How Global Warming Works

Summary

STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW — Podcast Summary
Episode: How Global Warming Works
Hosts: Josh Clark & Chuck Bryant
Published: June 19, 2026

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Episode Overview

This episode of “Stuff You Should Know” examines the mechanisms, effects, and current understanding of global warming. Josh and Chuck break down the science behind rising global temperatures, explore the distinction between global warming and climate change, discuss the roles of greenhouse gases, present key findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and highlight both global and local impacts of a warming planet. The hosts also address the scientific consensus and what individuals and societies can do to mitigate the problem. True to SYSK’s trademark style, they mix light banter with accessible explanations, making complex climate concepts easy to grasp.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. Defining Global Warming vs. Climate Change

Timestamp: 05:44 – 07:52

• Global warming refers specifically to the increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to human activities.
• Climate change is the broader set of changes to Earth's climate, including global warming, extreme weather, sea level rise, droughts, etc.
• Simple analogy: "Global warming is climate change, but not all climate change is global warming." (Josh, 06:44)

Notable Quote

“It’s like the square rectangle thing, which I can still never keep straight.” — Chuck (06:49)

2. Weather vs. Climate

Timestamp: 08:26 – 10:13

• Weather is short-term and local; climate is long-term, measured over decades or longer.
• Anomalies in weather (like unexpected snow in Miami) don't disprove climate change.

Notable Quote

“Weather is local, it’s short term, climate is long term.” — Chuck (08:44)

3. Natural Changes vs. Human Acceleration

Timestamp: 10:17 – 12:23

• Earth naturally shifts between glacial (cold) and interglacial (warm) periods, usually over tens of thousands of years.
• Human activities have drastically sped up warming, primarily through carbon dioxide emissions.

Memorable Moment

Josh role-plays as the Earth, scolding humanity:
“You humans are really messing with my program here and accelerating the process. … Carbon dioxide emissions. Bam. Said the Earth and dropped its microphone and walked away.” (11:57)

4. The Greenhouse Effect Explained

Timestamp: 18:05 – 21:34

• The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps Earth warm enough for life, trapping heat in the atmosphere.
• Analogy: A car parked in the sun gets hot because glass allows sunlight in but prevents heat from escaping, similar to Earth’s atmosphere.

Notable Quote

“The greenhouse effect is literally what keeps us from being Mars. It is a good thing when it occurs naturally.” — Chuck (18:07)

5. Major Greenhouse Gases

Timestamp: 24:45 – 34:22

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

• Makes up 0.04% of the atmosphere but has a disproportionate impact.
• Human activities (fossil fuel burning, deforestation) have increased atmospheric CO₂ from 280 ppm pre-Industrial Revolution to over 400 ppm.
• Fossil-fuel CO₂ has a unique chemical signature that correlates with the temperature rise.

Notable Quote:

“We just finally, in the first time in the history of the human race... The Earth reached 400 parts per million.” — Josh (27:29)

Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

• Released mainly from agriculture (fertilizer use) and combustion.
• Has 270 times the heat-trapping ability of CO₂, though present in much smaller quantities. (29:54)

Methane (CH₄)

• Far more potent, but less prevalent than CO₂ (about 1.7 ppm).
• Sources include livestock, landfills, coal mining, and natural systems (thawing permafrost).

Memorable Moment:

“When our ample herds of livestock fart... they release methane, no joke. That’s actually a huge contributor.” — Josh (31:53)
“Concert in the sky.” — Chuck (31:03, joking about hippies consuming nitrous oxide to ‘solve’ global warming)

Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs)

• Focused reductions could yield swift positive effects; include black carbon, methane, and hydrofluorocarbons.

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6. Measured Changes—IPCC Findings

Timestamp: 12:25 – 16:35

• Earth warmed by 0.6ºC between 1901-2000 (even more by 2006).
• Ocean temperatures rising even at great depths.
• Droughts intensifying and precipitation patterns shifting.
• The last 50 years’ warming rate is double that of the previous 100 years.
• The 12 warmest years on record (as of 2016) all occurred since 1998.

Notable Quote:

“You should see the charts...going along fine, everything’s fine. And then, oh my God, what the hell just happened? Basically, and it was the Industrial Revolution.” — Josh (16:35)

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7. Impacts of Global Warming

Sea Level Rise

Timestamp: 34:24 – 39:53

• Melting land-based ice (Greenland, parts of Antarctica) raises sea levels; melting sea ice (Arctic) does not.
• Sea levels rose more than 6.5 inches in the 20th century; could rise 2 feet by 2100 if trends continue.
• Major coastal cities (Miami, New Orleans, the Maldives) face existential threats.

Extreme Weather

Timestamp: 39:12 – 40:41

• Not necessarily more frequent, but storms (like hurricanes) are becoming much more intense due to warmer oceans.

Ecosystem Disruption

Timestamp: 45:21 – 48:14

• Changing climates drive extinctions, disrupt food webs.
• Example: Salmon moving between ocean and rivers, carrying nutrients — disruptions affect entire systems.

Agriculture & Water

Timestamp: 43:13 – 49:21

• Some temperate zones may see longer growing seasons, but less temperate regions face devastating droughts, water loss, and desertification.
• Crop losses already significant: “About $5 billion in crop losses per year due to global warming is already going on right now.” — Chuck (49:10)
• Poorest nations hit hardest, but nobody is immune.

Notable Quote:

“We are extraordinarily dependent on the Earth.” — Josh (42:51)

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8. Scientific Consensus & Public Perception

Timestamp: 50:10 – 54:14

• Climate models only match reality when human-caused warming is included.
• Scientific certainty is very high (often >90%) about key points (sea level rise, ice melting, ocean acidification, species shifts).
• The meaning of "uncertainty" in science: refers to margin of error, not doubt about reality.

Notable Quote:

“If you take any scientist on the street, there is pretty close to 100% chance that person is going to say, yes, climate change is real, yes, global warming is happening, and yes, humans are causing it.” — Josh (51:30)

• The cost of inaction exceeds the cost of mitigation (Dr. Peter Cigaris, 54:14).

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9. International & Individual Responses

The Paris Accords

Timestamp: 57:16 – 59:12

• 195 countries (168 ratified) pledged to keep global warming below 2ºC above pre-industrial levels.
• The U.S. pledged a 26-28% emissions cut by 2025 but withdrew in 2017.

What Individuals Can Do

Timestamp: 59:12 – 63:26

• Lower carbon footprint: drive less, save electricity, buy green energy, recycle, reduce waste.
• Electric and hybrid cars help but are only as green as the energy grid.
• Voting for policymakers who prioritize climate action is key.
• Local efforts matter: Even if national policy lapses, cities, states, and individuals can act.

Notable Quote:

“If this has become like an issue for you, then make it one of the things you vote on too.” — Josh (62:45)

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “Global warming is one of them. So global warming is climate change, but not all climate change is global warming.” — Josh (06:44)
• "You humans are really messing with my program here and accelerating the process. ... Carbon dioxide emissions. Bam." — Josh as 'the Earth' (11:57)
• “The greenhouse effect is literally what keeps us from being Mars.” — Chuck (18:07)
• “When our ample herds of livestock fart...they release methane, no joke. That’s actually a huge contributor.” — Josh (31:53)
• “If you want to know more about global warming, just step outside.” — Josh (63:26)

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Timestamps for Important Segments

| Segment | Start Time | |-------------------------------------------|------------| | Defining Global Warming vs. Climate Change| 05:44 | | Weather vs. Climate | 08:26 | | Natural vs Human-Driven Changes | 10:17 | | Greenhouse Effect Explained | 18:05 | | Greenhouse Gases Breakdown | 24:45 | | IPCC Key Findings | 12:25 | | Sea Level & Ice Cap Melting | 34:24 | | Extreme Weather | 39:12 | | Ecosystem Disruption | 45:21 | | Scientific Consensus | 50:10 | | Paris Accord & Response | 57:16 | | What You Can Do | 59:12 |

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SYSK Tone: Friendly, Accessible, and Occasionally Irreverent

The hosts keep the mood light with analogies (cars, squares and rectangles, “the Earth dropping the mic”), humor (farting livestock, “concert in the sky”), and plenty of banter, but never at the expense of clarity or accuracy.

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Conclusion & Takeaways

The episode underscores that global warming is a distinct but deeply interconnected part of climate change, driven mainly by increased greenhouse gas emissions from humans. The science is clear and widely agreed-upon: rising temperatures are already affecting weather, water, food, and ecosystems worldwide. The hosts stress that meaningful action—both collective and individual—is imperative and possible.

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For more information:

• Visit howstuffworks.com
• Check IPCC executive summaries for accessible, up-to-date science

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Listen to “Stuff You Should Know” for more deep-dives with Josh and Chuck!

Transcript

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[Josh Clark]

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[Chuck Bryant]

Hey everybody, Chuck here with another one of our sciency playlist curated podcast episodes. This one's on global warming and it's appropriately titled How Global Warming Works. Please still listen to it right now.

[Josh Clark]

Welcome to Stuff Stuff you should know from howstuffworks.com. Hey and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. And there's the chipper, cheery Charles W. Chuck Bryant.

[Chuck Bryant]

Howdy.

[Josh Clark]

And there's Jerry over there. Say hi Jerry. No. How are you doing man?

[Chuck Bryant]

I'm well, sir. How are you?

[Josh Clark]

I'm pretty well myself. I'm feeling all right. Feeling a little fit? Yeah, yeah, yeah. A little sweaty, as you can tell, but I'm all right.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's gross.

[Josh Clark]

It is. I don't smell, do I?

[Chuck Bryant]

No.

[Josh Clark]

Okay, good.

[Chuck Bryant]

So, friends, listeners, countrymen, you're gonna notice a little something different in this week's feed tomorrow. This bears a little explanation. We are dropping episodes one and two of my new movie interview show, Movie Crush. We're dropping those into the stuff you should know Feed. Something we've never done here at the network, but we're gonna. I guess I'm the lab rat on this one.

[Josh Clark]

The guinea pig.

[Chuck Bryant]

The guinea pig, sure. Yeah. I guess. Either one, right? The guinea pig doesn't die. The lab rat dies.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, I guess. So let's go with the guinea pig for sure, then.

[Chuck Bryant]

All right. Well, either way, we are dropping those into stuff you should know feed. And we wanted to alert you. So when you saw these new things, you didn't rebel against us. Like, everyone hated U2 when they delivered the world a free album.

[Josh Clark]

Right?

[Camper Listener]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

I mean, this is like. This is not just. It's not a U2 album. It's your new show. It's more important than any U2 album.

[Chuck Bryant]

Oh, well, you know, I appreciate that. Yeah. So, yeah, that's why they're there. And episode one is the great Janet Varney with. We talk about the movie Tron, and that's the nature of the show as I talk to people about their favorite movie. And episode two is Tig Notaro. Wow. Talking about the movie Mask. And that one is a very special episode. And I'll tease it with this. We recorded that interview, or conversation, rather, seconds after she got the call that she was cancer free at the five year mark.

[Josh Clark]

Oh, wow.

[Chuck Bryant]

So she started crying at the beginning, and I didn't know what was going on. I gave her some time. I was freaking out, and it turned out to be good news. And I explained that all at the onset of the episode, but it turned out to be a very special experience.

[Josh Clark]

Man, Chuck, you're like Barbara Walters.

[Chuck Bryant]

I didn't get it out of her. It was just weird timing. Yeah. But anyway, those are in there. And it won't happen every week, but I would love for you to subscribe.

[Josh Clark]

Well, yeah, that's the way to get it, right.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Just subscribe anywhere you listen to podcasts.

[Josh Clark]

These are a couple of gifts, a little gems.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's right. And I appreciate your support on it.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, well, Way to go, man. Congratulations. I speak for me and the rest of the world when I say we are looking forward to this.

[Chuck Bryant]

Thanks, dude. And you know, I'm going to have you on as a guest. It's going to be very strange and awesome.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, I think it'll be neat. I'll start crying, too.

[Chuck Bryant]

Do you know what your favorite movie is that you would pick?

[Josh Clark]

I got a couple I think I could choose from. Sure.

[Chuck Bryant]

All right, well, hold on to that then.

[Josh Clark]

Okay.

[Chuck Bryant]

And we'll just pick that up later.

[Josh Clark]

Okay. Well, congrats again, man.

[Chuck Bryant]

Thanks, pal. Shall we warm the globe?

[Josh Clark]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

All right.

[Josh Clark]

So, Chuck, I don't know if you've heard about this term recently, but it's been in the news lately. Global warming. Are you familiar?

[Chuck Bryant]

It does ring a bell.

[Josh Clark]

Okay, well, just in case you. For those people who aren't aware of global warming. Global warming is what we're talking about today. And a lot of people confuse it or use it interchangeably with climate change. And it turns out that's not actually fully accurate. Global warming is a symptom of climate change as a whole, and climate change is a whole bunch of differences to the Earth's climate. And we'll get into what climate is in a second. And one of those is global warming. Also things like extreme weather events, increased drought, increased temperatures, sea level rises. All these things put together, that's climate change, right? Or the result of climate change. And global warming is one of them. So global warming is climate change, but not all climate change is global warming. Just wanted to make sure we got that out of the way to begin with.

[Chuck Bryant]

It's like the square rectangle thing, which I can still never keep straight.

[Josh Clark]

Well, and I think the.

[Chuck Bryant]

What, like every square is not a rectangle, but every rectangle is square or the reverse of that.

[Josh Clark]

Whichever it is, I've never heard that before. What? I even aced geometry the second time I took it.

[Chuck Bryant]

Well, it was clearly a class that didn't care about squares.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, I guess not. I mean, they always talked about rectangles, but squares were never brought up.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, I think it's, you know, I'm not going to dig myself a hole there.

[Josh Clark]

That's probably best.

[Chuck Bryant]

So, global warming, if you want just a kind of a straight up definition, is the science community defines it as this, and they should know. Yeah, it's a significant increase in the climatic temperature over a relatively short period of time as a result of activities of humans. And by increase, in short, we're talking like 1 degree Celsius in a Couple of hundred years is global warming.

[Josh Clark]

Right. Because the effects of climate are so pronounced on such a, like with just small incremental changes. Oh yeah, that is climate change. Something that if you just look at it on paper, you're like, that's nothing. Who cares about one degree? Actually the point of global warming is that when you have this increase in global temperatures, a whole basket of events starts to take place. That's climate change. Like global warming is related to climate change. Right. It can trigger other climate changes.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's right. And you hear a lot of people talk about, you hear a lot of numbskulls talking about weather as if it is climate.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

Like a very harsh winter might come and they'll say, yeah, global warming. Right.

[Josh Clark]

That's a great numbskull.

[Chuck Bryant]

It's not the same thing. Weather is local, it's short term, climate is long term. It's not even like the weather over a period of a year or even a couple of years. We're talking about predictable, generally predictable, average weather conditions in a region where over a long, long period of time. So you can safely say in Green Bay, Wisconsin, it is cold in the wintertime. That is the climate of Green Bay and that Midwestern region as a whole.

[Josh Clark]

Right. But if it snows in February, February of, you know, next year on a Tuesday, then that's just the weather.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Or if it snows in Miami once, then that's not a refutation of what climate change means. That is a weird anomaly. And those happen.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And this is a, this is a Grabster and Strickland co joint, by the way. So that's pretty heavy. It popped off the page, if you noticed. But one of the things they wisely point out is what you just said, that yes, some weather anomaly happens like that, even if it happened three years in a row, I think a lot of scientists would pay attention to why it snowed in Miami three years in a row.

[Advertiser]

Right.

[Josh Clark]

But if it went back to normal or something like that, like that would not necessarily be climate change. That's just a weird occurrence. Right. Climate change is this change in predictable changes.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. That can take like thousands and ten thousands of years sometimes.

[Josh Clark]

Right. Nor most times under natural circumstances. And here is where we come to the current use for global warming. Right. Global warming can happen by itself, naturally. The Earth basically in its current present state, swings back and forth between glacial periods and interglacial periods. So cool periods and warm periods. And for an ice age to occur, the global temperature only needs to drop by about 5 degrees Celsius on average, and all of a sudden we're in an ice age, Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. That doesn't mean the entire Earth is a big. Round. Round cube. Round cube. Wow.

[Josh Clark]

That's like a square rectangle, but not at all the same.

[Chuck Bryant]

Well, you know when you go to a fancy cocktail bar and they have those awesome round. I want to say ice cubes again. Ice spheres.

[Advertiser]

Yep.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's not what the Earth looks like necessarily during an ice age.

[Josh Clark]

No, no, no. It's just much cooler. And, like, because it's cooler by, say, 5 degrees Celsius, like, a lot of stuff changes. It's the same thing as global warming, but on the opposite end, Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Correct.

[Josh Clark]

Like, you have changes in migration patterns, you have changes in habitat for animals. Some things go extinct during the transition. Sea levels change. A lot of stuff happens. Right. So this is part of the normal process of the Earth, but the Earth's kind of got it like, hey, hey, I've got this under control. I don't need any help from you humans.

[Chuck Bryant]

Sure.

[Josh Clark]

And when I do do this, this is the Earth talking in first person. When I do change from a glacial period to a warm period, it takes many tens and tens of thousands of years. Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

You humans here again, this is still me, the Earth. You humans are really messing with my program here and accelerating the process. And you know what? I'll even give you a clue as to what you're doing that's making it so bad. Carbon dioxide emissions. Bam. Said the Earth and dropped its microphone and walked away.

[Advertiser]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

And then it went back and picked up his mic and said, and maybe stop littering.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, that's enough.

[Chuck Bryant]

And then drop the mic again.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

We should talk a minute about a wonderful group called the ipcc. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

[Josh Clark]

Yes.

[Chuck Bryant]

A lot of very smart people there.

[Josh Clark]

Oh, man. Can I just say, to me, the IPCC is one of the coolest things humanity's ever come up with.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

Because it's. It's the world coming together, saying, we got a real problem on our hands. Let's get our smartest people together and create a database here of. Of good science.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And those people are specifically about 2500, actually more 2500 scientists from around the world meeting together in places like Paris because. Why not? Right.

[Josh Clark]

Sure.

[Chuck Bryant]

They did this about 10 years ago and came up with a lot of. Well, sort of a lot of distressing observations. We'll just tick through a few of these. As far as temperature goes and, you know, like we said, like 1 degree Celsius can make a big swing in what kind of changes we see on the planet. Between 1901 and 2000, the Earth warmed 0.6 degrees. So that's if you, if you adjust that to 1906 to 2006, it climbs up to 0.74 degrees. So about three quarters of a degree in temperature rise during that 100 year period.

[Josh Clark]

Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

That's a lot.

[Josh Clark]

It is a lot. And so a lot of people say, well, you guys just said the Earth tends to do this on its own. Maybe that's it. Well, actually no. There's a lot of science that the IPCC has been able to come up with that shows pretty clearly that this is human caused stuff that's actually creating this increase in temperature. And again, it seems to come back to carbon dioxide.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Should we tick over a few of these other observations?

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, for sure.

[Chuck Bryant]

Let me see, Here's a good one. The ocean's temperature has increased to at least depths of almost 10,000ft down. The ocean's temperature has increased.

[Josh Clark]

Yep. Not a good thing because that's how like glaciers tend to melt is from underneath.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's right.

[Josh Clark]

What else, Chuck?

[Chuck Bryant]

Westerly winds have been growing stronger, droughts have become more intense, blasted longer, covered bigger swaths of land. What else? Here, precipitation has increased in the Eastern Americas, northern Europe, parts of Asia, but it's decreased elsewhere. Yeah, and that's, I mean we'll get into this a little bit. A little bit of global warming can mean longer growing and better growing seasons in some parts of the world. But devastating to other parts of the world.

[Josh Clark]

Exactly.

[Chuck Bryant]

I guess I'd let the cat out of the bag there, but we'll go over that again later. And how about this one? The warming trend of the last 50 years is about double of the last 100 years. So what that means is the rate is increasing. The rate of warming is increasing.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, actually. So the, I think the IPCC has determined that each of the past 40 years has been warmer than the average temperature of the 20th century. And that 2016 was the hottest year on record and the 12 warmest years on record have occurred since 1998. Dude, you should see the, the, we'll get into it, some of the charts that, that you can find. And again, like, if you're even remotely interested in this, like just go look up the IPCC stuff and some of it, like you, you have to be a climatologist to understand what in the name of God they're talking about. But other stuff, if, especially if you read like executive summaries of studies and reports and stuff. Yeah, like that's meant to, for like a non scientist specifically, often like policymakers to read and understand. Right. So the average person can understand that. And they have some really great stuff that's showing like all of the changes that the world is going through thanks to these increases in the global temperature. And again, some of the charts that they have are just stunning when you see them.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

Because it's like going along fine, going along fine, everything's fine. And then, oh my God, what the hell just happened? Basically,

[Chuck Bryant]

and it was the Industrial Revolution.

[Josh Clark]

It was. But also one of the things that they found recently, especially in the last like three, four years I believe is that I think like you were saying, the increase in global temperatures, but also again the increase in carbon dioxide has really shot up over the last like 50 years, like from, from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. I think they usually start that about 1750 to maybe 1800 at the latest, up to like 1950 or so 1960. Like there's a pretty surprising increase, but it has just skyrocketed in the last like 50 or 60 years. So they're seeing like this, the science is bearing out the kind of the general theory of global warming, which we should probably talk about this theory of global warming. Right. Because like we said, it's not just a human caused mechanism. Like basically it's an already existing natural mechanism that basically keeps the Earth nice and toasty for life and water.

[Chuck Bryant]

It keeps us from being Mars.

[Josh Clark]

But we have started messing with it big time because of our, our contributions to this normal cycle. Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

So should we talk about the greenhouse effect a little bit?

[Josh Clark]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

The greenhouse effect is literally what keeps us from being Mars. It is a good thing when it occurs naturally because like you said, it keeps us on, it makes Earth habitable and lovely and nice for the most part. So Strickland and the grabster. I'm not sure who came up with the car analogy, but it's a pretty good one.

[Josh Clark]

I agree.

[Chuck Bryant]

If you go into your car on a hot summer day and you get in your car, it's been sitting out in the sun for a little while, it's a lot hotter than it is outside, it's kind of a no brainer. But you might not have thought about why that happens. It's not magic. What's happening is the sun that's coming in through your car windows gets absorbed by the interior of your car, whether it's your seats or the dashboard or basically kind of everything in the car absorbs that heat, and that heat is then eventually emitted back out and radiated out from the seats and things like that. But it's at a different wavelength than that initial sunlight that came in. So some of it might get back out of the window, but most of it stays kind of trapped in that car. So the end result, the net net, as they would say in a corporate meeting, is that there's less energy going out than coming in.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

So your car is going to get hotter.

[Josh Clark]

So pretend your car is the planet Earth, basically, which would be great. And the windshield is the atmosphere. Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

So that's the greenhouse effect in a nutshell. As it, as it relates to the actual Earth, about 70% of the solar energy that is directed toward Earth. Right. Stays on the planet. Right. And. And instead of it being absorbed by car seats and floor mats and stuff like that, it gets absorbed by the ocean or land or plants or you. Right, right. And so about 30% of that stuff that didn't make it through it was reflected back by clouds, particles in the atmosphere, a bunch of other stuff. Right. But as you're sitting there getting warm by the sun, you actually have the potential to remit that heat. And so that stuff starts to go back through the atmosphere out of space. Some of that stuff makes it out into space, but there are other particles that take that, that solar energy, usually in the form of heat, and absorb it. And when they absorb it, they re emit heat and then they direct it back down at Earth and the process continues. And in some cases, some of the stuff that they re emit, they end up reabsorbing themselves so that there is more heat that's being trapped and sustained on Earth than is being allowed to escape back into space at any given time.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Just like your car.

[Josh Clark]

Right. And again, this is like a positive feedback cycle that creates the atmosphere. It also sustains the atmosphere. It also keeps water here on Earth because water tends to heat up and rise, but then it will cool off in the atmosphere and fall back down as precipitation. And as long as it can fall back down in the atmosphere and nucleate around some of these particles that are trapped in the atmosphere, we've got water here on Earth.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's right.

[Josh Clark]

So it's all thanks to the wonderful, glorious greenhouse effect.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. So that feels like a good place to pause, let people let that soak in a minute. Like hot sun on a black car seat.

[Josh Clark]

Like a warm chutney on your forehead.

[Chuck Bryant]

Oh, my God. And we'll be back a little bit to talk about these gases in the atmosphere that we're talking about here.

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[Chuck Bryant]

All right, so we're back. I think everyone probably understands the greenhouse effect, if you remember your hot car. Yeah, it's kind of a nice, easy way to think about it.

[Parent Listener]

Sure.

[Chuck Bryant]

So when you were explaining the. More like the Earth's version of that, with getting absorbed, hitting things in the atmosphere, we're talking largely about three things. Carbon dioxide, methane gas, actually four things. Nitrous oxide and water vapor.

[Josh Clark]

And there are a lot of others. But as far as, like, stuff that really has the biggest impact on global warming, it's these guys.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. So we'll start with CO2, because that's the one you hear about most often. Carbon emissions gets all the glory in the headlines these days. Carbon CO2 is colorless, it's gas. It is a byproduct of the combustion of organic stuff, and it makes up a very small part of the Earth's atmosphere.04%. And most of it that's up there has been there for a long, long time. It's from volcanic activity. However, we are pumping lots and lots of CO2, additional CO2, and remember, there's a delicate balance going on up here as it is. So like you said, Mother Earth doesn't need us adding to this. And we have been adding CO2 like it's gangbusters.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. So like that. Remember when I was talking about how water. Water turns into vapor and rises and then falls back down? That's the rain cycle there' Carbon cycle, where carbon molecules just kind of go back and forth between the atmosphere and the Earth. And apparently every year, 230 gigatons of carbon are released into the atmosphere from the Earth, from plants, from rocks, from us. And then about the same amount, another 230 gigatons comes back down and is locked into Earth from the atmosphere. Right. And it's like you said, Chuck, like a pretty, pretty nice balance. The Earth has got this. Please don't mess with it. But when we take carbon and unlock it from these carbon sinks, like, you know, we bust up rocks in mining operations, we burn fossil fuels that have carbon locked into them, we cut down trees and burn those things as fuel. That releases more carbon, and it messes up that delicate, pretty much even exchange between the atmosphere and the Earth.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And that's a big problem because carbon has a knack for absorbing infrared radiation. So that energy that escapes the atmosphere, that's the form that it comes in. So all this extra CO2 means basically like your car, just an overall increase in temperature.

[Josh Clark]

Right. And so not only does it absorb infrared heat and hang onto it, there's a lot of it. We just finally, in the first time in the history of the human race, all of humanity, not since the Industrial Revolution, but ever since humans have been around, The Earth reached 400 parts per million. Meaning that out of every million molecules that you just snatch out of the air and count, you're going to come up with 400 of those as carbon atoms, Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

Or carbon dioxide molecules. So that's new. That's a big deal. And the problem with that is not just that there's a lot of carbon dioxide in the air, but it's like you said, the more carbon dioxide, the more radiative heat that comes back down to Earth that doesn't escape into space and the higher the global temperature gets.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And just to put it into perspective, 400 parts per million now, and that's 2017 numbers, I guess.

[Josh Clark]

I think in 2015 we hit 400 and we're up to like 404 now.

[Chuck Bryant]

So that pre industrial revolution was about 280 parts per million. So it has swelled by about 124 parts per million since the Industrial Revolution, which is pretty staggering.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And there's apparently a way that you can tell when you're actually measuring the carbon dioxide molecules themselves, where they came from. And ones that are introduced into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels have a specific signature that we can detect. And we have seen that as the global temperature has increased and more and more carbon dioxide has been introduced into the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, so too has the concentration of that specific type of carbon dioxide. So there's a strong correlation between the fossil fuel burned carbon dioxide that we humans have put in the air with rising global temperatures.

[Chuck Bryant]

All right, moving on to nitrous oxide into a. Which we did a whole podcast on this, right? Yeah, that was a good one.

[Josh Clark]

It was a great one.

[Chuck Bryant]

Mainly because of that tank that we had here in the studio.

[Josh Clark]

I know we're method podcasters. That definitely enhanced the whole thing.

[Chuck Bryant]

So N2O is another greenhouse gas, super important. And we are not releasing like human activity is not releasing nearly as much as we are CO2, but NO2 or, I'm sorry, N2O absorbs a lot more energy, like 270 times as much as CO2. So that makes it something we really need to pay attention to. And we are paying attention to it. It just doesn't get all the headlines.

[Josh Clark]

No it definitely doesn't. Just because there's so, so much less of it. Right. And whereas it takes like 10, tens of thousands of years for, you know, the 20% of any given carbon dioxide emission to leave the atmosphere, it takes about one for a full emission of nitrous oxide to leave the atmosphere.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. As far as man made, it is also a byproduct of combustion. And a lot of fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer that they use on crops releases the N2O into the atmosphere as well.

[Josh Clark]

See, to me, all you have to do is like seed the atmosphere with a bunch of hippies and let them huff all the nitrous oxide right out of it. Problem solved. That's right, because you've also gotten rid of fish.

[Chuck Bryant]

Concert in the sky.

[Josh Clark]

Exactly.

[Chuck Bryant]

What else do we have? Methane.

[Josh Clark]

Methane's a big one. And this is super overlooked, but I remember hearing about this when people first started realizing, like, oh, that's a really big problem. There's very little amount of it. Whereas, like, there's 404 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere these days. We can measure about 1.7 parts per million of methane. But it absorbs and emits thermal energy like gangbusters as well. Far more than CO2, I think about 20 times more. And there's, there's a lot of different places where it comes from. Like when we mine coal, it releases methane. When our ample herds of livestock fart.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yep.

[Josh Clark]

They release methane, no joke. That's actually a huge contributor of greenhouse gases.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, we talked about that, like, I feel like years ago in another episode.

[Josh Clark]

Surely we have. Yeah, another one, Chuck, was. Do you remember our plasma waste incineration episode?

[Chuck Bryant]

Sure.

[Josh Clark]

Well, remember one of the things we talked about was that the average landfill gives off methane, and that's a huge problem too. So, like, if you go to a landfill and you see that there's flames around it, they're actually burning that stuff off. Because the CO2 it releases after it's burned is actually preferable in that case to the methane just being allowed to escape. That's bad news.

[Chuck Bryant]

It is bad news. And there are scientists who have even posited that maybe like, you know, tens and hundreds of thousands of years ago, that large scale venting of methane into the atmosphere, like if a big block of ice cracked open and unlocked a big methane bubble from. From under the ocean, that could have caused like maybe a mass extinction. Right, like, because it was released so quickly into the atmosphere.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, like. Like we're doing now, basically.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. On a Slower basis. I don't think anyone's saying that's going to happen.

[Josh Clark]

No, no, I don't. I don't know. I think like that is a concern that as Arctic, Arctic ice melts that methane bubbles could be released, which would just be a nightmare on top of a catastrophe.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's right.

[Josh Clark]

There's another problem with methane too, that in the atmosphere it frequently converts to CO2. So it just not only contributes itself, it also contributes to the CO2 emission problem.

[Camper Listener]

Man.

[Josh Clark]

There's also, Chuck, another thing called short lived climate pollutants. SLCPs, they don't get a lot of press either. But a lot of people think that if we focused on these, we could really see some real results in the short term. Supposedly SLCPs account for something like 30 to 40% of global warming. But they are particles like black carbon. Methane counts as one of them. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons.

[Chuck Bryant]

Nice.

[Josh Clark]

And they can live in the atmosphere from say like days to tens of years and then they go away. And if we really cut down on some of those emissions, we would see the effects of that very quickly.

[Chuck Bryant]

Wow.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

So speaking of effects, I guess we should kind of talk about what this all could mean and does mean and is meaning.

[Josh Clark]

Sure.

[Chuck Bryant]

Number one, we can talk a little bit about sea level or sea levels. Glaciers and ice shelves are melting all around the world and losing large chunks of ice like this can accelerate this warming because there's less of the sun's energy. You know, we talked earlier about it being reflected by ice sheets and things like that. These reflective surfaces, less reflective surface means less is getting reflected away. So just at like the very base level, that's going to be an increase in temperature.

[Josh Clark]

Yes. Also, depending on where the glacier is, it could contribute to sea level increases too, as we'll talk about.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, I mean we might as well hit that, huh?

[Josh Clark]

Okay, so if one of the things that I learned from this that I just absolutely did not know, but makes total sense is that the Arctic sea ice, if it melts, it will contribute zero to a sea level increase.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Interesting.

[Josh Clark]

I had no idea. But it makes total sense because it turns out that Arctic sea ice in particular floats on the sea. So it's already in the sea and it's already contributed to the sea level rise. If anything, if that stuff, if we went through an ice age and all that stuff froze into basically a frozen landmass, then you'd see a sea level decrease. But the way it is right now, there wouldn't be a sea level Rise if it melts completely. There are other places around Earth where the glaciers and ice caps are basically land masses. And if they did melt, then you would see a sea level rise just from that melted water. Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. I mean, we're talking about Antarctica there. And the likelihood of Antarctica thawing out is not great, which is good.

[Josh Clark]

Well, not all of it, but there's certainly parts of it could.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, for sure.

[Josh Clark]

And then same with Greenland too.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, Greenland's a problem because it is much closer to the equator, so temperatures are higher there anyway. It's not like negative 37 degrees on average like it is in Antarctica.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

So I feel like I have to say that. So specifically Antarctica, the Arctica.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And the other problem too with, with this, this loss of ice. Like people might say, like, no, it's crazy. Like there's, I see plenty of glaciers there still. But if every season a little more melts off then is replenished by snowfall in the winter, you have a net loss of ice. And then over time, if you look at it on a scale of a decade or two decades or three decades, that's a substantial amount of lost ice. And that is what increases the sea level. That leads to sea level rise.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. So as far as the IPCC is concerned, they estimate that sea levels rose about a little over six and a half inches in the 20th century. Doesn't sound like much, but it is a lot like sea level rise in low lying coastal areas can mean pretty bad flooding at just mere inches.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

They propose that if things continue to go this way, they could rise by as much as 22 inches, almost 2ft by the year of 2100. And brother, if that happens, we're gonna have to redraw the world map.

[Josh Clark]

That's true. I was looking, I was like, how high is Miami Beach? Miami beach is apparently just under four feet above sea level. New Orleans is like zero feet. I think it's maybe at two feet. Basically there's a lot of coastal cities, Singapore, I think Copenhagen, they're all very, very close to sea level or just slightly above sea level. And so yeah, two feet rise. I know the Maldives is frequently mentioned as like being under real threat from sea level rise. But even if you don't necessarily live in a coastal area, that's two feet, you know, just two feet above sea level. Consider this. If the sea level rose just 6 inches like they were saying, that means that when you have extreme weather events which go hand in hand with global warming and are part of climate change, where it rains really hard. And there's more major flooding than before, then it's already working with an extra 6 inches than any flood that you've been used to before.

[Chuck Bryant]

Right.

[Josh Clark]

So the floods are much more extensive. And that's a really good example of how interconnected the global climate system is, where if one thing gets messed up a little bit, it has all these other widespread effects around the world and on regions, too. Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

Because I think they found that there are not necessarily more frequent, like, tropical storms and hurricanes and things, but they are becoming much more intense. And that's the issue at hand.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And that one in particular has to do with the surface temperature of the oceans increasing as the temperature of the world increases, because that's where those storms, hurricanes and cyclones get their energy from is from the warm surface of the sea.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

So if it's warm, that's like, you'll see them, like, hit land and, like, lose steam, and then when they go back over the ocean, they'll start to, like, regather their strength. That's because they're over warm water again and that's where. That's where they get it all from.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Plus there is. I don't think we mentioned this yet about the density of water.

[Josh Clark]

No, no. And I don't want to go anywhere near you. Take this one.

[Chuck Bryant]

Well, very simply, water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius. So that's its kind of homeostasis of where it needs to be. Anything above or below that temperature and the density is going to decrease. So the overall temperature of the water is going to increase naturally. And this is not like human cause, but that will also cause the oceans to rise. That's just a natural thing.

[Josh Clark]

Right. Well said.

[Chuck Bryant]

All right, I'll just leave that with. Park it right there.

[Josh Clark]

I'm glad you mentioned that, though, because you don't see that really ever. Like, no one ever mentions, like, oh, yeah, water is just going to expand, expand as it warms. I've never thought about that one either.

[Chuck Bryant]

Or cools, I think, right?

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. Or cools. It's a weird, weird thing. Weird, weird material. So let's take another break and we'll get back to explaining why global warming is a real pain. Mom, can I have Lingokids?

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No idea. Last week it was dinosaurs.

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[Josh Clark]

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[Chuck Bryant]

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[Josh Clark]

All right, Chuck. So we talked about the ice caps melting. We talked about glaciers melting. We talked about sea level rise.

[Chuck Bryant]

Correct.

[Josh Clark]

There's also, I mean, people are out there saying, like, that's great, but how does it impact me?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

A human. That's what I want to know about. Well, there's tons of ways because as technologically clever as we humans are, we are extraordinarily dependent on the Earth. So as this climate change happens due to global warming, we're going to see all sorts of problems. And we already are starting to see problems.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. So we did mention earlier that if you live in a temperate area, if you've got like four kind of lovely seasons, like, let's say Atlanta, Georgia, for instance, you may have a longer growing season, you might have a bit more rain. It might be actually good for the crops here in Georgia in some ways. But other parts of the world, less temperate zones are going to see big temperature increases, way less rain and longer droughts, worse droughts, bigger deserts, it's not going to be so good for those places.

[Josh Clark]

No. They apparently have found that every trillion tons of CO2 contributed to the atmosphere raises the global temperature average by about three quarters of a degree Celsius.

[Chuck Bryant]

Wow.

[Josh Clark]

And then they went and correlated that that each 1 degree Celsius increase in temperature equals an evaporative increase of about 7 to 15% here on planet Earth in the soil. Right. So as temperatures increase, there's going to be less water in the soil, which affects crops and leads to things like droughts and even desertification as well. But. And man, every time I throw out one of these terms. I'm like, we did an episode on that. We did an episode on that. And droughts.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, we've been dancing around this one for a while.

[Josh Clark]

We have. I'm glad we finally tackled that, man.

[Chuck Bryant]

Agreed.

[Josh Clark]

You're doing great, by the way. Well, hold on, hold on. So as the. The water evaporates from the soil and goes up and is locked into the atmosphere again, it's eventually going to come down, and when it does, you're going to have far more severe flooding and precipitation than you would have normally when it was just going up and coming down and going up and coming down, like on its normal cycle.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

So that's one way that it can affect you, because while it's turning to droughts, you got wildfires, and then when the soil gets degraded and there's suddenly a lot of rain, you've got flooding. And people get carried away in their cars because they think it can drive across a flowing river.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's not funny at all, by the way.

[Josh Clark]

I guess not.

[Chuck Bryant]

Just the way you put it was so one of the other devastating effects. And this one is kind of tougher to predict because we haven't really seen what can happen with our living human eyeballs, but ecosystems. And I think we did. Did we do one on ecosystems as a whole or just have we talked about it forever and everything?

[Josh Clark]

I think it's just popped up in so many of them. It seems like that.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, we definitely covered coral reefs and things like that. We're talking about living ecosystems, and we all know they're very delicate, and the, the, the delicate balance of the ecosystem is what makes it worse. And we've talked to ad nauseam over the past nine years about how little, just little things can happen in an ecosystem that will create this chain reaction. It's all interconnected, and we don't know what might happen in terms of global warming in our living ecosystem. Sure, some animals might adapt, some might move, but there would also be massive amounts of extinction. Coral reefs are already dying. We're seeing that with our eyeballs. Forests are dying off and turning to grassland. And it's not just like, oh, well, there they go. Now we have grassland instead of a forest.

[Josh Clark]

Let's make some hula skirts.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Again, it's just. It's that domino effect that we're gonna see. It's just no one knows what it's gonna mean in the end. It's really troubling.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And I was like, well, how are ecosystems interconnected? I know they are, but How So I looked up a good example and found salmon. So salmon are born in like little streams and they end traveling down into bigger streams and eventually rivers and then estuaries, and then they actually go and mature out in the ocean, which I hadn't really thought of. And then when it's time for them to go breed, they swim back upstream, back into the rivers, back into the streams themselves, actually. They go back to where they were born to breed and then die. And as they're doing it, they're basically acting as nutrient transport systems between all these different ecosystems each step of the way.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, it's like a seed being scattered in the wind.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, very much so. But a sea that can actually come back home and bring all the nutrients that it gathered, like out in the ocean, back into its home ecosystem where it was born. So it's pretty interesting. And I mean, like, that's just a great example. That's just salmon, you know. So, yeah, the ecosystems are very much connected. So if something happens with one, it's going to have an effect on all the other ones. And like you said, some things will survive, some things won't. But the, the thing that I think most of us here on Earth are agreeing to agree about is we should probably do something to stop those extinctions as best we can, even if we'll probably survive, you know?

[Advertiser]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

And you know, this is a very USA centric show for the most part, because that's where we're based. We try to think outside that box as much as we can. And in the case of global warming, it is. The poorest nations of the world are the ones that are going to be hit the hardest. They're the ones in a lot of times in the less temperate zones that are going to be hit with more devastating crop loss. But crop loss is going to be a big deal all over the world. It already is. There's something called the Carnegie Institution that estimates about $5 billion in crop losses per year due to global warming is already going on right now. And farmers are seeing a decrease of about 40 million metric tons of wheat, barley, corn, other cereal grains every year. So just 1 degree Fahrenheit, an average temper of an increase could result in 3 to 5% drop in crop yields.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

So it's a global issue. Sure, some of the poorest nations might be affected earliest and the worst, but it is going to touch every nation.

[Josh Clark]

It definitely will. And it doesn't necessarily have to just be the poorest nations. It can be the poorest people of rich nations well, yeah, true. And it can be people who are very rich who end up living in areas that are hit. Like Houston saw a lot of increase in waterborne illnesses because of the flooding from Hurricane Harvey. That's something that they otherwise wouldn't have had to have dealt with. There's like that whole crop loss thing and starvation that it leads to. There's a lot of ways people can be aff. And just like salmon, we're connected to other people as well. Even if they're on the other side of the world and we're not really talking to them or don't really know them personally, we're still connected to them. So if they suffer a crop loss, it'll affect us all, and if they die of starvation, it ends up affecting us all.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. I really like this computer model thing. Did you see that?

[Josh Clark]

Yes.

[Chuck Bryant]

That was pretty, pretty cut and dried, you know.

[Josh Clark]

Yes.

[Chuck Bryant]

So the ipcc, they used a computer model and what they did was they tried to simulate climate change. And what they found was the only models, the only models that looked like today's climate that equaled, hey, well, this looks like what's going on today were models that included the human contribution to global warming.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

When they did not plug in the human contribution, the answer that it spit out was no, that climate doesn't look like what's going on right now.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

So that is basically proof that humans are contributing to this.

[Josh Clark]

Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Straight up.

[Josh Clark]

Exactly. Yep. That combined with, you know, the signature of the carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning. All that jazz. Yes. And we should probably get to this part. Like, there's a. There's a tendency among naysayers to be like, you know, there's not even, like, scientific consensus. They're not 100% certain that it's us creating this global warming. Right. And so science has really kind of taken it upon itself in the last, like, decade or so to address this and say, yes, that's true, there's basically no such thing as settled science. But there has so been so much, like, we've made it our business to create and conduct so much research and study all of this so closely over the last, like, 10, 15, 20 years that we have basically come up with a scientific consensus that basically, if you take any scientist on the street, there is pretty close to 100% chance that that person is going to say, yes, climate change is real. Yes, global warming is happening, and yes, humans are causing it. Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, because they use words differently than we use words. And you sent this great article, certainty versus Uncertainty, colon Understanding scientific terms about climate change.

[Josh Clark]

You know, it's smart when there's a colon.

[Chuck Bryant]

And for the average Joe or Jane walking around on the street, if you say the word uncertain, that means. Well, you just don't know. Scientists, when they use the word uncertain, they mean how well you might know something or not.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

So that's a big difference. It sounds like word games, but there is no, very rarely is there absolute certainty in science. So their job is to research and research and limit that uncertainty as much as possible. No.

[Josh Clark]

And that uncertainty, and their public broadcasting of that uncertainty has been used against them. It's been hijacked and used against them to fight doing anything about climate change. Right. So, so they, they have started to use, especially if you go through like the ipcc, like policymaker executive summaries, everything that they're stating they will put, like how confident they are that what they, what they're, they're saying is true.

[Chuck Bryant]

They have a structure to that now.

[Josh Clark]

Right. And so most of the stuff that they're, they're releasing, as in their reports, has something like a 90% chance or greater of being correct. So they call them like a very likely outcome or a very high confidence. And I've even seen something called an extremely high confidence, which indicates 95% or greater, and then the. Come on. Which is 99% or greater.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. So there are five points which they have, quote, very high confidence, end quote, about or even greater. So at least 90% or greater certainty that the following human induced warming influences physical and biological systems everywhere. Sea levels are rising, glaciers and permafrost are shrinking, oceans are becoming more acidic, and ranges of plants and animals are shifting. So that's between 90 and 100% certainty on those things.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. They also say they're comfortable saying with certainty that the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. They say there is no uncertainty about that. They also say that they've learned that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat through the greenhouse effect. They say, again, there is no uncertainty about this and that the Earth is warming because these gases are being released faster than they can be absorbed by natural processes. And then they say it's very likely greater than 90% probability that human activities are the main reason for the world's temperature increase in the past 50 years in particular. And so they're saying, like, we are scientists, we're the ones who are studying this. No, we're not. We can't say with unequivocal certainty that this is the case. But what really, people, what more do you need? Like, we have studied this so closely, we are so close to 100% certainty that, like, what's the problem here? Let's just get on board. And there was actually a study done in 2007 by this economist. It made the news, made the news cycle. His name was Dr. Peter Cigaris. And he basically said, if you look at the cost of doing something and the cost of doing nothing, statistically speaking, it makes way more sense to take steps to mitigate climate change and be wrong about the fact that it was us humans than it would to take no steps at all and be wrong about. Actually, no, it actually was us humans.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. I mean, that's where I get. I don't want to get too much on a soapbox, but I get angry that there are people out there that say, well, you're not. There's that 10% or less chance. So let's just gamble humanity, the future of humankind on that 10% or less chance. Because we don't want to get with the program and get behind green initiatives because there's a chance. You're not 100% certain. That shortsightedness just is staggering to me.

[Josh Clark]

Well, plus also that it's been proven. I've mentioned that book before, the merchants of doubt, that think tanks have been set up to basically influence public thoughts and point out, like, scientists aren't 100% certain. Scientists aren't 100% certain. And they're not looking out for you or the Earth or your family. They're looking out for their business interests because it's the fossil fuel industry. They're the ones who benefit the most from not taking steps against climate change. But even if you look at some of these fossil fuel industry companies, they're like, no, we should probably do something. We can figure this out. Even some of them are saying this now as of 2014.

[Chuck Bryant]

Amazing.

[Josh Clark]

So, Chuck, speaking of 2014, there was something big that happened. The Paris Accords.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yes.

[Josh Clark]

And in 2014, I think 195 countries came together and said, you know what? We're going to do something. We're going to do everything we can to keep the global average temperature from increasing 2 degrees above normal, 2 degrees Celsius, I should say, because that was kind of a largely agreed upon tipping point that there would be a lot more extreme weather, sea level rise, we would feel the effects of climate change from a 2 degree Celsius increase in global temperature. And so they took this really interesting approach where they said instead of us coming up with a multi government group that decrees stuff, we're going to just decentralize the whole thing. And how about every country come up with what their country can do on their own to fight global warming and then we'll bring them all together and everybody will take a pledge and we'll go do it. And it was hugely successful. Like out of 195 countries, 168 have ratified it. And the US had a pretty good plan as well. I think we were going to pledge that we would reduce our climate emissions something like 26, 28% by 2025, which would be a huge, significant contribution to fighting global warming. But we got pulled out of that one, I think in 2017.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's correct.

[Josh Clark]

So now the rest of the world seems to be carrying on without us fighting climate change through their own decentralized plans. But that's where the United States stands right now. We have said we're not going to be taking part in that.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's right. But that's not to say that the citizens of the United States can't do everything they can on their own in their own lives by doing some of the following things, first and foremost, decreasing our carbon footprint. And I'm gonna put out a call for us right now to go ahead and do one soonish on carbon offsets because we're a few years into, a few years down the road from when carbon offsets first became a thing, and it's much more understood now.

[Josh Clark]

Didn't we do one on those?

[Chuck Bryant]

I don't think so.

[Josh Clark]

We did. We've done them on some. Oh, I know what it was. We talked about that kind of cap and trade scheme in the acid rain.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, yeah. We should do one on carbon offsets though, because they're much better understood now. And then you. It's pretty clear now, like the best ways to go about doing something like that.

[Josh Clark]

Cool.

[Chuck Bryant]

So we're not going to cover too much here, but you can buy carbon offsets, look for future podcasts. But reducing your carbon footprint is the biggest thing. I mean, it's really simple. The stuff that generates the greenhouse gases, if we create less of it, that's a good thing. So you doing that on a local level can make a big impact if a lot of people are doing that. Using less energy obviously is just sort of a no brainer period in life, like just being less wasteful.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

Whether it's water or your lights that you're turning on or riding your bike instead of driving your Car, like all of that, makes a big difference, but

[Josh Clark]

with electricity in particular, one thing we always mention, Always mention is that even though it seems like your light bulb is fine, it's getting its power most likely from burning coal.

[Chuck Bryant]

So is that electric car that you bought.

[Josh Clark]

That's plug in for sure.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And your electric car is only as good as the energy that it's where it gets its energy from. And we can. That's a whole rabbit hole into itself, hybrids and electric cars and how green they are. But the research I did today roundly says that in the end, a hybrid and electric car has a much smaller carbon footprint than a combustion engine.

[Josh Clark]

Sure.

[Chuck Bryant]

And I know about the batteries and I know where they get this stuff. And this is considering all the costs that go into making these cars and what happens these cars over the years. There are a lot of smart people that put this all together and it's still a better option than, you know, a combustion gas engine.

[Josh Clark]

Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

But that's, you know, I'm not here to say go out and get a hybrid or an electric car. That's up to you.

[Josh Clark]

Well, that, that kind of raises one of the issues too, is like, it can be expensive to be eco friendly, you know, which really sucks.

[Chuck Bryant]

But you can also save money, though.

[Advertiser]

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[Josh Clark]

Yeah. In the end, it's just the upfront costs are sometimes, you know, greater, which is a problem for, you know, for people who can't afford, like, a more expensive car. It's the same thing with, like, food, you know, like, the better your food, the more expensive it is, which sucks too.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. But you can use less energy in your home and pay less of a energy bill.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, no, no, there's plenty of things you can do. Like, it doesn't cost anything to recycle, you know.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, exactly. And all this stuff like recycling, you think, Well, I mean, I know that's good because there's no trash, but no trash means it's not going to that landfill, and that means it's not releasing bad gases into the atmosphere. So.

[Josh Clark]

Yep.

[Chuck Bryant]

This all affects your carbon footprint. Recycling to how long you take a shower because you're using hot water and that water has to be heated somehow.

[Josh Clark]

Yep. And I mean, if this has become like an issue for you, then then make it one of the things you vote on too. Like vote for people who care about this and we'll make sure that that regulations are put into place that fight climate change.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

It's a big one.

[Chuck Bryant]

There are politicians out there that care very much about this.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. I Remember after we pulled out of the Paris Accord, like a few cities said, we're still doing this. We're gonna stick to it regardless. Yeah, yeah, you can do it, Your city can do it. Other people can do it. The rest of the world's doing it. Except for Nicaragua and Syria, if I remember correctly. You remember.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

If you want to know more about global warming, just step outside. And since I said that, it's time for listener mail.

[Chuck Bryant]

I'm gonna call this so smart. I don't get it, but remember during the buildering podcast, we read a listener mail about. We asked why you get sleepy when you read.

[Josh Clark]

Yes.

[Chuck Bryant]

Well, we had a chiropractor write in and he says he has the answer. And I don't know if this is right or not, but it's. It certainly sounds good to me. So he's a chiropractor and he studied functional neurology in school. And he said the answer is that when you're reading, your eyes move laterally as they scan the page. This involves the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which is innervated by the sixth cranial nerve, the abductions. So the abductions originates in the pons and the brain stem. And what happens is that as you activate this nerve through reading, you also activate the ponto medullary reticular formation, or pmrf. One job of the PRMF is to dampen the sympathetic response of the enteromediolateral cell column in the spinal cord, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. In short, reading dampens the sympathetic response and relaxes you.

[Josh Clark]

Nice.

[Chuck Bryant]

I think that's the takeaway. I hope you find this interesting. Love your podcast. Use a lot of your knowledge. You teach for Trivia Tuesday that my co workers and I play at my clinic. And that is from Dr. Michael Hilton in good old Washington, D.C. nice. Or the District.

[Josh Clark]

Thanks. Dr. Michael the chiropractor from D.C. that's right. If you want to get in touch with us like Dr. Michael did, you can tweet to us oshumclark or Sysk podcast. Both Me and Chuck are on Facebook and you can go to our official [e-mail] StuffYou should know. You can send us an email the StuffPodcastowStuffWorks.com and as always, join us at our home on the web stuffyou should know.com. For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit howstuffworks.com.

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[Josh Clark]

hey

[Chuck Bryant]

everyone, it's Kel Penn. I'm inviting you to join the best sounding book club you've ever heard with my podcast, Hearsay, The Audible and iHeart Audiobook Club. Every episode, I nerd out with amazing guests and dive into the the best new audiobooks available on Audible. It's the book club for your ears. Listen to Earsay, the Audible and iHeart audiobook club on the iHeartradio app or wherever you get your podcasts.

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