D (9:09)

The United Launch alliance has started preparations for their next launch on behalf of Amazon's Project Hyper Broadband Satellite Constellation. No launch date has been announced so far, but watch this Space and Ars Technica is reporting that the chief of Russia's main spacecraft manufacturer issued a dire warning this week, saying that its corporation has reached a critical condition and cannot continue in its present state. You can read more about both stories, along with all the original sources of all the other stories mentioned throughout the show by following the links in our selected reading section or by heading to space.com, and clicking on today's episode title.

A (9:42)

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A (11:15)

Now let's check in with what's going on in orbit with China this month with Integrity ISR's Greg Gillinger last month's segment was fascinating. There's a lot going on there always is, and you've got some fascinating insights to share. So let's just dive in and start with an update on China refueling, and I'm super curious about what that means.

C (11:38)

So wait, there's a couple of Chinese satellites in geosynchronous China has stated that they intend to conduct some sort of refueling demonstration with the Xijiang 25 satellite, and it has been paired with Xijian 21 now since 2 July. Now, all of our information is based off of ground based telescopes and radar telescopes as well, and also passive RF listening devices, right? But from the ground, these two satellites are so close together that we can't tell one from the other. So they've been like that for going on a month and a half now. So after the 2nd of July, they kind of grappled together, we assume, and apparently are conducting some sort of refueling, right? So for listeners out there, they may be familiar with the Northrop Grumman Mission Extension Vehicle. That's where a satellite actually clamped onto another satellite NGO and then dragged it and served as its kind of surrogate propuls system we don't believe that's what's happening here. This, this is kind of a first that we would see in GEO and that they're actually passing propellant from SJ25 into the SJ21 vehicle.

A (12:52)

Passing propellant, yes.

C (12:53)

So that at the end of the day, wow, like just like a Lightsville car, you drop it off full. Right. So SJ25 is going to, at some point, we believe, release SJ21 and making both go their separate ways. Unlike the, with the Northrop Grumman vehicle. Right. If that detaches from its. The other satellite, the other satellite can't maneuver. In this case, they're passing propellant. So you'll have two satellites that are then capable of independently maneuvering from one another. All right, so we've been watching this since January with the launch of SJ25, but really focused in after the 2nd of July when they became kind of1.in the sky. And recently actually the week of 8 through the 15th of August, we saw massive maneuvers from both. Right. They're joined together. So when one moves, the other one moves as well. And we saw something that's pretty unusual. Very unusual, I would say, for geostationary satellites and actually any satellites in that they conducted a significant plane change maneuver. Now for some of your listeners who might be wondering what a plane change maneuver is, that's a change in the orbit's inclination. Right. And also the right ascension of the ascending node. But you're changing your orbital plane. And why that's so unusual is it's, it takes a lot of energy. And when we talk about energy and space, that means fuel. Right. And for, for spacecraft we measure fuel in terms of. It's kind of like aircraft measures fuel in pounds because that's how they kind of think in, in space they measure fuel in terms of meters per second. Right. So a typical maneuver in GEO is just some sort of station keeping maneuver. And it's usually certainly less than 5 meters per second, oftentimes less than 1. And they're just kind of maintaining their spot. Now what SG25 and 21 did, they went from an inclination of 10.4 degrees. So it's in its orbit, it's going to be 10.4 degrees north of the equator at one point and another point will be 10.4 degrees south. And they changed it all the way down to 4.4 degrees, which is, do some quick math. That's a 6 degree change. And we estimate the fuel. This isn't completely accurate. We don't know hardly anything about the mass of the satellite. So there's other things, but rule of thumb wise, just basic physics. The calculations we came up with that this maneuver would have required about 332 meters per second. So, you know, orders of magnitude larger than what you would normally see from a, from a station keeping perspective. So very unusual. So they're currently, now it looks like they have all stabilized at that 4.4 degree inclination. I should mention this is all occurring over the equator, roughly speaking, like south southeast of the Philippines at 127 degrees east longitude. Right. So that's, you know, right off the Chinese coast. So it's something that's very visible for them and for all of their command and control sorts of assets in mainland China should have no problem communicating with the, with these satellites.

A (16:07)

I'm fascinated by. This is not an impromptu mission. This had to have been planned out quite far in advance. So one wonders about the nature of the, of what they're doing here. It's just kind of interesting that this must have been sort of in the pipeline for quite some time. But it's all conjecture.

C (16:23)

Both these satellites we believe are made by the same, not necessarily the same team, but the same state owned enterprise in China. It's hard to be certain of anything, but there's a lot of circumstantial evidence that would say that this has been planned for quite some time. And you know, China, when they launched SJ25, they announced, hey, this is going to be a orbit refueling demonstration. So we had that going for us. And they launched it into this very unusual orbit that just happened to match up exactly with the orbital plane of SJ21. And just as a refresher, SJ21, when they launched it in 2021, they announced, hey, this is a debris removal demonstration. And then that's when it went in lasso to a dead tiny satellite and hauled it out to super synchronous orbit and used a lot of fuel in that process. Right. So it would be, it makes a lot of sense. That would be the object for this refueling attempt. And it certainly was planned well in advance. Right. So China has not really released any information. So we may see some additional maneuvers have been coupled or docked. I should say SJ25 was launched with this mission in mind. So I suspect that it has probably a lot more fuel capacity than the SJ21. So I would anticipate SJ25 is doing most of the maneuvering for the pair of them right now. The SJ21 is kind of like the rental car that you need to return full. Right. So prop it up to the orbit that they want it to be and as precise as they can for whatever the next object is. If there is a next object, drop it off. And then what does. If SJ25 is able to go do its thing, what do you do with. Is that it for SJ25 or does it have more fuel in the tank, so to speak and literally to. To refuel other objects. So things I'm looking at are other interesting Chinese spacecraft that are kind of near that plane. SJ25 is currently 4.4 but you've got three satellites at 2.9 degrees, one of which is the SJ23 which we've seen maneuvering frequently and observing other satellites. And then there are two Xi' An 12 satellites as well that have similar missions. We believe they're for kind of inspection missions as well. And they've been crisscrossing the geo belts for the last. They launched in 2021 as well. So those are some potential candidates. We don't know this could have been it. We'll keep watching from afar and see what we can determine and see what China's got has planned Something fascinating to.

A (18:57)

Watch and I will stay tuned for your insights certainly. So yeah, but that's not all today. That's what we're talking about, right. There's also China's increased launch cadence for its Guo Ong P Leo Constellation which we we cover now and then on, on T minus when there's updates on that one. So that is a familiar name to me as well. I'm very curious to hear what insights you have on this.

C (19:20)

Yeah, it's pretty clear to me that they've kind of reached a point where they're comfortable with whatever spacecraft that they have manufactured and now they're just getting into orbit. So what we've seen just top level view is in the last three weeks we've seen five launches, variety of different types of space launch vehicles. They've launched two Long March 6 Alphas, five satellites each. They've launched a Long March 8A, launched a Long March 12 and their largest rocket that the largest space launch vehicle they have is just the Long March Five Bravo. With carrying 10 of these satellites, they're going to a variety of different orbits all to about the Guo Long Constellation itself. What they've announced is that there's really going to be two major shells if you will. So the outer shell is operating at around 1200 kilometers and it looks like they're building out two separate inclinations. So satellites inclined at 50 degrees and then quite a few more at this point inclined at 86.5 degrees, almost polar orbit. And then they're going to have an inner shell which they haven't even started building yet. They've got four test satellites in that right now and it said about 400-500km up. So in the last three weeks they more than doubled the size of the constellation. They're up to 72 operational satellites on over right now they've got about 14 test satellites as well. I neglected to mention that they had a failed launch for some additional test sites. I believe there's rumors out there that the Jouque 2 Charlie, I believe it was, that had a second stage problem was also carrying four test satellites for the Guohong Constellation. I don't know, I don't think that's been confirmed. But that's, that's kind of what's out there on the, on the Internet these days. So pretty clear that they're, they're looking to, to build this out as rapidly as possible. A recent briefing, one of their leaders, the Guang China satnet is kind of the company heading this up. One of their leaders was saying that they hope to have 400 satellites on orbit by the end of 2026. So and we're seeing evidence that, that they are ready to do so. There are also some concern on China that it's, it's kind of a real estate grab. Right. That hey, a lot of the good orbits are already being occupied by other proliferated LEO constellations, notably Starlink, Star Shield.

A (21:46)

Yep.

C (21:47)

Kuiper. Right, so, so I think China is very motivated right now. Satellites ready or not, they're going to start populating so they can make a claim to those orbital slots. For those of us that follow this stuff closely and try to report on it, it's going to be a very busy couple of years for sure.

A (22:04)

An orbital land grab. I think that was the first time I've heard that described that way. But that is a really. I keep saying fascinating because it is, it just. I never would have thought that. But it makes sense as you say it and goodness, okay, that's the world we're launching.

C (22:21)

The architecture seems to be coming a little bit more clear. Right. So for their 86 and a half degree incline satellites, it looks like they're separating them 30 degrees of rand each. So what? To fill out the entire constellation, you're looking at six orbital planes each separated by 30 degrees, they have done five out of the six thus far. And then they also have two orbital planes inclined at 50 degrees. So as they continue with their launches, we'll start to see what this constellation is actually going to look like. At this point, it looks like they're intending to put up 10 satellites in those 86 and a half degree planes and nine satellites in the, in the 50 degree planes. This could all change, right? Once they have established their position in those orbits, they may populate them with far more than nine or ten satellites. And they just recently launched a Long March 6 Alpha again to that 86 and a half degree plane. And the plane that they chose matched up with the previous long March 6th alpha launch. Each carrying five satellites brings it to 10. Whenever they launch a long March 5th, it's carrying 10 satellites typically to that 86 and a half degree inclination. So that's, that seems to be what their plan is at this point. Now how they use it is another way that we'll figure. It's another thing for us to consider. The Long March 5 is their largest rocket capable of carrying up to 25,000kg. So that suggests that these satellites are significant size, significantly larger than anything we've seen for Starlink or Kuiper or OneWeb, which measure in the couple hundred kilograms per satellite. So it kind of makes you wonder what other capabilities are on board there, right? They're advertised as being this broadband Internet service capability. But given that additional mass, what else is possible? We don't know. But it's just something to gain a monitor.

A (24:37)

We will be right back.

E (24:41)

Hey, it's Ryan Reynolds here from Mint Mobile. Now I was looking for fun ways to tell you that Mint's offer of unlimited Premium Wireless for $15 a month is back. So I thought it would be fun if we made $15 bills, but it turns out that's very illegal. So there goes my big idea for the commercial. Give it a try@mintmobile.com Switch upfront payment.

A (25:03)

Of $45 for 3 month plan equivalent to $15 per month required new customer offer for first 3 months only. Speed slow after 35gb of networks busy taxes and fees extra. See mintmobile.com welcome back. I don't think I'll be smashing anyone's dream by saying this, but yes, sadly, the window of opportunity for being part of the Artemis 2 flight crew is most definitely closed. That said, if you want to play a part in the Artemis 2 mission, there is a way. Because NASA is inviting volunteers to help track the Artemis 2 mission when the Orion capsule carries the crew around the moon and back in April next year. Fingers crossed. And no, this has nothing to do with budget cuts. The agency still has the near space and deep space networks to handle primary communications. But NASA is curious, and who can blame them, about how well commercial and non government systems can follow the spacecraft too. After all, during Artemis 1 in 2022, 10 outside groups including space agencies, universities, companies and even private citizens successfully picked up Orion's signals and tracked and measured changes from Orion's radio wave transmissions. Which was pretty cool. So can we do it again? And more? Well, NASA certainly wants us all to give it a try. So if you are part of an organization with ground tracking capabilities, NASA has an RFI for you. The voluntary mission, if you choose to accept it, will be to attempt to receive and measure Orion's transmissions as the crewed Spacecraft makes its 10 day lunar loop. It's definitely got a bit of a cool factor for sure, but it's also very useful that collected data will help inform how the US transitions towards a commercial first approach in deep space communications, which after all will be infrastructure critical for future moon and hopefully Mars missions. There is a link in the Show Notes for you if you want to take a look at the RFI and that's T minus brought to you by N2K Cyberwire we'd love to know what you think of our podcast. Your feedback ensures we deliver the insights that keep you a step ahead in the rapidly changing space industry. If you like the show, please share a rating and review in your podcast app. Please also fill out the survey in the show notes or send an email to space2k.com we're proud that N2K CyberWire is part of the daily routine of the most influential leaders and operators in the public and private sector. From the Fortune 500 to many of the world's preeminent intelligence and law enforcement agencies, N2K helps space and cybersecurity professionals grow, learn and stay informed. As the nexus for discovery and connection, we bring you the people, the technology and the ideas shaping the future of secure innovation. Learn how at NT N2K's Senior Producer is Alice Carruth. Our producer is Liz Stokes. We're mixed by Elliot Peltzman and Trey Hester with original music by Elliot Peltzman. Our executive producer is Jennifer Ivan. Peter Kilpe is our publisher and I am your host Maria Varmazes. Thanks for listening. We'll see you tomorrow.

C (28:23)

T minus.