[Insert Your Own Catchy Title About Younger Dryas Here]

Summary

Stuff You Should Know: “Hot Potato: The Younger Dryas Mystery”

Date: October 21, 2025
Hosts: Josh Clark & Chuck Bryant
Podcast: Stuff You Should Know (iHeartPodcasts)

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Brief Overview

In this episode, Josh and Chuck enthusiastically unpack the geological and climatic riddle of the Younger Dryas, a dramatic thousand-year return to ice age conditions just as Earth seemed to be warming up. They explore what the world looked like before, during, and after the Younger Dryas, discuss current hypotheses about its cause, and examine how this period impacted Earth’s ecosystems and the trajectory of early human societies.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. What is the Younger Dryas? (02:27 - 06:13)

• Definition & Mystery:
  The Younger Dryas (YD) is described as a “real deal geological mystery” (Chuck, 02:29), where after the last ice age, Earth rapidly plunged back into icy conditions for about 1,200-1,300 years before just as abruptly warming again.
• Historical Importance:
  “When the Younger Dryas ended, it became the age of humans. This is where we began our civilizations, started farming, and basically take over the planet.” (Chuck, 04:08)
• Geological Anomaly:
  “It’s actually been described as an extreme weather, millennial event.” (Chuck, 04:27)

2. Setting the Climate Stage: Before the Younger Dryas (06:46 - 11:01)

• Previous Ice Age & Aftermath:
  “Last ice age started about 100,000 years ago… peaked at 20,000 years ago… all the glaciers start melting, Earth just blossoms into a version we like.” (Chuck, 07:40)
• Early Human Progress:
  “This was right before people from Eurasia migrated into North America – they were cut off, no going back…” (Chuck, 09:48) The warming period had humans dabbling in agriculture and even beer-making.
• Agricultural Origins:
  “Let’s get as funky as we can… and put some of that time we spend hunting and gathering into farming.” (Chuck, 10:41)

3. The Younger Dryas Strikes (11:01 - 14:39)

• Rapid Return of Icy Conditions:
  Within a century, temperatures plummeted, and within five centuries, near full-glacial conditions returned.
  “In 10 years, [Greenland’s] average temperature increased by 18°F (10°C)...” (Chuck, 13:15)
  Compared to modern concerns about a 2°F rise in two centuries, this was catastrophic speed.

• Its Discovery:
  Named after the Dryas octopetala flower, which flourished in these cold periods and whose unexpected presence in certain Scandinavian clay layers led to the identification of this climatic event.

4. Evidence for the Younger Dryas (18:34 - 21:13)

• Ice Cores & Lake Sediments:
  “You can date a lake… and see what was going on at that time. Lakes are advantageous because they’re all over the world…” (Chuck, 19:33)
• Nerdy Tangent:
  Josh proposes a T-shirt: “Lake bottom > tree ring” (Josh, 20:38) – a nod to sediment analysis being even cooler than dendrochronology.

5. Global Impacts of the Younger Dryas (21:31 - 29:56)

• Devastation in the North:
  “All the plants and animals that had started to thrive... died back.” (Chuck, 23:08) Tree pollen retreats confirm widespread forest die-back.
• Population Contraction:
  “We shrunk tremendously as a population down to maybe… 10 million people across the planet.” (Chuck, 23:06)
• Southern Hemisphere Oddities:
  “Temperatures actually rose in the Southern Hemisphere... sea surface temperatures increased in the Caribbean...” (Josh, 24:31) Some regions (e.g., Venezuela basin) cooled, highlighting the event’s bizarre, uneven geography.
• Extinctions & Human Survival:
  “Human population… started going lower. Available food was getting slimmer and slimmer.” (Josh, 26:20) Clovis culture disappears from the record; sites drop by half in parts of Europe.

6. Adaptation & Human Innovation (27:51 - 31:06)

• Hunting Technology:
  “The Harrif point—a new and improved arrowhead—came about… probably because they were struggling and needed to kill better.” (Josh, 28:27)
• Forced Agricultural Advances:
  “It is possible that the Younger Dryas did force humans to basically adopt agriculture.” (Josh, 29:41)
• CO₂ Drop & Crop Yields:
  Ice cores reveal a dramatic decrease in CO₂, resulting in pitiful crop yields: “This put a big sort of stop sign in front of all of that.” (Josh, 30:32)

7. Hypotheses: What Caused the Younger Dryas? (34:53 - 45:55)

Josh and Chuck break down four main explanations:

a. Meltwater Pulse and Ocean Circulation (Thermohaline Disruption) (34:53 - 38:56)

• Mechanism:
  Massive Lake Agassiz (and other meltwater) floods North Atlantic with fresh water, disrupting warm ocean currents (thermohaline circulation), cooling the north and warming the south.
• Josh: “A bunch of water disturbed the warming cycle of the ocean very, very quickly.” (Josh, 35:44)
• Chuck: “Up until very, very recently you were a fringy nut if you believed anything besides that.” (Chuck, 38:56)

b. Extraterrestrial Impact Hypothesis (38:56 - 42:24)

• Meteor/Comet Theory:
  Massive comet/meteorite strikes or air-bursts trigger planetwide wildfires and an ‘impact winter.’
• “Black Mat” Evidence:
  Soot layer coincides with Younger Dryas onset internationally.
• Skepticism:
  “Graham Hancock… latched onto the impact hypothesis… Scientists tend not to agree with Graham Hancock much.” (Chuck, 41:41)

c. Supernova Theory (43:24 - 43:40)

• Idea:
  Supernova in the Vela constellation strips ozone, cools upper atmosphere.
• Josh: “Wouldn’t that happen all over the planet if the ozone layer was burned away…?” (Josh, 43:36)

d. Volcanic Eruption Hypothesis (43:40 - 45:55)

• Locker Sea (Laacher See) Supervolcano:
  Ejects huge volumes of ash, potentially matching platinum and climatic evidence.
• Hypotheses sometimes blend: “a volcano erupted and attracted a comet that… kicked off melting… which caused the [ocean] circulation problem.” (Chuck, 45:32)

8. Aftermath: The Holocene and Human Civilization (45:58 - 47:59)

• The Holocene:
  “That pendulum stopped swinging… people started thriving again. The animals came out, the birds started chirping, the bees started pollinating.” (Josh, 45:58)
• Significance for Humanity:
  “Essentially everything that has to do with human civilization began in the 10,000 years immediately following the Younger Dryas.” (Chuck, 46:33)
• Sea Levels & Lost History:
  “Settlements that were closer to coastline then are now under hundreds of feet of ocean water...” (Chuck, 47:18)
• Peak Civilization:
  “Those wild cereals… became Captain Crunch.” (Josh, 47:41)

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “It’s a real deal geological mystery.” — Chuck Bryant (02:29)
• “If it wasn’t for the Younger Dryas, would we be like the year 3000 or would we have already destroyed ourselves?” — Josh Clark (05:42)
• “Lake bottom > tree ring” — Josh Clark (20:38)
• “Imagine being the guy pouring water from a gazelle flask onto wheat. Someone’s like, What are you doing? ‘Just watch. Give me a couple thousand years...’” — Chuck/Josh riff (30:40)
• “Let’s get as funky as we can… and put some of that time we spend hunting and gathering into farming.” — Chuck Bryant (10:41)
• “Graham Hancock… latched onto the impact hypothesis… Scientists tend not to agree with Graham Hancock much.” — Chuck Bryant (41:41)
• “Those wild cereals… became Captain Crunch.” — Josh Clark (47:41)

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Timestamps for Important Segments

• 02:27 — The Younger Dryas explained & why it’s weird
• 04:08 — Significance: birth of human civilization
• 07:40 — End of Ice Age; early warming and first farms
• 11:01 — How fast the world froze again
• 13:15 — Ice cores: 18°F temperature swing in 10 years
• 18:34 — How scientists use ice cores and sediments
• 21:31 — Global effects: what happened in north and south
• 23:06 — Population shrinkage, Clovis culture vanishing
• 28:27 — New hunting technology: Harif point
• 29:41 — Did the Younger Dryas force true agriculture?
• 34:53 — What caused the Younger Dryas? Four main hypotheses
• 38:56 — “Impact winter” and the Graham Hancock effect
• 43:24 — Supernova and volcano ideas
• 45:58 — Aftermath: The Holocene and civilization
• 47:41 — “Captain Crunch” and the end of the YD story

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Final Thoughts

The episode is classic SYSK: playful, fast-paced, packed with analogies and asides, yet thoroughly researched. Josh and Chuck clarify a confusing but pivotal period in Earth’s prehistory—one with big consequences for the rise (and survival) of humanity. Their speculative banter, especially on alternate histories (“Would we be year 3000 by now?”), and their breakdown of complex science into relatable stories (flower-based climate dating, nerdy T-shirt ideas, cereal humor) make the mysteries of the Younger Dryas approachable, memorable, and fun.

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This summary skips all ads and non-content. If you haven’t listened, this recap captures all the scientific intrigue, the weirdness, and classic Josh & Chuck humor of the episode.

Transcript

[Josh Clark]

This is an iHeart podcast.

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[Josh Clark]

Puzzles, paradoxes and hidden patterns almost as much as we do. On TikTok. Those fascinations come to life. People are breaking down physics, exploring geology, and explaining why the world works the way it does. You'll see impressive experiments, explanations that finally make sense, and connections you didn't expect. It's like having a lab, a lecture hall and science museum in your pocket. TikTok is where wonder is shared, where curiosity turns into discovery, and where millions learn something new every day.

[Ana Ortiz]

Welcome to Stuff youf Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.

[Chuck Bryant]

Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh and there's Chuck. And Jerry's here too. And this is stuff you should know and what we've got on our hands today. Chuck is a hot potato of a real deal geological mystery.

[Josh Clark]

Hot potato.

[Chuck Bryant]

Mm.

[Josh Clark]

That's how Emily's family says potato.

[Chuck Bryant]

I think. I would only say it when it's preceded by hot. I would only say it like. Like. I wouldn't say I'm gonna have a baked potato. Like you'd be out of your mind to say it like that.

[Josh Clark]

Nor would you say a hot potato. Like what? A square?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, that is pretty square, isn't it?

[Josh Clark]

Get the stick out of your butt, fella, and loosen up.

[Chuck Bryant]

Loosen up. Get the cardigan out from around your shoulders.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. Geez.

[Chuck Bryant]

So that was obscure, but still. So like I said, this is a mystery today. And just to give a brief brushstroke overview with the widest brush, real lot of space in between. Bristles, just barely any paint on it. That kind of overview. Oh, wow. What we're talking about is something called the Younger Dryas, which is a pretty. It's a pretty terrible name for this, if you want to be catchy. Right? Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

I mean, I think a lot of people will probably say, wtf, right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Well, let's just call it the yd if we're going to put initials on things. How about that? Or abbreviate things. So the yd, the Younger Dryas is this surprising, shocking period in Earth's history, fairly recent history, where we came out of the last ice age, everything was going smoothly, and then, bam, we got hit by another ice age out of nowhere that lasts for over a thousand years, and then, bam, it goes away just as fast as it came along. And paleogeologists, paleoclimatologists, all the paleos are perplexed as to what caused it and then why it stopped so suddenly, too. That's why I said it's a real deal geological mystery.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And a time, as we'll see, where the Earth and its inhabitants and the animals and nature was all going like, all right, thank God, we can finally get down to business and start being an Earth, like a legit earth. And then the yds come along and say, not so fast.

[Chuck Bryant]

Right. And you call it a legit Earth because when it finally ended, and actually that period in between the last ice age and the yd, those are like, really habitable for human beings. Like, we love those kind of conditions so much so that after the YD ended, it became the age of humans.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

Like, this is the. This is the age where we began our civilizations, we started farming, we began to flourish as a species and basically take over the planet. And what's interesting is this is the most recent ice age. There have been seven in Earth's history. And just as an aside, this was the Wisconsinian Ice age that we're talking about. The Last one was 250 million years before. Right. So it's pretty significant that we just, geologically speaking, came out of an ice age, because there's not that many. And then, not coincidentally, when the second to last ice age ended, that opened the door for the dinosaurs to come along and take over the Earth. So things, big things happen when an ice age changes. So for it to switch back to an ice age all of a sudden and then switch back to nice and temperate for us humans, it is just very weird. It was actually. I've seen it described as an extreme weather, millennial event.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And, you know, it kind of made me wonder had this not happened because we were sort of headed toward, you know, legit Earth, like I said before, you know, I mean, it would obviously wouldn't change the year, but let's say as far longness goes, we would be like the year 3000 something.

[Chuck Bryant]

Right.

[Josh Clark]

Like would we be just that much further along as a planet or would we be nowhere? Because in a thousand years we will have already destroyed ourselves the second one. Okay, all right. So it's a good thing this happened or we wouldn't be talking about it right now.

[Chuck Bryant]

Exactly. That's exactly right. So yeah, that's a really anthropic way of looking at it. Well, speaking of, I bought a copy of if Anyone Builds It Everyone Dies, the Eliezer Yudkowski Nate Soares book that just came out.

[Josh Clark]

Okay, I did not know about it. That you say that as if it was just on the tip of my tongue, which I appreciate.

[Chuck Bryant]

No, you do. We remember I basically mischaracterized it in the Zizians episode and had to read the whole that book. Right. About building AI and if anyone builds it, then we're all going to die. Like just the existential threat of AI. It is really good. You could read it in. If you had a day that you could dedicate to reading it. You could read it in a day. It's really popularly written, lots of really cool anecdotes. It's just very good. So I strongly recommend that book.

[Josh Clark]

Great.

[Chuck Bryant]

Okay, so let's kind of just back it up a little bit and go to the previous ice age, the Wisconsinian Ice age, and talk about what Earth looked like. Like that.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, so it was, it was very icy. There were huge ice sheets covering a lot of Earth, like most of North America, northern Europe and Asia. And as we'll see, a lot of the YD affected the northern hemisphere much more than the southern. But also weird things happen in the southern hemisphere that don't quite jive. That's why it's such a kind of a strange mystery. But lots of ice everywhere. We had barren plains, very harsh conditions. We had things like, you know, woolly mammoths, like ice loving creatures dwelling the earth and you know, human populations that were sparse and scattered and constantly kind of moving around trying to survive.

[Chuck Bryant]

Right. And so the last ice age started about 100,000 years ago and it took about 80,000 years to reach its peak point. So 20,000 years ago it hit what's called the last glacial maximum. Right. So it took 80,000 years to get there and then 10,000 years to basically melt. It melted a lot faster than it developed. And just like right after it peaked, it just started warming up. And it took about 9,000 years. And all of the ice sheets, all the glaciers, all the stuff that was covering Earth and keeping it in an ice age just basically went away. And Earth just blossomed into a version that we like.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And it became, you know, not terribly unlike what we're looking at now. There was a jump in temperatures that was, you know, kind of close ish to today. And this was called the. I never know how to pronounce.

[Chuck Bryant]

It's a umlaut.

[Josh Clark]

Is it really? Yeah, that's all it is.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yes. So all of our Nordic friends, the circle with the forward slash through or the o with the forward slash through, that's an umlaut, right?

[Josh Clark]

Okay. I mean, I guess we call it the null set because it looks like a zero with a slash through it.

[Chuck Bryant]

So call it that.

[Josh Clark]

I mean, we don't really call it that, but that's what it looks like.

[Chuck Bryant]

Pronounce it like that.

[Josh Clark]

All right. What, with the umlaut?

[Chuck Bryant]

No, the null set?

[Josh Clark]

No, I wouldn't know how to do that with the umlaut. I guess my best stab would be the beurling aleroud interstadial.

[Chuck Bryant]

I think you nailed it.

[Josh Clark]

All right. A lot more rain. We got a, you know, we achieved a sea level that's not what we have today, but about half of what we have today with that rain, obviously you're going to get a lot of plants. The woodlands are thriving. Animals are now forest dwelling and walking alongside things like cave bears and woolly mammoths. And things are going pretty good. We have Homo sapiens at this point, are the only humans that are around at this point. And they're loving life. Man. They're saying, all right, we can travel a little bit more. And as we'll see, kind of dabble stick their toe in settling here and there's.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, this was actually right before. This was the point when people from Eurasia migrated into North America. So this is the point where they were cut off. They couldn't go back. There's no going back. They were in north and South America now because the Bering land bridge was covered up by those rising sea levels, which turn it into the Bering Sea. And this time. So remember, we're talking about this little period after the end of the Ice age, before the YD comes along, where everything seems to be going smoothly for humans. This is where we started taking our first stabs at agriculture. We're Just like, let's try something new. We just came out of an ice age. Let's just get as funky as we can with it and we're going to basically take some of that energy and that time that we dedicate to hunting and gathering and put it into farming. I just made that word up, but let's call it that from now on.

[Josh Clark]

They're like, what is farming? They're like, you're doing it right now, buddy. I see you over there picking weeds.

[Chuck Bryant]

Exactly.

[Josh Clark]

And tending to those wild plants. And that's basically the you know, kind of, I guess the argument for the beginning of agriculture at least. Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Where we basically said that's a good looking plant, let's just try to make that one grow as well as we can.

[Josh Clark]

That's right. So things are going along swimmingly. People are not moving around as much. They enjoy sitting for the first time and things like that. And then all of a sudden the YD comes along and the glacial conditions return in the broad sense in a very quick way. I mean, how long did it take? Like, I mean the whole thing was like a thousand years. But we reached kind of close to that last glacial maximum in about 500 years.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, I think by a hundred years it was really like in full swing. And then. Yeah, 500 years is basically like the ice age is back.

[Josh Clark]

I wonder if they were like, hey, does anyone think it's getting colder? Right.

[Chuck Bryant]

No, just keep farming and be quiet.

[Josh Clark]

Right? Yeah, yeah, just keep planting those plants.

[Chuck Bryant]

We should also say Kyle helped us with this and he said that the younger Dryas came along and spoiled the party. That's truer than you would think because right before this, in that booling Ailerad interstadial was when we started making beer too. So that got disrupted as well.

[Josh Clark]

We'd be so much drunker today.

[Chuck Bryant]

So another reason we would have wiped ourselves out in just one global bar fight, basically.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

So this is, this kicks off 1300 years of really, really cold weather and then all of a sudden it just stops and it comes along. It like happened starting about 100 years, 500 years into it, it was really basically back to ice age conditions in a lot of places. But when it stopped, it swung back to nice and humid even faster. And there's actual ice cores from Greenland that show that Greenland, in 10 years the average temperature increased by 18 degrees Fahrenheit, 10 degrees Celsius. That is insane. And for comparison, so the global warming that's going on today that scientists are quite concerned about and thinking people as well, that's a rise of 2 degrees Fahrenheit, not 18 degrees Fahrenheit. 2 degrees Fahrenheit in about 20 decades. We're talking about 18 degree rise in one decade. That's how fast this thing warmed up.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, that's super quick. And again, you know, whenever you talk about this kind of stuff, you got to zoom out and look at it from a sort of macro point of view. But yeah, that's super fast and got super hot and also super cold previously during the yds, which was named, by the way, after flower, the Dryas. Octa petala. Yeah. Nailed it. And the odd thing about this flower and why they named the YDS after it is that it thrives in cold arctic regions. It's one of these flowers that loves the ice. Kind of the mountains of Scandinavia and the late 1800s, like the 1870s, Swedish scientists were studying clay deposits that they discovered, and they discovered this flower and they were like, this flower shouldn't be here. Between these layers of clay, it was deposited by melting glaciers. But like, none of that makes any sense.

[Chuck Bryant]

No, because you've got clay from melting glaciers above it and clay from melting glaciers below this flower. And this flower thrives in temperatures where the glaciers are not melting at all. So it was a huge mystery. And then what made it even more mysterious is that it was confirmed by other clay deposits elsewhere in Scandinavia. So there was definitely something weird going on. And they named it Younger Dryas because there actually had been an older Dryas before that was not nearly as much of a bizarre freak as the Younger Dryas was.

[Josh Clark]

That's right. So we got the od. We got the yd. Should we take a break? Yeah. That sounds like a pretty good time for a break.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

[Josh Clark]

All right, we'll be right back.

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Chuck and Josh.

[Josh Clark]

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[Josh Clark]

Ortiz and I'm Mark and Delicato.

[Ana Ortiz]

You might know us as Hilda and Justin from Ugly Betty. We played mother and son on the show, but in real life we're best.

[Josh Clark]

Friends and I'm all grown up now.

[Ana Ortiz]

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[Chuck Bryant]

Yay.

[Josh Clark]

Woo hoo.

[Ana Ortiz]

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[Josh Clark]

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[Ana Ortiz]

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[Chuck Bryant]

All of a sudden like someone like comes running up to me and it's Salma Hayek. And she's like, you are my Ugly Betty. And I was like, what is she even talking about?

[Ana Ortiz]

Listen to Viva Betty as part of the My Cultura Podcast Network, available on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcast.

[Chuck Bryant]

So Chuck, we've been talking like pretty big shots, pretty confident here, right?

[Josh Clark]

A couple of tough guys.

[Chuck Bryant]

Exactly. And the reason why we're doing that is because of ice core samples a lot from Greenland, also from Antarctica, and sedimentation from high altitude European lakes. That's why we're talking so tough right now.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, and those are big deals. You can find out a lot from an ice core. You can find out like basically what's what it accumulated there. Like stuff that the wind blew in there from other places. You know, they've got these little, little bubbles in that ice and you can trace gases even that were present back then and compare to like other parts of the world at that time. And like, oh well, we have these gases here, we have this sediment here. We have a distinct lack of pollen for this period here. Which means like probably a lot of plant life was killed off and stuff like that. And then the lake stuff is super valuable too, right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Because constantly sediment is accumulating at the bottom of a lake and very similar stuff's getting trapped down there like air bubbles, soot, pollen, all that stuff. And it just gets deposited year after year. And you can actually date that stuff. You can take a sample of a lake bottom and date that and then see what was going on around the lake at that time too. And lakes are advantageous because they're all over the world. Ice shelves and glaciers are not all over the world. So you're limited from where you can take ice cores. And then also lakes can last like thousands of years. Whereas if you're reading tree rings, you're reading maybe decades, maybe a century or two worth a lake. It's going to give you way more than that. So it's pretty clever the way that they can take this stuff, not only figure out when this sediment deposit or this ice deposit was put down, but also what a lack of pollen or what type of pollen means for the world at large at the time. I just think that's pretty cool that humans are able to do that and they don't seem to just be making this up.

[Josh Clark]

You know, a very niche Nerdy stuff youf should know T shirt could just be lake bottom greater than symbol tree ring.

[Chuck Bryant]

That's a super nerdy. I think that would actually offset the be dumb and happy one that you got generated.

[Josh Clark]

I think so. But just, you know, you walk around like Comic Con and somebody will say, I know exactly what you're doing, buddy.

[Chuck Bryant]

And they'll just silently walk past you and give you the high five and the low five without stopping.

[Josh Clark]

Right. But it'll be a sort of a nerdy. They'll miss the high five. It won't Be quite right. They'll try and fist bump you when you put up your hand or something.

[Chuck Bryant]

Or they lock fingers with you on the low five and you guys keep trying to go in different directions.

[Josh Clark]

That's gotta be the worst. I thought the fist bump and the hand together was the worst. But when you high five and someone holds on and locks fingers.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

Then chase not what you're after.

[Chuck Bryant]

It's so weird.

[Josh Clark]

Oh, goodness. I don't know why I think of Oprah Winfrey. When does she. Has she ever done that?

[Chuck Bryant]

I think she likes to raise people's hands like they just won a boxing match or something.

[Josh Clark]

All right, so we're settling into the yd. I mentioned earlier that the Northern hemisphere was the one that was really affected the most, especially around the North Atlantic, the Southern hemisphere. We'll talk about some weird abnormalities there as well. But these ice sheets advanced across the Arctic Sea just like they did during the old lgm, the last glacial maximum. Is it glacial or glacial?

[Chuck Bryant]

Oh, I don't know. Depends on whether you say potato or potata. Yeah, I guess so.

[Josh Clark]

The Rockies here in what would later be the United States expanded. The Alps expanded. They found very weird things like penguin, like creatures in Southern Italy. Like things were getting really out of whack again. And everyone back then was like, wtf?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And the, the, like, even if you weren't living in an iced over area, you know, basically due south of that was tundra, like, so Western Europe, which is nice and verdant and lush right now, was tundra at the time. You got grasses, maybe a fox or two if you're lucky. And you're bored just looking around because it's not the most pleasant landscape to look at. Yeah. Remember, humans are running around at this time. I think we are. We shrunk tremendously as a population down to maybe the highest estimate I saw was around 10 million people across the entire planet at this time.

[Josh Clark]

That sounds nice, actually.

[Chuck Bryant]

Kind of talk about elbow room. But the, the, all the plants and animals that had started to thrive in the middle, in between the Ice age and the yd, they died back. And all the animals and plants that had died back during that interstellial period, they came roaring back and they were like, we love the yd. We're happy again.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, for sure. I mentioned the pollen retreating being evidence of like, you know, the tree cover going away. And they found evidence of that. An ice core once again. This is in the Hulu Cave in China, and it showed a drastic reduction in tree pollen, which, you know, basically you can infer that like, yeah, a lot of trees died out during this icy period.

[Chuck Bryant]

Right. And from that you can also infer that there was probably less rain because trees help generate clouds and they also help keep the planet warm. So it was obviously a lot colder and a lot drier. That was the two characteristics of the yd. And then like you said, the southern hemisphere experienced something radically different. Right. So remember, northern Europe is covered in ice again, it's tundra right below that. And then if you go down to Antarctica, they basically hand you like a lei and a Hawaiian shirt and like a Mai Tai.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, it's so crazy. When I was going through this stuff, that to me was like the big reveal. I mean, I'm a big dummy when it comes to this stuff. So I just figured that would have been even colder and even worse. But temperatures actually rose in the Southern hemisphere and a lot of the southern hemisphere became warmer and wetter. And the sea surface temperatures increased in the Caribbean and the tropical Pacific. And the mountains of New Zealand saw warmer conditions. So it was like everything was kind of upside down all of a sudden.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, but you also mentioned earlier that it didn't happen. There were weird pockets here there, which also goes to underscore how bizarre the Younger Dryas was. Like there's a basin around Venezuela and it actually had temperatures drop. So this is the Southern hemisphere, Right. It saw a temperature drop of 3 degrees Celsius, 5 1/2 degrees Fahrenheit. And every time I see something like that, I'm like, so like, that's not that big of a deal, right? It turns out it is a really big deal. Even though to you an average winter temperature of 55 going down to 50 doesn't sound all that bad. But climatologically speaking, any change in temperature even by half degrees has really huge weather consequences over say the course of a year. So in this case, dropping by 3 degrees Celsius or 5 and a half degrees Fahrenheit, it might not have seen that much temperature wise over an average winter, but it also opened up the door for way more freak weather. So they might have gone from like no blizzards whatsoever, maybe one blizzard a year, to three blizzards a year. And that definitely impacts local conditions in the life there. So it makes a really big difference even when you see little changes to average temperatures.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, for sure. There were likely some animal extinctions happening. You mentioned the amount of humans, which was at an, you know, probably at an all time high at this point, started going back lower and lower their Available food was getting slimmer and slimmer. We mentioned they were dabbing their toe in the pond of kind of settling down a little bit and not hunting and gathering and traveling everywhere. And all of a sudden they had to pack it up and start moving around again to try and find food again.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And the evidence that people, the human population contracted, meaning there was a lot of die off, shows up in archaeological sites like the Herrensburg culture in present day Germany, Austria and Belgium. During the yd, the archaeological sites dropped by half compared to what they had been just before the yd, which suggests that there are a lot fewer people making a lot fewer camps or villages. And then also significantly in North America, this is when the very famous Clovis culture just disappears from the record too.

[Josh Clark]

Clovis. We did a whole episode on the Clovis.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, they used to pop up a bunch. Remember the whole Clovis first Police and all that stuff? Yeah, yeah.

[Josh Clark]

Man, it feels like a thousand years ago.

[Chuck Bryant]

It really does, but. So this is when they disappeared. And they don't think that the Clovis all just died off, but they think that these weather conditions and hardships for living basically dispersed them and they started forming the prototypes to the bands of Native Americans that we see today.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, for sure. Another interesting thing is sometimes in the times of trouble there can be human advancement because you're struggling and need to think of better ideas on how to do what you're doing. And it seems like that might have happened with the hunting because the animals are more scarce, hunting is harder, the game is just not around. So this is where we saw at least one thing that we think might have been an advancement was the Harrif point H A R I F, which is a. Basically a new and improved arrowhead came about. And they think it's probably because they were struggling and they needed to kill better.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yes. And it was quite an innovation because the arrowheads they were using before were made of dandelion heads.

[Josh Clark]

I know. And those. You know what? The animals loved them.

[Chuck Bryant]

They did. They were like, shoot me again.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, shoot one of those my way. I could use a laugh.

[Chuck Bryant]

Right. And then also, Chuck, it really helps that there were people dabbling in agriculture before the YD came along because it seems to have given the people related to them a bit of a leg up. Like they didn't have to figure out agriculture from scratch under these conditions. So in pockets where there was vegetation and a decent amount of game, people did settle down again in those areas. There's a place called the Zagros Region, which is in modern Iran, which shows settlements that were basically probably not just hunting camps, they were probably permanent or semi permanent settlements. So people did like sit down where they could and set up shop. And as a matter of fact, some people say, okay, people were kind of dabbling in agriculture before, but it was just dabbling and in fact, that that culture might not have been passed along. It is possible that the younger Dryas did force humans to basically adopt agriculture because again, remember, conditions are so terrible that whatever leg up you, a human can give to this plant that you're going to eat later is, Is invaluable. So that's basically what agriculture is, is helping plants along to make them grow better.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And you know it. That became a challenge in a lot of ways. Not just because the ice, but they found once again in those ice deposits or the ice cores, they found air bubbles with a noted decrease in concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. And so all of a sudden, these wild cereals that are growing, their yields are going to be way down. And they had some, for the time, some fairly advanced agriculture burgeoning there. They were like pest control and watering things, weeding things, transplanting things.

[Chuck Bryant]

The basics.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, the very basics. But that's the very beginnings. And yeah, this put a big sort of stop sign in front of all of that.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Like imagine being the guy who is watching the other guy pour water out of his gazelle flask.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah.

[Chuck Bryant]

Onto like a, like a little ground. Yeah. Like some wheat. Be like, what are you doing? And they'd say, just watch. Just give me a couple thousand years and you're gonna be blown away. Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

You want this water to be beer one day, Bella.

[Chuck Bryant]

Exactly.

[Josh Clark]

Let me pour it on this grain.

[Chuck Bryant]

And then it magically turns into beer.

[Josh Clark]

Oh, man. Shall we take another break?

[Chuck Bryant]

I think we shall. Chuck.

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[Josh Clark]

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[Josh Clark]

Ana Ortiz and I'm Mark and Delicato.

[Ana Ortiz]

You might know us as Hilda and Justin from Ugly Betty. We played mother and son on the show, but in real life we're best.

[Josh Clark]

Friends and I'm all grown up now.

[Ana Ortiz]

Welcome to our new podcast, Viva Betty. Can you believe it has been almost 20 years? That's not even possible. You're the only one that looks that much different. I look exactly the same. We're re watching the series from start to finish and getting into all the fashions, the drama and the behind the scenes moments that you get never heard before.

[Josh Clark]

You're going to hear from guests like America Ferreira, Vanessa Williams, Michael Urie, Becky Newton, Tony Plana, and so many more icons.

[Ana Ortiz]

Each and every one.

[Chuck Bryant]

All of a sudden like someone like comes running up to me and it's.

[Ana Ortiz]

Salma Hayek and she's like you are my Ugly Betty.

[Chuck Bryant]

And I was like what is she even talking about?

[Ana Ortiz]

Listen to Viva Betty as part of the My Cultura Podcast network available on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

[Josh Clark]

All right, we should talk a second about something called solar insulation not insolation in solation with an o. And this is how much solar warmth reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere. And the basic pattern of warming the globe is driven by this. And the younger Dryas is definitely like this weird, exceptional pocket that stands out. And because of this, everyone that nerds out on this kind of stuff was like, well, we gotta figure this out. I mean, why did this happen? And they have emerged with four main hypotheses. The one that has the most traction we're gonna start with is the meltwater interrupting thermohaline circulation. And that sounds very sort of like sciency and nerdy and like, guys, I hope you explain this, but it's really very simple.

[Chuck Bryant]

It is.

[Josh Clark]

It's that a bunch of water disturbed the warming cycle of the ocean very, very quickly.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. Specifically in the North Atlantic, which has this thing that you mentioned, the thermohaline, which is where warm water warmed by surface air on top of the ocean falls down into the deep water. And as it does it, it displaces the cold water which comes up to the top and gets warmed itself, then it sinks and the cycle just keeps going on and on. Right. This is how warmth is delivered to the northern Hemisphere. Right. It moves northward, so the warmer sea water is always moving toward the north, so it's delivering warmth. And at the same time, that cold water upwells in the southern hemisphere, so it delivers cold to the southern hemisphere. Which is why under normal conditions with the thermohaline circulation, the Antarctica is cold. And comparatively speaking, the Northern hemisphere is warmer.

[Josh Clark]

That's right. All right, so park that in your brain and then understand that North America at the time had this huge 700 mile by 200 mile lake called Lake Agassiz, I guess. Sure, Agassiz, if you're an Andre Agassiz fan. It developed as the Laurentide ice sheet and extended down to the Great Plains and blocked the Great Lakes. And all the rivers that were flowing there backed up and it formed this big natural reservoir that was 700 by 200 miles big. And this theory holds, the meltwater theory holds that as that last glacial maximum warmed things up, that ice sheet retreated, the block passage to those Great Lakes opened up, and all of a sudden, billions and billions of gallons of fresh water make its way down to the North Atlantic. They think a similar sort of thing happened in the Nordic region, but you're like, all right, so that makes sense, but was this water like super cold or something? It was cold, but the main thing it did was desalinate that, that upper ocean water, right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And so fresh water is less dense than seawater. And so a bunch of fresh water mixed in with seawater makes it less dense than it normally would be. And it needs to be dense to fall down to the deep ocean, which makes the other deeper water come back up, right? Yeah. So that means that the thermohaline circulation is interrupted. And if you have an interruption in the thermohaline circulation, it just stops moving like that. You would expect to see the Northern hemisphere get cold because there's warmth is not being delivered there any longer. You'd also expect to see Antarctica warm up because that cold, deep ocean water is not welling up around the very southern southern hemisphere. And that's exactly what you see with the Younger Dryas. It's a really beautiful, elegant explanation that I think was hypothesized in 1982. And up until very, very recently, you were a fringy nut if you believed anything besides that as the explanation for where the Younger Dryas came from.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, I mean, it makes sense to me, but that's why I love science, is people keep poking around and the fringe nut maybe one day is proven somewhat right, and that. Well, I still think that the meltwater is probably the reason why. But one of the other hypotheses is the impact hypothesis. And that is, like you said, was pretty controversial until more recently. It has gained a little bit of traction because some things do kind of add up. But the idea here is that a meteorite or a comet or something impacted the Earth, maybe an air burst even, and that released a thermal pulse that kind of set the world on fire, almost like all these massive wildfires across all the continents. The air is filled with soot, it's blocking sunlight, and in fact, there's so much soot, there's atmospheric dust such that you reduce solar radiation, and all of a sudden you have what's called an impact winter. Or, you know, kind of like the idea of a nuclear winter.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, basically the same exact result, but just it was different things that got us there. Right. So there's evidence for this that most people point to as like, this is pretty good evidence. There's something called a black ma, which is a layer of carbon matter that seems to be a soot deposit that you find all over North America and in parts of Europe. And all that suggests that there were wildfires going on on different continents at the same time, which would suggest like some sort of massive comet or meteorite bursting and setting off this thermal pulse. So the fact that those things coincide on two different continents with the onset of the younger Dryas has definitely made the impact hypothesis much more popular than it was before. One thing detracting from it that probably makes some legitimate scientists wary of embracing it publicly right now is the writer in science contrarian Graham Hancock latched onto the impact hypothesis because he has this theory, I guess you could call it that, that there was an ancient apocalypse around the time that the younger Dryas happened that wiped out massively advanced civilizations that we don't even know really existed and reset humanity. And then we had to rebuild from there. And there's not a lot of evidence, if any, for this stuff. It's really, really fascinating. But the, the evidence we do have, the scientific evidence we do have doesn't set that up. But anyway, he basically said, see, this impact hypothesis supports my idea that there was an ancient apocalypse. And scientists tend not to agree with Graham Hancock much.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. And the other thing, there's a couple of more sort of smaller points that might support this. One is there was a platinum spike in South Africa that preceded the YD and in some other places. And platinum is, you know, a lot of time within meteorites, so maybe some support there. And also sometimes people kind of combine the first one and say maybe there was an impact combined with this meltwater thing. So there was a low atmospheric explosion over North America and that's what released all this meltwater all over the place.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah, which makes sense. It's basically like handing an olive branch from one hypothesizer to another. You know, let's work together.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, let's go get a drink and just settle it.

[Chuck Bryant]

Also, as an aside for remember our Goblecki tepe episode? Oh yeah, it's been a while. I don't remember exactly how to pronounce it. We talked about how there was this guy who. Who also kind of fringely concluded that some astronomical engravings at the site recorded the. The comet or the meteorite burst that happened at this time, which is kind of cool. But again, there's not a lot of evidence to support it. Moving on, there's a couple of other explanations that don't have nearly as much traction, but they do make sense. One is a supernova explosion. Supposedly a star went supernova in the Vela constellation at the right time. That could have affected Earth by burning away its ozone layer, which would cool the upper stratosphere, which is the second most layer above Earth, which would prevent it from holding much water vapor. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas, and without a very strong greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, heat would just go out into space much more easily from Earth, and it would get cooler as a result. The problem with this one that I have is, wouldn't that happen all over the planet if the ozone layer was burned away by a supernova?

[Josh Clark]

I think so.

[Chuck Bryant]

So I'm gonna. I'm gonna toss that one. Okay.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah. Nailed it. The last one is another sort of example where the sun is blotted out. So there's a massive drop in temperature very quickly. But this time it is because a volcano erupted. A massive volcano. This is the locker C volcano, Not CEA or I'm sorry, sea, but se. Because we all know that Germany doesn't have any water. Right?

[Chuck Bryant]

Well, it's landlocked. Yes. Yeah.

[Josh Clark]

But this was a German volcano. Of course. We're kidding. That's a reference to an older episode. We know all about the Black Sea, so hold your emails. But this volcano, it was definitely a mega eruption. It spewed 6.3. I mean, what is that? Even trillion. What is that?

[Chuck Bryant]

That's cubic kilometers.

[Josh Clark]

So 3 million cubic kilometers.

[Chuck Bryant]

No, 6.3 cubic kilometers to the third power, though. No. So that's what makes it cubic. So if you took a kilometer of land and you made it square, and you did 6.3 times, and then you also made it a kilometer tall, a cube, that's 6.3 kilometers on each side, just of magma got released from that volcano. It was a massive eruption.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, I just outed myself in a mathematical way.

[Chuck Bryant]

Well, finally you did. I'm the one who does it all the time.

[Josh Clark]

Well, comparatively speaking, Mount St. Helens released 1 cubic kilometer. Vesuvius was 3, and this was 6.3. So the other interesting thing about this one is volcanoes can produce platinum, or at least part of groups of platinum metals, and that could account for that spike we talked about in South Africa.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yes. And so the volcanic eruption hypothesizers frequently say, hey, how about this? A volcano erupted and attracted a comet that blew up over North America, which kicked off the melting of the ice caps, which caused the alien circulation problem. Yeah. And then the supernova person's like, what about me? And they're like, sorry, you're not.

[Josh Clark]

You were dismissed.

[Chuck Bryant]

Exactly.

[Josh Clark]

All right, so that was the yds. I guess we could talk a little bit about what happened afterward. Afterward is where we are, the Holocene period. And that was when the climate finally worked itself out. That pendulum stopped swinging, and things started warming up and stabilizing, and people started thriving again. The animals came out, the birds started chirping, the bees started pollinating. And it led to the. Not the modern, modern era, but just, you know, what we know now as Planet Earth.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. The beginnings of our era all find its roots in this time. Like, this is where agriculture developed. This is where civilization first developed. Writing came along a few thousand years later. I mean, all of this happened in a really short period of time. Like, essentially everything that has to do with human civilization began in the 10,000 years immediately following the Younger Dryas.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, I mean, the current shape of our planet happened after the Younger Dryas. Like the way the coastlines were shaped. I mentioned the Rockies and the Alps, you know, those mountain ranges all over the world, even, I was about to say, took their final shape. That, of course, that's not true, but took the shape that we know and love today.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And that's actually one reason why it's difficult to track what humans were doing during the Younger Dryas. Because the settlements that they had that were closer to the coastline then are now under hundreds of feet of ocean water and are probably just totally destroyed. So we lost a lot of archeological sites because of that sea level rise. But it was a trade off because again, we have riding.

[Josh Clark]

Yeah, that's right. And those wild cereals that we talked about that were having such a hard time, you know, became Captain Crunch.

[Chuck Bryant]

Yeah. And really, is there anything more you need to prove that humans have reached peak civilization than that?

[Josh Clark]

I don't think so.

[Chuck Bryant]

Okay, well, I guess that's it for the yd, right, Chuck?

[Josh Clark]

That's it for now. I mean, who knows what's ahead?

[Chuck Bryant]

Well put. And because Chuck said, who knows what's ahead? Truly, it's time for listener mail.

[Josh Clark]

Uh, this. This is called Birthmark episode. Because we. I think that might have been a select. Or maybe Patrick just listened to it again, I think.

[Chuck Bryant]

So that's what happened.

[Josh Clark]

Hey, guys, listen to that episode again recently. Because I have a birthmark that makes me perpetually look like I have a black eye on a regular basis, someone will ask me some variation of, like, who punched you? What happened to your face? I used to enjoy giving a clever story as a way to mess with them, like getting kicked out of a nightclub or squaring off with a bear. But I started to feel bad for lying, even to my friends, even if only for a minute. So now I usually just take the boring route and explain that it's a birthmark. It's just subtle enough that friends can go years without noticing it even.

[Chuck Bryant]

Wow.

[Josh Clark]

But once it's brought to their attention, they can't unsee it. Many don't believe me when I tell them it's just a birthmark and they think I'm trying to cover something up. My mom even told me that she was interrogated when I was a child by doctors.

[Chuck Bryant]

Oh, wow.

[Josh Clark]

And would get dirty looks from other parents when they noticed a mark on my face. And I feel bad that her experience of my birthmark has never been as fun as mine. Anyway, ever since my wife Christine introduced me to your show about nine years ago, Stuff youf Should Know has been a staple for us during house chores and road trips. Your chemistry together is very comforting, and we especially like hearing Josh make Chuck laugh. Do it right now.

[Chuck Bryant]

Hot patata.

[Josh Clark]

That actually worked. I was like, I'm gonna have to fake a laugh here, but you got me.

[Chuck Bryant]

Awesome.

[Josh Clark]

Keep up the great work, guys. Thanks for making the two of us smile again and again and again. We've made them smile three times. All the best. From Troutdale, Oregon, that is Patrick Burton.

[Chuck Bryant]

Awesome, Patrick. Thank you for that, Patrick. And his wife Christine, right?

[Josh Clark]

Yep.

[Chuck Bryant]

So thanks to you both. And Patrick, I have to say, if you're going to have a brief birthmark that's not in the shape of Abraham Lincoln, the place that you have it is about as cool as it can be.

[Josh Clark]

Agreed.

[Chuck Bryant]

If you want to be like Patrick and Christine and let us know how long you've been listening to us and what you think. Hopefully it's generally positive. You can send us an email, too. Send it off to Stuff podcastheartradio.com Stuff.

[Josh Clark]

You should know is a production of iHeartRadio from. For more podcasts My Heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app.

[Ana Ortiz]

Apple Podcasts are wherever you listen to your favorite shows. It's Ana Ortiz, and I'm Mark and Delicato. You might know us as Hilda and Justin from Ugly Betty. Welcome to our new podcast, Viva Betty.

[Josh Clark]

Yay.

[Ana Ortiz]

We're rewatching the series from start to finish and talking to iconic guests like.

[Josh Clark]

Betty herself, America Ferreira.

[Ana Ortiz]

There was this moment when the glasses went on and it was like, this is our Betty. Listen to Viva Betty on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

[Josh Clark]

What's up, everybody?

[Chuck Bryant]

It's snacks from the trapped nerds. All October long, we're bringing you the horror.

[Josh Clark]

Boogity, boogity, boogity. We kicking off this month with some of my best horror horror games to keep you terrified. Then we'll be talking about our favorite horror and Halloween movies and figuring out why black people always die first.

[Chuck Bryant]

And it's the Return of Tony's Horror show side Quest, written and narrated by yours truly.

[Josh Clark]

We'll also be doing a full episode.

[Chuck Bryant]

Reading with commentary, and we'll cap it.

[Josh Clark]

Off with a horror movie battle Royale.

[Chuck Bryant]

Open your free AHA Radio app and search Trapped Nurse Podcast and listen now.

[Josh Clark]

Welcome to Decoding Women's Health. I'm Dr. Elizabeth Poynter, Chair of Women's Health and Gynecology at the Atria Health Institute in New York City. I'll be talking to top researchers and.

[Announcer]

Clinicians and bringing vital information about midlife.

[Josh Clark]

Women'S health directly to you.

[Chuck Bryant]

100% of women go through menopause. Even if it's natural, why should we suffer through it?

[Josh Clark]

Listen to Decoding Women's Health with Dr. Elizabeth Poynter on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. This is an iHeart podcast.