D (10:19)

At Thales, they secure what matters most. The most trusted companies and organizations utilize Thales cybersecurity products to protect critical applications, sensitive data and identities anywhere at scale through their innovative services and integrated platforms. Thales provides customers a greater visibility of risks, the ability to defend against cyber threats, close compliance gaps, and deliver trusted digital experiences for billions of consumers every day. That's Talas T H A L E S learn more@cpl.talasgroup.com.

A (11:08)

I recently caught up with Greg Gillinger, svp, for Strategy and Development at Integrity isr, to find out the latest news on what's going on in orbit.

C (11:22)

A couple of stories I wanted to dive into for this month, and they both relate to China, and they're both actually fairly recent over the last week, week and a half or so. So the first one was a launch of a TJS 21 satellite. This happened on November 21, so just a few days ago. It's going to what we call a highly elliptical orbit, or heal orbit, we believe. Right. So it's still in some sort of geosynchronous transfer orbit, we believe, but the inclination that it's kind of trajectory points to it going to here, which is significantly different than a geostationary orbit. So for some of your listeners that may not be familiar with all of the different types of orbits that we have. So geosynchronous orbit is out about 36,000 km above the equator and has an orbital period of roughly 24 hours. So that's what synchronizes it with, with the Earth. So geosynchronous. Right. So one orbit per day. So it keeps that satellite over kind of the same point of view. Contrast that with a highly eccentric orbit or highly elliptical orbit, or HEOs, what we call it. You may also hear the term Molnaya orbit. The Russians first started using this type of orbit in the 60s. I'd like to say they kind of discovered it, but it's, it's really a natural phenomenon that's been around forever. They were the first ones to actually use it and they named it the Molaya orbit. And it's, it's a, it's, it's, it's an interesting one. So you think back to where Russia is on the globe. I know we're talking about Chinese satellite, but just by the way of background providing communications or missile warning over the northern hemisphere is important for a nation like Russia that has, you know, much of its land masses is in the northern latitudes. Right. And very difficult to provide communication support to a lot of these northern latitudes just because of the nature of the shape of the Earth. And the Earth kind of blocks, you know, connectivity with, with some of your geosynchronous satellites, right? So if you're able to have a satellite in an orbit with an extremely high apogee, think like 36 to 40,000 kilometers above the Earth and then you incline it at about 63 and a half degrees, you'll have a long loiter time over the Northern hemisphere and a very short loiter time over the Southern hemisphere. So we get into the orbital mechanics lingo, right? So apogee is over the Northern Hemisphere and perigee is over the Southern hemisphere. And I mentioned that you use an inclination that's very specific. So a 63 and a half degrees inclination or 116.5 degrees inclination. There's this weird phenomenon that happens in that you basically the, the shape of the Earth and what's called the J2 effect kind of nulls out any sort of movement of your, your perigee location, your oddity, and a paragy stays in the fifth spot, which isn't the case for, for a lot of different orbits where your, your point of perigee is actually continuously moving from, from day to day at these inclinations because of the shape of the Earth. You maintain that argument of parity over the same spot of the Earth in the Southern hemisphere. So what this does, it allows you basically 12 hours worth of loiter time as you get up to apogee or spacecraft moving slower relative to the Earth. So it gives you really 12 hours of coverage per satellite over that Northern hemisphere. So it's really good then for providing communication support, those sorts of things.

A (15:10)

I had to google it while you were talking about it also because I'm very visual admittedly, but, but as you were describing it, it's a huge swing, just like a huge swing out and then a really close path under is.

C (15:21)

Sort of think of eccentricity is measured from, on a scale from 0 to just a little bit less than 1, 0 being a perfect circle, 9 being an extremely narrow oval. The eccentricity for these orbits is around 0.7 or so. Very, very elongated as you're seeing on the, on Google there. So why do I bring this up? So TGS21 looks like it's heading out to one of these molten IO orbits, right? And China only has with TJS 21. Now this will be the fourth satellite that they have in Heo. The first one that they launched in the year was a, the test satellite that they call Xi' an 10 01, which was launched in 2021. And then in 2022, I believe they launched Xi' an 10 02. And then just last year they launched another TJS satellite, TGS13, into these highly elliptical orbits. And what we saw with those three is very interesting, and in that they really synchronize the orbit of TJS 13 and the first Xi' an satellite. So both of those satellites, they're not coplanar, they're offset from one another, but they're both loitering over the Northern hemisphere at about the same time. And then they're basically, you know, exactly out of phase with the remaining Xi' an satellite, Xi' on 1002, so that as they're descending, Xi on 1002 is rising. So between the three of them, you have really 24. 7 coverage of that northern hemisphere. And so with TGS 21, what we're looking for now is to see if they do the same thing that they do with TGS 13, will they synchronize TGS 21's orbit with Xi' an 1002 so that both of those are now over the Northern hemisphere at the same time? And we don't know for sure what the missions are for these. If they are for some sort of missile warning, which would be important to China. China does not hold a lot of land mass that's in the higher latitudes, actually, I don't think it has any. But they are concerned about missiles perhaps coming over the polar regions. And having a satellites in this, these orbits would be extremely helpful for that. And if you're able to have two sensors looking at the same place on Earth, it improves your ability to conduct that missile warning mission. Right? It improves your accuracy in terms of gauging what azimuth the ballistic missile might be on, the trajectory it might be on. And it also helps to increase your confidence level. If you're seeing the same thing from different satellites, then then you're more confident in what that might be telling you. Which for that mission, as you can imagine, is extraordinarily important. So in, in the past for Chinese satellites to get out to HEO is a couple of weeks or so in terms of maneuvering. So we'll be watching this. Like I said, it just launched a few days ago on November 21st. So we'll be watching here over the next several, several days, maybe a couple of weeks to see if it actually does fall into that pattern or not. So that's, that's one that caught my eye and something we've been kind of waiting on for, for quite some time. Just because after TGS 13 launched and you had two satellites in that one pattern, it would only made sense to add a fourth satellite to have dual satellites providing that coverage 24 7. So we'll see that actually happens. There were two other launches that were of interest in the last couple of weeks and they're both of the test and experiment variety. So China launched three satellites that are part of the Xi' An 32 formation and they also launched three satellites that are part of the Xijiang formation. Right. So they all went to low Earth orbit. They've got both types of satellites and multiple orbital regimes. What was particularly interesting about these two launches is I noticed that the satellites all went into orbital planes that are very popular with either Starlink or Kuiper or both. So you, you choose the plane that you put your satellites in by. That's, that's not something that happens by accident. That is definitely a planned choice because it's very difficult and expensive to change. Actually in LEO it's, it's almost impossible to change. Like it's heavy.

A (19:55)

Pretty much impossible. Yep, yep.

C (19:57)

So the fact that they have them orbiting now with, with Starlink and Kuiper satellites is interesting. In the past China has stated that hey, Starlink we consider to be kind of a threat to us and we want to be able to figure out ways that we can counteract it. So having these test satellites go up and be coplanar with these commercial proliferated LEO constellations is certainly something to keep an eye on.

A (20:34)

We'll be right back.

B (20:42)

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A (21:45)

Welcome back. NASA's Mars bound escapade mission just added a little cosmic flair to its to do list. Taking selfies. Yes, even spacecraft headed for the red planet do need a good profile pic relatable. The twin escapade probes named Blue and Gold captured their first images using their star tracking cameras, giving the mission teams a charming glimpse of each spacecraft's solar panels and bus as they cruise towards the Red Planet. It's part engineering check, part morale boost, and part NASA does Instagram, but 50 million miles from home. So what makes this especially cool is what Escapade will do once it gets to where it's going. The mission's twin orbiters are supposed to help map Mars magnetosphere in stereo, helping us better understand how energy and charged particles move between the sun, the Martian atmosphere and space. And that's the kind of science that improves long term planning for communications, navigation and even one day crude systems on and around Mars. Understanding that space weather environment is, as you might imagine, critical for future digital infrastructure far from Earth. And while these early selfies from Escapade are not going to win any photography awards, I mean, you can go take a look at them. We'll link them for you in our show notes. They do tell the teams back home that everything is on track. The power systems are stable, attitude control looks great, and both spacecraft are healthy as they continue their multi month trek across the stars. So maybe next time you snap a selfie, remember that you are participating in a proud tradition shared by explorers from Earth all the way to Mars. And that is T minus Brought to you by N2K CyberWire we'd love to know what you think of our podcast. Your feedback ensures we deliver the insights that keep you a step ahead in the rapidly changing space industry. If you like this show, please share a rating and review in your podcast app. Please also fill out the survey in the show notes or send an email to space2k.com we are proud that N2K Cyberwire is part of the daily routine of the most influential leaders and operators in the public and private sector. From the Fortune 500 to many of the world's preeminent intelligence and law enforcement agencies, N2K helps space and cybersecurity professionals grow, learn and stay informed. As the nexus for discovery and connection, we bring you the people, the technology and the ideas shaping the future of secure innovation. Learn how@n2k.com N2K's senior producer is Alice Carruth. Our producer is Liz Stokes. We are mixed by Elliot Peltzman and Trey Hester with original music by Elliot Peltzman. Our Executive producer is Jennifer Ibin. Peter Kilby is our publisher and I am your host, Maria Varmazes. Thank you for listening. We'll see you tomorrow.

C (24:57)

T minus.

B (25:10)

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