Stuff You Should Know: Frances Perkins – Influential and Unknown
Episode Release Date: December 21, 2024
Hosts: Josh Clark and Charles "Chuck" Bryant
Production: iHeartPodcasts
Introduction to Frances Perkins
In this episode, Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant delve into the life and legacy of Frances Perkins, one of America's most influential yet often overlooked figures. Perkins, renowned for her pivotal role in shaping labor policies and social security systems, remains underrecognized despite her substantial contributions to American society.
Early Life and Education
Frances Perkins was born Fanny Coralie Perkins in Boston in 1880, hailing from a long line of Maine ancestors who valued community and social welfare. Despite her conservative upbringing, Perkins developed a passion for social justice early on. She pursued higher education rigorously, graduating from Mount Holyoke in 1902 with a major in chemistry and physics—a testament to her intellectual versatility. Perkins furthered her studies at the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce and earned a Master’s degree in social economics from Columbia University in 1910.
Notable Quote:
“She changed her name... she was like, no, people are people, and they all deserve help.”
— Josh Clark [06:58]
Response to the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
A defining moment in Perkins' career occurred in 1911 when the tragic Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Manhattan claimed the lives of 146 workers, predominantly young immigrant women. Perkins witnessed the disaster firsthand, observing the horrifying scene of workers leaping from firesuppressed staircases. This event galvanized her commitment to labor reform.
Notable Quote:
“I can't believe that this woman was virtually written out of the history books.”
— Chuck Bryant [02:31]
Rise in New York Politics and Association with FDR
Perkins' dedication to labor issues led her to the Philadelphia Research and Protective Association, where she exposed fraudulent employment agencies targeting immigrant women. Her exceptional work caught the attention of Alfred E. Smith, the Governor of New York, who appointed her to the New York Committee on Safety. Her outstanding performance earned her a place as the first woman appointed to a state government position in the U.S., with an $8,000 salary—a significant achievement for the time.
Notable Quote:
“She had a very large brain and her higher education.”
— Chuck Bryant [08:34]
Secretary of Labor under Franklin D. Roosevelt
In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) appointed Frances Perkins as the first female member of his Cabinet, making her the U.S. Secretary of Labor. At a time when the nation was grappling with the Great Depression, Perkins became instrumental in crafting policies aimed at economic recovery and social welfare.
Notable Quote:
“We need to always keep our eye on the long term and plan for the worst case scenario.”
— Josh Clark [03:18]
Key Contributions
Social Security Act of 1935
Perkins oversaw the creation of the Social Security Act, establishing a safety net for American workers. Her foresight ensured that unemployment insurance and retirement benefits were systematically integrated into federal policy.
Notable Quote:
“If you have gotten your unemployment insurance check and it has helped you, thank Frances Perkins somehow.”
— Chuck Bryant [31:32]
Fair Labor Standards Act and Wagner Act
Perkins played a crucial role in the enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which introduced minimum wage laws, maximum work hours, and restrictions on child labor. Additionally, she was a key figure behind the Wagner Act, which empowered workers to unionize and engage in collective bargaining.
Notable Quote:
“Maybe we shouldn't make labor for children better. Maybe we should not bring our children to work and make them work.”
— Josh Clark [41:02]
Challenges and Impeachment Attempt
Despite her achievements, Perkins faced significant opposition. Her progressive policies and staunch defense of workers' rights earned her enemies, culminating in an attempt by Congress to impeach her. The impeachment effort failed due to insufficient support, primarily triggered by her refusal to deport an Australian longshoreman suspected of communist affiliations.
Notable Quote:
“I don't think that you have really good evidence.”
— Josh Clark [41:25]
Immigration Policies during World War II
During World War II, Perkins leveraged her position to advocate for and facilitate the immigration of approximately 55,000 Jewish German refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. Her efforts extended to rescuing an additional 200,000 individuals, showcasing her commitment to humanitarian principles even amidst stringent immigration controls.
Notable Quote:
“She wanted to help German refugees escape.”
— Chuck Bryant [47:03]
Later Life and Legacy
After FDR's death in 1945, Perkins continued her public service under President Truman until 1953. She authored a biography of FDR titled "The Roosevelt I Knew" and served as a lecturer at Cornell University until her passing in 1965. Perkins' legacy is cemented in the enduring labor laws and social security systems that continue to benefit Americans today.
Notable Quote:
“Can you imagine?”
— Chuck Bryant [44:34]
Conclusion
Frances Perkins' dedication and visionary policies fundamentally transformed American labor laws and social welfare systems. Her legacy, though often overshadowed by her male counterparts, remains a cornerstone of contemporary social policy. Josh and Chuck emphasize the importance of recognizing and honoring such unsung heroes who have shaped the fabric of American society.
Notable Quote:
“Amazing things happen from people who have that combination [hard work and heart].”
— Chuck Bryant [23:17]
Further Reading and Resources:
- To explore more about Frances Perkins and her impact, consider reading her biography "The Roosevelt I Knew."
- For an in-depth understanding of the Social Security Act and its development, refer to archives at the FDR Library.
Listener Engagement:
The episode concludes with heartfelt listener mail, highlighting the influence and appreciation Frances Perkins garners even today. Tawny’s tribute underscores the ongoing relevance of Perkins' work in supporting essential workers during crises.
About the Hosts:
Josh Clark and Charles "Chuck" Bryant are dedicated to uncovering and sharing the stories of influential yet overlooked individuals in history. Through engaging discussions and thorough research, they aim to educate and inspire their listeners.
Connect with Us:
For more insights and episodes like this, visit iHeartRadio's Stuff You Should Know.