life who love the coolest toys, well, there's something for them this year too. Bartisian is the premier craft cocktail maker that automatically makes more than 60 seasonal and classic cocktails each in under 30 seconds at the push of a button. And right now, Bartesian is having a huge site wide sale. You can get $100 off any cocktail maker or cocktail maker bundle when you spend $400 or more. So if the cocktail lover in your life has been good this year or the right kind of bad, get them Bartesian at the push of a button. Make bar quality cosmopolitans, Martinis, Manhattans and more, all in just 30 seconds. All for 100 off amazing toys, art just for kids. Get 100 off a cocktail maker when you spend 400 through Cyber Monday. Visit bartesian.com cocktail that's B A R T E S I A N dot com cocktail.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Attention parents and grandparents. Are you searching for the perfect gift for your kids this holiday season? Well, give the gift of adventure that will last all year long. A Guardian Bike. The easiest, safest and quickest bikes for kids to learn on. Kids are learning to ride a bike in just one day. No training wheels needed.

[Josh Clark]

Very nice. But what sets Guardian Bikes apart? Well, they're designed especially for stability. They're low to the ground with a wide wheelbase and ultra lightweight frames. They offer superior control and balance. And this particular design gives young riders the ability to learn and again, just one day without any tears or frustration.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

That's right. They're assembled here in the United States of America. And I gotta say, Guardian Bikes was kind enough to send my daughter a Guardian bike. And she loves this thing. It's her first big girl bike. I put it together with great ease. And this thing is a great bike.

[Josh Clark]

So join the hundreds of thousands of happy families, including Chuck's by getting a Guardian Bike. Today. Their holiday sales have begun offering the biggest deal of the year. You can save up to 33% on bikes. No discount code needed. Plus get free shipping and a free bike. Lock and pump with your first purchase. After signing up for their newsletter, just visit guardianbikes.com and Happy Riding.

[Podcast Jingle Voice]

Lately I've been learning some stuff about insomnia or aluminia. How about the one on on Borderline disorder. A better yet, birth order. Heard that one before, but it was so nice I learned it twice. Everybody listen up. Oh, it's Charles and Joshua. It. Stop it. Stop it. Stop. You should know.

[Josh Clark]

Chuck. I can't remember if I said it already, but I have ADHD myself.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

What?

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And then Jerry does too, it turns out. And this is the most amazing part of this. Jerry and I were diagnosed within, like, a week of each other, and we both told you on the same day, and you found out that you were the only third of stuff you should know that doesn't have adhd.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

I know, I know. It's like, oh, this is great to know here, 15 years into our career.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, I'm surrounded.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

I'm surrounded. But you guys are both wonderful, and understanding this stuff helps everybody understand things, because as you'll see throughout this episode, ADHD affects you and it affects your parents, your loved ones, your partners, your business partners. And I think the more people understand all this stuff, the more empathy we can all have for each other.

[Josh Clark]

That sounded like a really wordy children's book about adhd.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. I'm not a kid's book writer, even though we have a kids book.

[Josh Clark]

Exactly. That still holds true. So, Chuck, there's, like, it's clear, like you said, they have a genetic or they found a genetic component to this whole thing. They've also found that there are definite differences in brain structure with people who have adhd. The brains are just simply physically different. One of the things is that they're smaller in places. Like, they have less volume. Maybe some parts are thinner, some parts may be thicker. And it's really important to point out that brain size is not relative to intelligence. So if you're brain smaller, it doesn't mean, like, you aren't intelligent. And maybe here's a really good place to point out that one of the things I think is kind of overlooked about people with ADHD is they have the same thoughts and feelings and emotions that anybody else does. It's just that they have trouble regulating those emotions and regulating those behaviors that the same impulses that everybody else gets can slip through with a person with adhd, that damper that's like, well, I can't do that because it's socially unacceptable. That neurotypical people have is kind of absent for the most part in people with adhd, unless they're really paying attention and trying to hold it back.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yes, absolutely. And what's, you know, fascinating is that they can detect some of these differences, like, you know, with brain scans, physical differences, as early as age 4. Yeah. Which, you know, it suggests at least that, like, this is innate. Like, you were probably born with this. If you can be, you know, four years old and detect differences in brain scans. Another big one. And this is Kind of the real crux of the whole thing is if you are a person with adhd, then that means that you have a deficit of two things that really make a big difference in your life. Dopamine and norepinephrine. Two things that we've talked about quite a lot over the years. But we know what dopamine does. And part of the challenge of ADHD is if you're not getting a dopamine hit. And this is just a sort of a big generalization, but I think if you have adhd, you can probably relate if you're not getting that hit of dopamine which is part of the reward center, like, hey, you did a great job cleaning that room and making that bed. And just look at it, my dopamine is hitting and I feel great about that. If you're not getting that or that's dampered in some way, then you're not going to be as interested in cleaning that room or making that bed.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

It's not that your kid doesn't care or is lazy or loves a mess. It's because they literally don't get that same reward or adults that same reward that someone who doesn't have that neurodiversity does. And so they're not going to be incentivized to do that thing.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And as we talked about in the dopamine episode, it's not like dopamine gives you that hit of feeling good. It's the thing that comes along with whatever makes you feel good and says this is important. Learn this and remember this so that the next time you're faced with cleaning a room, you can remember, oh, there's, there's some, some good feeling at the end of this. And if you don't have that, yeah, there's, there's no reason whatsoever for you to get up and clean a room. Especially there's like, as we'll see, there's actual like brain function that's missing or impaired in people with ADHD that allows them to self arouse and be like, I should really do this, I'm going to get up and do this.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And fatigue is another sort of, I guess co symptom of ADHD sometimes because maybe you don't sleep as well, maybe the hyperactivity is just wearing you out or your anxiety which can also come along. So not only are you not getting that dopamine hit and your body isn't learning and your brain isn't learning, like, hey, here's the reward that comes with making that bed if you're fatigued at the same time. And let's say you're an adult and it's not just like, make your bed small child. If you have a huge amount of things on your plate and you're fatigued and you're not getting that dopamine hit, it can, I'm sure, feel like the weight of the world is coming down on you and you could go into shutdown mode.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. So one thing I saw is that they don't think that people with ADHD produce less dopamine. The current understanding is that people with ADHD have more dopamine transporters, so that dopamine gets moved out of the brain faster. So you have less of it at any given point in time. Not that you make less of it. The other one you mentioned is norepinephrine. And that's usually the thing that allows you to kind of arouse yourself. And it helps you also, very importantly, regulate emotion, regulate self control, regulate attention. And so those are the neurotransmitters, the big ones that definitely in some way shape or form affect adhd. We just don't fully understand it. But one of the other big things that has to do with the brain is the typically the frontal lobe or the frontal cortex contains like, our higher thinking, our higher behaviors, and that's usually put together in something called executive function, which is a suite of behaviors and cognitive abilities that essentially let us just be functioning people in society as far as the terms of society require.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Like how you prioritize your tasks, how you handle distractions that come your way, how you control what impulses that come your way that may or may not distract you from those tasks. And we're going to talk about, I guess, like six broad executive functioning components. And if you have adhd, one or all of these are going to be dinged in some way. Doesn't mean you can't. You have zero executive functioning by any means, but it just means with these six things, some of them may be worse than others because adhd, like most things, sort of exist on the spectrum as far as how severe it might be for each individual. The first part of that executive functioning is working memory. Of course, that's just your, you know, that's your working memory. It's just like thoughts at any given moment about what you're doing and what you are remembering to do.

[Josh Clark]

Right. You usually think of working memory as like remembering a phone number while you're going to write it down, you know, but it also involves everything from like Engaging in a conversation, planning a vacation. Like anything where you're having to hold a bunch of thoughts, like in the front of your mind while you're kind of working it all out. That's working memory and it's really important. And it's very frequently impaired in people with adhd. Another classic executive function that is essentially universal as far as ADHD symptoms go, is self restraint or inhibition control. And not just physically, but also emotionally and intentionally too. Like staying in a conversation, not blurting out something offensive about someone's hairstyle, even though you don't mean to hurt their feelings. It's another one too. Being on a diet and then just being like, I'm just going to eat a bunch of cookies too. Who cares? A lot of all of those things have to do with inhibition control. And that's just a big part of it.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And you can still say like, geez, who wears a mullet these days? Just say it very quietly to your friend.

[Josh Clark]

Or just think it. And that's another thing too. I think that's why a lot of people who don't have ADHD recognize because they were thinking the same thing, but they know not to say it. This person says it. You know what I'm saying? That's the difference.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. If you've ever heard anybody say something like, oh, I got no filter, that person has no filter. That person may have adhd, it's a good chance.

[Josh Clark]

Or they're just irresponsible. One of the two.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, that's true. You can also just be a jerk. Planning, organizing and problem solving is another big one. If you have a goal for work or life or whatever school, what you usually do when you're executive and when you're an executive. No, when you're functioning executively is you take that goal, you look at it, you break it down into steps and smaller parts. You do an evaluation of what's the best way to tackle this thing. And that's a big, big part of problem solving. If that is impaired with ADHD and you're thrown a big task or a big work or school project, you may kind of just freeze for a while. And you know, this sounds bad, but you might just sit there and think about something entirely different for a little while.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. You might go to great lengths to avoid that task. And also not just procrastinating, but like really genuinely having trouble focusing because you don't know what to do, you don't know where to start.

[Bartesian Representative]

Yeah.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Like you can't do it. It's not a Disinterest or anything like that.

[Josh Clark]

Right. Another one's decision making, which kind of ties into that where, you know, you can't just say yes to everything. That's not how life works. So you have to take into, like, account future consequences, and you have to figure out, do I have time to do all of these things? And if not, which one's more important? Like, all that goes into decision making. And that can be largely impaired, too. Not just. Not like, necessarily all the time. But you were just kind of mentioning something called ADHD paralysis that. Where, like, things can get so overwhelming, you cannot know where to start. You're. You, you know, like, your boss is coming down the hall to get this report you haven't even started on, and, like, you just shut down. You can't decide anything. You can't really focus on anything. That's called ADHD paralysis. And that can come from having to make decisions.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And that's where, as a parent or as a partner, a business partner or life partner to someone, if you don't have that challenge, that's when you can really step up and sit down with your kid or your friend or partner and say, all right, let's sit down and look at this. Let's talk about the steps. Like, maybe what a good first step might be. Maybe get a little help organizing something. Those are, like, to be a really active, involved parent or partner is key to everyone doing the best they can in life.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, totally. And we'll talk more about, like, what parents and, like, family members and spouses and all that can do later on down the road. But that's great. That's a great thing to hit multiple times, you know.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Time management is another big one that kind of ties into a little bit of the planning and organization and stuff like that. But just being able to allocate your time, keep track of the deadlines. It may seem counterintuitive, but if you or a person with adhd, you might do much better with a deadline instead of some just amorphous task that's handed to you. So knowing the deadline may be really good for you, or the deadline may just come and go sometimes as well.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And it's not necessarily because they're like, I don't care about this deadline. They may have literally forgotten about it. I read a horror story, Chuck, about a guy with adhd, an adult whose boss came to him and said, hey, you know, why don't you run Monday's meeting? I'm not going to be there. And the guy was Like, I knew that this was like a step toward like getting me ready for like the next level for a promotion into management. So he's really excited about it. And then over the weekend he totally forgot about it. When the Monday meeting came around, he sat down with everybody else waiting for the boss, wondering where the boss was, and they all just left the meeting and went back to work. And his boss came and asked him how the meeting went. And he's like, what are you talking about? And it finally sunk into him, like what had just happened. And think about that. Like, he just probably totally scuttled any chance of that promotion.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

Because he just forgot about it. And that's just something that can happen with it. That's a frequent reason people with ADHD miss deadlines. They just forget that they have one.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

You should have saved that for Halloween, that horror story. Yeah, where's the knocker?

[Josh Clark]

Doesn't that just turn your stomach?

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

It really does.

[Josh Clark]

Imagining that guy for sure.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

And then the last part of executive functioning that can be impaired is another big one. It's called task shifting. And it leads into a couple of things we're going to talk about. That means you get out of your default mode, which we'll expand on here in a second, and doing something called set shifting, which is being able to switch from task to task, being flexible as you're doing that, maybe realizing like different tasks and different situations require different rules. And if you don't have that, if that's impaired, you might be really rigid in how you think something has to be done. A very black and white thinking that can come across to others as stubborn. But in the ADHD mind, you just have a hard time task shifting.

[Josh Clark]

Right? Exactly. And that's a huge classic one too. Like you just focus on one thing or you can't start another thing too. And if you put all that together in life, people with adhd, they have trouble remembering to pay bills, they forget that they have homework. They say or do inappropriate things like not waiting for their turn to speak. They have trouble self motivating, staying on task. They misplace things. They have false memories, which is a really big one that we'll talk about. They, they can't remember important dates or that they're supposed to run a meeting. And another big one too is that they'll, they'll very frequently ADHD causes you to walk into a room and you have no idea what you went in there for. You knew you went in there for something.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

That happens to me sometimes too.

[Josh Clark]

Like, but imagine every Time.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. No, I can't. Because it's. It's frustrating. And it can also be alarming.

[Josh Clark]

Yes. That's another thing too is especially as you age with adhd, you can be like, okay, is this adhd or am I developing early onset dementia? Like, there's a lot of overlap and it can be very scary. But you also learn tricks. Like, you just leave the room and go back out to where you just were, and you're going to see, like a clue that will prompt you to remember, and then you just think about it while you're going into the room, and then you remember. It's usually just amounts to an extra trip back out of the room and then back into it. But it is just frustrating, for sure.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

You know what they call that in the old film biz?

[Josh Clark]

Do you remember a MacGuffin?

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

No. You go back to one.

[Josh Clark]

Oh, okay. Yeah, that's right. That's right. Saying that he would always pinch the bridge of his nose while he was saying it. Yeah.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Back to one just means first position of that scene. Like, if the scene starts and you're in the doorway, you go back to one. You go back to that doorway. So maybe that's a fun way to remember that kind of thing.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, I love that. Chuck, way to go.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

No, let's not take a break yet because I think we should talk. I mentioned default mode. Default mode network is a very big part of this. At least understanding of this. The brain regions collectively that function when you're just hanging out, when you're hanging out on the couch, you don't have anything to do in the moment. I mean, people with no children can identify with this. Maybe I can't. But the times of the day where you can just sit around and introspect and daydream and zone out a little bit, that's called default mode. And when you're doing that, there are parts of your brain that become really active and light up during default mode. And if you have. If you're a neurotypical person going between default mode, because once you have to kick into action mode, that default mode turns off and switching between those. If you're neurotypical, it works as it should if you have adhd. And the problem is that default mode stays on sometimes. They've shown this in brain imaging studies. If you're doing a task that requires focus, your default mode still may be on and that's active at the same time. And those two things are not simpatico.

[Josh Clark]

No. And like, by sometimes it's pretty much all the time. Like you're, you're. It just does not shut off. So that amounts to. There's a psychiatrist named Ned Halliwell, M.D. who put it as a persistent magnetic pull away from the task at hand into distraction. So you're. Because your brain is like, no, no, no, we're over here. We're going to daydream. Because your default mode network is on, you can't focus for long periods on the task at hand. Or if you can, it's a constant struggle to resist letting your mind wander. You have to actively keep it focused on the thing you're doing because you're. Like you said, the action network didn't take over. In the default mode network go down, you know, proportionately to one another.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Now they're just both on default network go down. Turned into Tuk tuk for a minute.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, that's how tuk tuk says so.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

And we'll talk about medication and you know, I guess probably in part two. But aside from medication, if you are trying to help turn that default mode network down or off, breathing techniques are a big part of that. Like trying to stay in the present. Bring yourself back to the present through breathing techniques and mindfulness exercises. Those can go a long way.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, for sure. Do you want to take a break and then come back and talk some more about adhd?

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, sure. Since we're here.

[T-Mobile Representative]

Congratulations to easterseals Southern California on their first place win for innovation in customer service at this year's Unconventional awards by T Mobile for business. Easterseals has used T Mobile 5G to create immersive VR development tools that aid people with autism in addressing transportation barriers. These tools are shaping the way safe and personalized skill building is delivered. And for that, T Mobile congratulates Easter Seals Southern California for their unconventional thinking.

[Bartesian Representative]

Black Friday is coming. And for the adults in your life who love the coolest toys, well, there's something for them this year too. Bartisian is the premier craft cocktail maker that automatically makes more than 60 seasonal and classic cocktails each in under 30 seconds at the push of a button. And right now, Bartisian is having a huge site wide sale. You can get $100 off any cocktail maker or cocktail maker bundle when you spend $400 or more. So if the cocktail lover in your life has been good this year or the right kind of bad, get them Bartesian at the push of a button. Make bar quality cosmopolitans, martinis, Manhattans and more all in just 30 seconds. All for 100 off. Amazing toys, art just for kids, get 100 off a cocktail maker when you spend 400 through Cyber Monday. Visit bartesian.com cocktail that's B A R T E S I A N dot com cocktail.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Attention parents and grandparents. Are you searching for the perfect gift for your kids this holiday season? Well, give the gift of adventure that will last all year long. A Guardian Bike. The easiest, safest and quickest bikes for kids to learn on. Kids are learning to ride a bike in just one day. No training wheels needed.

[Josh Clark]

Very nice. But what sets Guardian Bikes apart? Well, they're designed especially for stability. They're low to the ground with a wide wheelbase and ultra lightweight frames. They offer superior control and balance. And this particular design gives young riders the ability to learn. And again, just one day without any tears or frustration.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

That's right. They're assembled here in the United States of America. And I gotta say, Guardian Bikes was kind enough to send my daughter a Guardian bike. And she loves this thing. It's her first big girl bike. I put it together with great ease and this thing is a great bike.

[Josh Clark]

So join the hundreds of thousands of happy fans, families including Chuck's by getting a Guardian Bike. Today. Their holiday sales have begun offering the biggest deal of the year. You can save up to 33% on bikes. No discount code needed. Plus get free shipping and a free bike lock and pump with your first purchase. After signing up for their newsletter, just visit guardianbikes.com and Happy Riding.

[Podcast Jingle Voice]

Lately I've been learning some stuff about insomnia or aluminia. How about the one on borderline disorder? Better yet, birth order. Heard that one before, but it was so nice I learned it twice. Everybody listen up. Oh, it's Charles and Joshua. It stops.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

It.

[Podcast Jingle Voice]

Stop it. Stop. You should not.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

All right, so this is a big one. Maybe one of the biggest sort of downsides to adhd. And don't worry, there are some upsides too, because there are some ADHD superpowers here and there that we're going to talk about. So take heart. But one of the biggest drawbacks is called Rejection Sensitive dysphoria, or rsd. It's a very destructive thing if you have it. It's very destructive to people around you. It's basically when any kind of rejection or even appearance of rejection, even if it's not rejection, will trigger a very, very intense flood of emotion. That is, it almost has and can feel like it's having and can have an actual physical effect that is so strong. Not just a fear of rejection, just a. Because no one likes rejection but if you have ADHD and rsd, anything like that can bring a real flood of negativity around you.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, it can be actual rejection, but it can also be something like constructive criticism, which is important to be able to take a perceived slight, maybe a made up slight, somebody's fleeting facial expression, an offhand comment, your own false beliefs. And then there's two ways generally that a person with RSD or we should just say adhd, will respond to that, to that perceived rejection. They can internalize, where they'll just emotionally curl up into a ball and just shut down, or they may also lash out and they'll have a meltdown or an outburst, or they'll become angry. That's called externalization. And so to really kind of put it in perspective, imagine either one of those being the response that you get when you ask someone to not leave their dirty dishes in the sink.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

Like that's RST. That's what it's like living with RST. That's what it'S like having with RST. And the big problem is the whole thing is instantaneous. It's not like I'm going to have an outburst. I'm going to melt down, I'm going to emotionally ball up. It just, it just, it goes from trigger to response with nothing in between.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And then, you know, the person in your life may end up, even if their understanding of what's going on may end up walking on eggshells, may not want to criticize or constructively or otherwise anything about that person in fear of like a meltdown or an emotional outburst or something like that, because it can really disrupt like a relationship. So, you know, you've got one side where someone can't help something and you've got the other side where even if that person can't help it, it's destructive to the relationship. So I'm just going to do everything I can to avoid any sort of confrontation.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. It makes it really hard to have a connection with somebody who might just melt down at you at the slightest provocation. Right?

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

And you said something. The person can't help it. The person with RSD cannot help this. They're not being a jerk. Like, they can't not do this. And one of the problems with it is that it's really fleeting. It's a. It's like a tidal wave or getting punched in the stomach. That's what it feels like, the overwhelming emotion, like you said, but that's fairly fleeting. And then that gets replaced by regret and then feelings of shame every time because you're just so ashamed you can't control yourself. Right. So some people who have RSD will become people pleasers where they don't share their thoughts, their true emotions, their true opinions. They don't share themselves because what they're doing is cutting off as much risk as possible of being rejected and thus triggering about of rsd.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, yeah, that's a vicious cycle.

[Josh Clark]

It is. And so initially they used to think that it was comorbid with adhd, that it was a separate thing and it's not even recognized in the DSM yet. It's that, that recently recognized, but apparently studies have found that essentially 100% of people with ADHD also have RSD. So they're just basically coming to the conclusion that it's a terrible symptom of adhd.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, exactly. We'd mentioned some benefits and positive things. Hyperfocus is one of them. It's sometimes called a superpower of adhd. If you And I've seen this with all kinds of people in my life that have adhd, if it's something they're into and they're interested in and they can zero in on that thing, it is like, I mean, hyperfocus doesn't even begin to describe it. They can tune out everything and sometimes to their own detriment. If it's like other things in their life that need attention, hyperfocus can distract away from those. But it can also be a great thing. If you are someone with adhd, you may have a real, like, a real skill for like zoning in on something. Maybe a particular kind of job might be really, really good for you or particular tasks may be really, really great for you and you can get a lot done sometimes that way.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, it's like the exact opposite of your inability to self motivate. Right.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

I saw a corporate study abandoned about the statistic all over the place, but essentially this, this one company found that a person, a neurodiverse person who is locked into something that interests them in their work will essentially do the job of two people. They produce between 90 and 140% more work than their peers in the same say department and that their work is consistent and error free, typically because they're just totally laser focused on that thing. So if you can find a job that holds your interest like that, you're very much in luck. Because unfortunately one of the things that is a huge challenge for people with ADHD is finding a job. When you have to find a job that doesn't hold Your interest. It's very difficult to rouse yourself to do that, even though, you know, like, you have to do this and you should be doing it and you feel terrible for not doing it. It's really hard to do sometimes.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Which is why sort of understanding yourself and your challenges is like, really key when you go out into the world and join the workforce. Like, it's important for anyone to go into the job search thinking, like, all right, what am I really good at and what are my challenges? But I just think it's probably times a million if you have adhd.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And yeah, for sure. Another kind of something related to this is you can become laser focused on just everyday tasks that end up catching your interest somehow. Surprisingly. And so people with adhd, if they're doing a task and they're in hyper focus, it'll take them way longer to do it frequently. But that's because they're doing a perfect job of it. So, like say, vacuuming the car. Just go to vacuum the car and you're like, huh, this caught my interest. And now I'm totally focused on making this car immaculately clean in every way, shape or form. So of course it's going to go from taking 15 minutes to taking an hour and a half, you know, but when, when you're done, the car looks awesome.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. So maybe there are probably CEOs all over the place now trying to staff up certain departments.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, that's actually a thing.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

And there are probably people that should be auto detailers and start up your own small business that way.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. Well, one of the things I saw, I read a Del Watt or Del. How do you say that? That consulting firm. I don't know, it doesn't matter. I read one of their reports and they were saying that, you know, traditionally people think like, okay, there's, there's got to be a good job for a neurodiverse person, like maybe programming or coding or something like that. Just let them go off and be themselves. By themselves.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

And they're starting to. To recognize like, no, like you can put somebody that's neurodiverse in any job and if they find something interesting in it, they're going to excel at it. It's not necessarily a specific field that applies to neurodiverse people.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, yeah, for sure. And you know, kind of tagging onto what we were just talking about viewing yourself as not having some sort of defect or deficit and like, hey, this is who I am. This is how I. Like, I have no choice but to operate this way and try and work, you know, within that framework. Not the framework of somebody who doesn't have this, who doesn't have adhd. Like, it's a. The world and jobs, a lot of times are kind of structured around. I mean, yeah, the entire world is structured around people who aren't neurodiverse. So fitting into that world can be a real challenge no matter what your neurodiversity is. So kind of working with who you are and understanding that is a real key to moving forward in life.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And there are a lot of positives, upsides to having ADHD that kind of give you talents that other people don't necessarily have. Like, one of them is, I saw it described as, you're getting so much noise at any given time, you're inevitably going to also get more data points than other people at any given time. And people with ADHD have typically an ability to connect dots that other people make connections that other people can't see. That's a big one. Another one is like, if you are multitasking and you actually get those projects done, that kind of boundless energy that's synonymous with the hyperactive part of adhd, you're going to get a ton of stuff done in any given day. Way more than like a neurotypical person who, you know, poops out halfway through the day.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, for sure. Another potential positive is, you know, earlier when we were talking about some of the impaired executive functions and being super just sort of black and white and rigid. When you apply that to a moral code, you may have a very strong moral compass. Whereas somebody who's a little more sees like the gray instead of the black and white might be like, well, you know, it's really not so bad if this kind of. If you do this kind of thing. Whereas if you have a very strict sort of view of right and wrong and a black and white sense of that, you may be like, no, that's just wrong.

[Josh Clark]

Chuck. There is this one time where I tried to fight two guys who I thought were throwing rocks at a manatee. And, like, I was. I was seeing red. Yumi was even like, it's not a manatee. Stop. And I didn't even hear. And those guys were like, it's a rock. We're not throwing rocks at manatees. I was like, oh, all right. And luckily they were cool with it, but I was ready to fight two dudes for throwing rocks at a manatee. Like, my sense of justice was just that stricken.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

I wish I would have been there. I might Have. We might have fought him anyway.

[Josh Clark]

Josh.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Just because I've never been in a fight.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

So, like, I don't know. It'd be fun to get in a fight with you.

[Josh Clark]

Right? Sure. Oh, yeah. Back to back.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Yeah, exactly. The two musketeers.

[Josh Clark]

Another one, Chuck, is if a person with ADHD gets excited, it's infectious. Typically, if they're in a place where they feel safe and comfortable, like just showing their excitement and just letting it hang out, you're probably going to get excited along with them because it's just so it just spills over. It can be really nice to be around, for sure. One more thing. If you have adhd, you very typically catastrophize as far as thinking goes. You're just constantly expecting the worst just because over and over and over again in your life, the worst has come around because you forgot to do something or whatever. So that catastrophic thinking can actually be an asset in that you can look at something that everybody's about to do and be like, well, we're all going to die if we do this that no one else saw. And you can find a safer option in that way. It's actually a huge benefit of having adhd, even though you have to suffer with catastrophic thinking in order for that to be an asset, too, you know?

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

Chuck, I say that we end part one here.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Just getting cooking, too.

[Josh Clark]

And then we're going to pick up part two, and we're going to talk some more about ADHD in part two. And then while we're talking about adhd, we'll eventually finish part two, and then that will complete part one and two of adhd. What do you think about that for a plan?

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

I think that sounds great. And as is custom here, we don't do listener mail or anything for these two parters. So I guess we'll just say, see you Thursday.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And finish on that dramatic pause. Like the very special episode of Different Strokes.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Stuff youf Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to to your favorite shows.

[Fred Warner]

Hey, what's up, guys? I'm Fred Warner, linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers. The holidays get really busy for me, but I still want to pull up to events looking my freshest. Abercrombie's latest drop of party looks is taking me through the season for date nights, hanging out with the fellas, and even New Year's Eve. They have outfits for every occasion. I'm big on sweater, polos and trousers with a wool blank coat over top for those really fancy holiday events. Abercrombie has suiting options, too. Shop Abercrombie for every night out.

[US Cellular Representative]

Gifting is hard, but here's a hint. Give the gift of connection from US Cellular. Not sure what that means. Here's a slightly more specific hint. You can choose four free phones and get four lines for $90 a month from US Cellular. Your family wants new phones. How do we know? They told us. The good news is that compared to wrapping presents, you're great at getting hints. So take the hint and get them four free phones and four lines for $90 a month US Cellular built for us.

[Uber Representative]

Your teen requested a ride, but this time not from you. It's through their Uber Teen account. You drive your teenager around a lot. To their friend Jacob's house, their other friend Jake's house, to James, to Jaden's, to Jalen's, to.

[Charles W. Chuck Bryant]

Um. Mom, this is Jake's house, not Jacobs.

[Uber Representative]

Now, with an Uber Teen account, your teen can request a ride under your supervision. They'll ride with a highly rated driver and with live trip tracking, you'll follow along the whole ride to their friends houses that all sound the same. Add your teen to your Uber account today. See app for details.

[Josh Clark]

Bye, Mom.