
Hosted by Bogumil Baranowski · EN

In this episode of The 100 Year Thinkers, Robert Hagstrom explains why modern portfolio theory pulled investors away from business analysis and toward portfolio math.We discuss Markowitz, beta, efficient markets, Warren Buffett, Charlie Munger, business-driven investing, owner earnings, benchmarks, and why thinking like a business owner changes how investors understand risk.The Warren Buffett Portfolio, 25th Anniversary Editionhttps://amzn.to/4uz8sZ3Topics covered:Why Hagstrom thinks modern portfolio theory changed investing’s objectiveThe difference between volatility, variance and real investment riskHow Benjamin Graham and John Burr Williams framed risk around intrinsic valueWhy beta became the dominant shorthand for riskHow the 1973-74 bear market helped institutionalize modern portfolio theoryWhy Berkshire preserved the business owner’s lensThe “cathedral and casino” distinction between owning businesses and trading stocksOwner earnings, return on invested capital and cost of capitalWhy business owners often make better long-term equity investorsLook-through earnings and building a “mini Berkshire”The difference between making money and beating a benchmarkHow benchmarks can distort investor behaviorWhy knowing yourself and your clients matters in portfolio constructionMatt Zeigler and I had the privilege of hosting Robert Hagstrom for a special 100-Year Thinkers Edition of the Excess Returns Podcast.Available now on Excess Returns Podcast and Talking Billions. 🎧I’m excited to share this episode with you—it’s reposted here with permission and blessing from the Excess Returns team. Don’t miss it! And follow their work, links below.https://www.excessreturns.co/https://cultishcreative.com/Podcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.Information expressed does not take into account your specific situation or objectives, and is not intended as recommendations appropriate for any individual. Listeners are encouraged to seek advice from a qualified tax, legal, or investment adviser to determine whether any information presented may be suitable for their specific situation. Past performance is not indicative of future performance.

Eric Pachman is a chemical engineer-turned-data storyteller who exposed hundreds of millions in drug pricing overcharges through his nonprofit 46 Brooklyn Research, and now uses data visualization to reveal hidden truths about jobs, healthcare, and inequality as founder of Data for the People. Find Eric here: https://www.data4thepeople.com/signupEpisode Sponsor: Fiscal AI is a modern data terminal that gives investors instant access to twenty years of financials, earnings transcripts, and extensive segment and KPI data—use my link for a two-week free trial plus 15% off: https://fiscal.ai/talkingbillions/3:00 – Eric opens with a near-death pacing experience at the Moab 240-mile race — hypothermia, lost in the mountains, 80 miles covered over two days — and how surviving it cracked open the question: what am I doing with my life?7:00 – Career journey: chemical engineer → ExxonMobil → Harvard Business School → Morgan Stanley (oil & commodities) → buy-side family office → CSX Railroad → pharmacy/drug pricing → 46 Brooklyn Research.10:05 – Drug pricing exposed: middlemen taking ~33% of every transaction. "Imagine if the stock price was $1,000 and the commission was $333."14:03 – His mother's death from pancreatic cancer. Her mental anguish — the inability to fill an internal void with things and experiences — became "the greatest teaching I've ever had in my life."22:00 – Harvard Business School as a crucible: the introverted engineer forced to speak without certainty, eventually becoming a speaker at thousand-person maritime conferences.28:00 – The jobs data reality: outside healthcare, the U.S. economy has been losing jobs. Healthcare was 200% of all job growth in the prior year.33:20 – Exclusive reveal: 3 states (CA, PA, NY) account for 60% of the most Medicaid-sensitive elder care jobs — and 2027 cuts will hit them hardest.40:41 – AI and jobs: "Net contraction through attrition is the same thing as firing people to me."48:31 – "Maximum efficiency and productivity ends up killing what makes us human, which is creativity."58:55 – Burnout: "If you're only doing something for yourself, you will reach a point of burnout."1:08:43 – On success: "What can I do to impact the broader community... and lose all attachment to the outcome?"Podcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.

Find me on Substack: https://bogumilbaranowski.substack.com/In this monthly Unfiltered Coffee check-in, I start with a lesson I keep learning from wealthy people — live your life now, don’t wait. I share a personal story about buying and riding a red Ducati, and the unexpected memories it created. Sometimes the best investments we make aren’t financial at all.I answer listener questions, recommend where new listeners can start, and highlight standout recent and upcoming episodes — conversations on historical financial advice, intangible assets, surrounding yourself with good people, microcaps, Berkshire and Buffett, family advising, trading psychology, and execution.I talk about how I research and track many stocks, and why research itself is a form of motion. Small adjustments beat freezing every time. I share my productivity system — notes, scheduling, a weekly “improve or eliminate” review, and the power of an “undo button” when things don’t work.We get into outdated money beliefs and why so many people don’t feel wealthy even when they are. Money as freedom. Money as peace of mind. The difference between waiting for permission and finding the courage to act.I reflect on what I’m learning from studying Li Lu, on staying patient in markets that feel expensive, and on why advisory fees are really an investment in trust and service. We close with thoughts on outsourcing versus doing it yourself, a “forgotten money” exercise that might surprise you, and what it means to keep and pass on wealth with intention.Podcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.

Mike Nicoletti is the founder and general partner of Top Mark Capital, a concentrated long-term investor who built his firm from a $110,000 seed during business school, drawing on experiences spanning tech consulting in Stockholm, competitive offshore sailing, and startup ventures.Episode Sponsor: Fiscal AI is a modern data terminal that gives investors instant access to twenty years of financials, earnings transcripts, and extensive segment and KPI data—use my link for a two-week free trial plus 15% off: https://fiscal.ai/talkingbillions/5:00 — Mike's family origin story: born near Toronto, his grandmother was a Jacuzzi — the family behind the iconic brand. From airplane propellers in WWI to water pumps to hydrotherapy, entrepreneurship ran deep.12:00 — The Jacuzzi family sold the business in 1979 at a bad time; infighting over share distribution led to the undoing. Mike's father passed away suddenly when Mike was seven, reshaping his childhood.16:00 — Stepfather John introduced frugality and discipline. The $1/week allowance ledger, $5 lawn mowing, and a grandfather's advice — "Sounds like you need some new customers" — sparked Mike's entrepreneurial instincts.20:00 — Sailing discovery: learned on a chalkboard, walked onto a college team with zero experience, eventually pursued competitive offshore racing. Sailing opened doors and became a lifelong thread.27:00 — In New York prepping a sailboat, Mike stumbles into Brian H. Lawrence's investing circle at Oak Cliff Sailing. Lawrence seeds Top Mark Capital with $100,000; Mike had $10,000.33:00 — Joel Greenblatt sighting at the Lawrence office. Brian Lawrence Jr. guides Mike through fund setup. "I just did it" — filed Delaware entities, opened Interactive Brokers, built it from scratch.40:00 — Pirsig's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: static vs. dynamic quality as a framework for value investing. Value investors hunt for dynamic quality; dogma is dynamic quality that became static.45:00 — Top Mark's asymmetry thesis: buy quality businesses with unrecognized option value exposed to long-arc trends. Venture capital's trend-identification applied to public equities.53:00 — "Software is eating the world" evolution: from cloud to AI/ML to the current harness phase — Claude Code, Cursor, Perplexity. Enormous infrastructure demand ahead.59:00 — Healthcare disruption: genomic sequencing costs dropped from $1 billion to ~$200. Diagnostics + AI will reshape the care model before patients even see a doctor.1:07:00 — Partnerships over transactions. Buffett told Brian Lawrence only 1-2% of world capital is invested this way — and Berkshire is half of it.1:10:00 — Success defined: Mom's family had love without wealth, Dad's family had wealth with problems, the Lawrences had both. "Surround yourself with good people."1:12:00 — Restoring what was lost: the Jacuzzi fortune, Polish communism — generational wealth as inspiration, not entitlement.Podcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.

Kai Wu is the founder and chief investment officer of Sparkline Capital, a former GMO and Harvard-trained investor whose pioneering research on intangible assets — intellectual property, brand equity, human capital, and network effects — is redefining how value investors measure what companies are truly worth.Episode Sponsor: Fiscal AI is a modern data terminal that gives investors instant access to twenty years of financials, earnings transcripts, and extensive segment and KPI data—use my link for a two-week free trial plus 15% off (25% off Thursday, May 7th to Thursday, May 14th): https://fiscal.ai/talkingbillions/3:00 – Kai's upbringing: father a doctor, mother an artist; studied economics at Harvard with a liberal arts mindset across disciplines5:00 – Walking into GMO during the financial crisis; mentorship under Jeremy Grantham; traveling to Sydney, London, Berkeley to expand the firm's forecasting7:00 – Founding Sparkline Capital: "I'm a builder" — intellectual independence to pursue research others wouldn't, including early work on large language models in 201910:00 – The balance sheet as an incomplete map: why traditional metrics miss the majority of corporate value in today's economy11:00 – "Black sheep" identity: too growth-oriented for value circles, too value-sensitive for growth investors; bridging both camps14:00 – The four pillars of intangible value: intellectual property, brand equity, human capital, network effects — "the dark matter of finance"18:00 – Why capitalizing R&D spending doesn't solve the problem; moving from historical cost to measuring the actual asset created using alternative data and AI22:00 – Two economies: tangible ground-level operations vs. intangible businesses that scale globally with minimal physical footprint27:00 – Reframing Buffett: only 8% of Berkshire investments purchased below book value; three eras from industrial to consumer (Coca-Cola) to tech (Apple)34:00 – AI: bullish on the technology, cautious on the investment; capital cycle parallels to the dot-com boom and railroad era38:00 – Who wins tech revolutions: not the infrastructure builders but the users — Google, Amazon, Netflix won the internet, not the telecom companies42:00 – AI financial analysts: excels at rote tasks, lacks senior judgment; Claude Code now replacing junior analyst work47:00 – Jobs will transform, not disappear: 60% of today's jobs didn't exist in the 1940s; speed of change matters most54:00 – No single factor wins: "the more factors I can consider, the less blind spots I have"56:00 – Success defined as intellectual freedom, not money or famePodcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.

This episode of 100 Year Thinkers brings together Chris Mayer and Ian Cassel for a deep discussion on long-term stock picking, microcap investing, business quality, AI disruption, management teams, and the behavioral skills that separate great investors from great analysts. They explore why the edge in investing may increasingly come from judgment, presence, relationships, patience, and the ability to hold the right businesses through uncertainty.Matt Zeigler and I had the privilege of hosting Ian Cassel and Chris Mayer for a special 100-Year Thinkers Edition of the Excess Returns Podcast.Available now on Excess Returns Podcast and Talking Billions. 🎧I’m excited to share this episode with you—it’s reposted here with permission and blessing from the Excess Returns team. Don’t miss it! And follow their work, links below.Resources DiscussedThe Last Moathttps://microcapclub.com/the-last-moat/Stock Picker by Ian Casselhttps://microcapclub.com/stock-picker/The Investor’s Odyssey by Chris Mayerhttps://www.amazon.com/Investors-Odys...Follow Chris Mayer on Twitterhttps://x.com/chriswmayerFollow Ian Cassel on Twitterhttps://x.com/iancasselTopics CoveredWhy being present with management teams may still be an investor edge in the age of AIHow microcap investing differs from small-cap, mid-cap and large-cap investingWhy talking to management can build conviction but also create biasHow Chris Mayer thinks about vertical market software, mission-critical systems and AI disruptionWhy AI may become table stakes rather than a durable competitive advantageHow small companies can use AI to improve workflows, sales, inventory and productivityWhy many microcaps have short shelf lives and rarely become true long-term compoundersThe role of intelligent fanatics, owner-operators and repeat winners in great investmentsWhy management transitions can create powerful microcap opportunitiesThe difference between being a great analyst and being a great investorWhy execution, position sizing, selling losers and holding winners matter more than hit rateHow Matt and Bogumil apply the lessons to AI, business quality and the limits of small business scalabilityPodcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.Information expressed does not take into account your specific situation or objectives, and is not intended as recommendations appropriate for any individual. Listeners are encouraged to seek advice from a qualified tax, legal, or investment adviser to determine whether any information presented may be suitable for their specific situation. Past performance is not indicative of future performance.

I was honored to join Morgan Ranstrom on his wonderful podcast, Morgan on Purpose. You can find the episode here or on your favorite podcast platform under either Morgan on Purpose or Talking Billions. I highly recommend exploring Morgan’s show—it’s thoughtful, insightful, and well worth a listen.Spotify , Apple , Buzzsprout , YouTubeWhat does it mean to truly play the long game with your money—and your life?In this episode, Morgan sits down with investor, author, and “Talking Billions” host Bogumil Baranowski for a \conversation on investing, identity, and the deeper purpose behind wealth.They explore the idea of an “infinite time horizon” and why the best investors—and families—think far beyond their own lifetimes. From lessons learned during the pandemic while writing Crisis Investing to the role advisors play in moments of uncertainty, Bogumil shares how to stay grounded when the world feels anything but.Along the way, they unpack the mental models that shape how we think about money—like why building wealth might be less like climbing a mountain and more like rolling a snowball.If you’re thinking about your financial future, your family, or how to take a more intentional, long-term approach to wealth, this episode is for you.Thank you for listening!Find all about Morgan Ranstrom here: https://morganranstrom.com/Podcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.

Joseph S. Moore is a historian, author, and investor who spent a decade reading nearly every piece of financial advice published in America over the past 300 years, testing those lessons himself, and distilling them into his HarperCollins book How to Get Rich in American History, selected by Malcolm Gladwell and Adam Grant for their Next Big Idea Club.Episode Sponsor: Fiscal AI is a modern data terminal that gives investors instant access to twenty years of financials, earnings transcripts, and extensive segment and KPI data—use my link for a two-week free trial plus 15% off: https://fiscal.ai/talkingbillions/3:00 — Joseph's working-class South Carolina roots: mother born into a home with no flush toilet, father's family led the famous Gastonia mill strike in the 1920s, grew up in a household that voted communist.5:00 — Bogumil shares his parallel experience growing up in communist Poland and watching the country transform after embracing free markets.8:00 — The church basement class that saved Joseph from the 2008 crisis: bought a house as a grad student, a Dave Ramsey budgeting class revealed the danger, sold the house one week before the market froze.11:00 — The American Dream: people have declared it dead since the 1670s. Joseph introduces "Big Woe" — the despair industrial complex of journalists, politicians, and academics incentivized to sell doom.17:00 — Upward mobility data: in the 1800s, 20-30% moved from bottom to middle class; today, 60% escape the bottom, 10% go all the way to the top. "We have more economic mobility than we've ever had."23:00 — Dismantling financial shibboleths: compound interest only recently became powerful (people didn't live long enough), stocks didn't reliably beat bonds until after WWII, real estate stayed flat for a century in most cities.31:00 — Old ideas in new packaging: latte factor advice dates to the 1800s, crypto mirrors 10,000 self-issued currencies before the Civil War ("all self-issued currencies eventually go to zero"), Airbnb reimagines the oldest mortgage payoff strategy.37:00 — Fast time vs. slow time: most of life is lived in slow time — the daily decisions about career, marriage, savings that determine whether you can seize opportunities when fast time arrives. Story of Norman McGee buying foreclosed homes during the Depression.42:00 — Women as unsung financial heroes throughout American history. Agnes Taylor, a beat cop's wife, paid off a New York brownstone by renting rooms. "Capitalism is a team sport. Marriage is a superpower."51:00 — Hope as a financial asset: CFPB studies found a positive attitude plus saving habit outpredicted income and inheritance for financial wellness.56:00 — FIRE movement as the "crossfit of personal finance" — financially independent people throughout history only thrived when they found meaningful work to do.1:04:00 — Generational wealth doesn't last: 90% of top 1%'s grandchildren are not wealthy. "Tutors outperform trust funds." Human capital is 30x the value of the stock market.1:09:00 — Joseph's definition of success: a great marriage, raising good kids, getting good enough at something that people trust you. "The money could go away and I'd have all those other things."Podcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.

I share a wide-ranging monthly Q&A on long-term investing and the human side of money, from finding compounding opportunities and building conviction in uncertain markets to portfolio construction and idea generation. Tune in, enjoy listen here or on your favorite platform.I explain my approach: treat stocks as ownership of businesses, focus on value versus price, use structured checklists alongside experience-based intuition, keep a living wishlist, and use market turmoil to buy good businesses at better prices. I discuss position sizing and timing (often gradual, sometimes fast in panics), what I do when a stock falls, why holding great businesses long enough matters, and why I use valuation ranges rather than precise targets.I also cover how AI helps with information processing while judgment and conviction remain human, reflect on career decisions and non-traditional paths into investing, offer views on private equity and the role of a CEO, and discuss wealth across generations, family dynamics, housing, succession, and balancing ambition with fulfillment.Podcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.

Adam Mead is a professional investor, CEO of Mead Capital Management, and author of the 850-page second edition of The Complete Financial History of Berkshire Hathaway — one of the most exhaustive chronicles of Warren Buffett’s conglomerate ever written.Episode Sponsor: Fiscal AI is a modern data terminal that gives investors instant access to twenty years of financials, earnings transcripts, and extensive segment and KPI data—use my link for a two-week free trial plus 15% off: https://fiscal.ai/talkingbillions/3:00 – Adam explains why a second edition was necessary: the pandemic, Apple’s rise to 50% of the portfolio, Allegheny and Pilot acquisitions, Japanese trading houses, losing Charlie Munger, and Buffett’s retirement 5:58 – Berkshire’s underlying philosophy hasn’t changed — it’s the world that changed; living through history feels more intense than researching it on the page 8:25 – Why Buffett sold the airlines: as largest shareholder, Berkshire could have blocked bailout funds, putting the airlines’ survival at risk 11:28 – New investment cases rhyme with the past; patient capital allocation works; $72B in share repurchases between 2020–2024 was the real “elephant” 15:22 – Japanese trading houses financed with 1% yen-denominated debt — currency-insulated and opening future partnership opportunities 17:56 – The new chapters are Buffett’s final years; succession to Greg Abel was methodical, not sudden; Greg made material improvements visible in the financials 22:01 – Global expansion under Greg Abel could be Berkshire’s next chapter, following Fairfax’s playbook 23:50 – Sum of the parts walkthrough: $373B cash (~$320B deployable), $234B equities (after Apple adjustment and deferred taxes), BNSF $80-90B, BHE ~$70B, MSR businesses ~$205B, insurance underwriting ~$42.5B, minus $22.5B holding company debt = just over $1 trillion intrinsic value 44:41 – S&P underperformance is more about the index going “nuts” than Berkshire missing something 48:47 – Cash buildup is confluence, not structural: Apple gains, expensive market, Berkshire shares at/above intrinsic value — like a water balloon filling up 56:41 – Berkshire’s edge: de-emphasize information, emphasize continual learning, patience, and underappreciated liability management 1:00:54 – AI won’t replace conviction; if it could be done by clicking a button, the advantage negates itself 1:10:15 – Conviction requires deep work; shallow roots won’t hold through volatilityPodcast Program – Disclosure StatementBlue Infinitas Capital, LLC is a registered investment adviser and the opinions expressed by the Firm’s employees and podcast guests on this show are their own and do not reflect the opinions of Blue Infinitas Capital, LLC. All statements and opinions expressed are based upon information considered reliable although it should not be relied upon as such. Any statements or opinions are subject to change without notice.Information presented is for educational purposes only and does not intend to make an offer or solicitation for the sale or purchase of any specific securities, investments, or investment strategies. Investments involve risk and unless otherwise stated, are not guaranteed.