Are the kids alright? Part 1

Summary

TED Radio Hour — "Are the kids alright?" Part 1

Host: Manoush Zomorodi (NPR)
Aired: August 29, 2025

---

Episode Overview

This episode dives into the biggest question facing families, schools, and society today: are the kids all right? Host Manoush Zomorodi explores the forces shaping the lives of young people—from AI in the classroom and economic struggle to mental health and resilience. Voices range from middle school students and their teachers to technologists, economists, and beloved children's author Jason Reynolds. The discussion pulls apart today's pressures and possibilities, asking how well we are equipping the next generation to thrive.

---

Key Discussion Points and Insights

1. AI in the Classroom: Promise and Pitfalls

Student and Teacher Perspectives on AI Tools

• Middle school students from Francis C. Hammond Middle School discuss using AI, like ChatGPT, for schoolwork. Opinions vary:
  • Pros: AI helps visualize tasks, explains concepts better for some than teachers, and offers inspiration for essays.
  • Cons: Overreliance on AI risks students not developing their own writing or critical thinking.
  • Student quote: “Using AI doesn’t help us to be a good writer because in essays you need to use your own ideas.” (01:12)
• Chris Hudson (library media specialist) is concerned students treat AI-generated overviews as gospel, risking accuracy and learning skills:
  • “They gravitate toward the AI overviews for pretty much everything…they think [it] is gospel. …They'll pull something from ChatGPT or Gemini and try to pass that off as their own work.” (02:13)
• Dominique Jones (language arts teacher) finds AI grading saves time:
  • “It saved me hours. I don't have the capacity to grade 98 papers and give you a long response…” (02:54)

The Future of Learning: AI, Video, and the End of Writing?

• Victor Riparbelli (CEO, Synthesia) claims the next generations might not read or write in the traditional way. Instead, learning will shift to video, audio, and immersive formats:
  • “Your grandchildren will be the last generation to read and write... I think we're at the dawn of a new era of AI-enabled communication.” (04:32)
  • The goal: personalized, interactive AI tutors for every student, making learning adaptive and engaging, “like sitting down with a teacher that has infinite time.” (06:45)
• Manoush Zomorodi challenges this provocative view, pushing for nuance and critical thinking about what’s gained and lost.
• Riparbelli argues that speeding up, personalizing, and making content visually rich will make learning more accessible and efficient:
  • “What if the current generation of kids are able to learn and absorb information much faster because of technology, not despite it? … Is the problem us, or is the problem text?” (07:19)
  • Predicts a creative explosion led by young people empowered with AI tools.

Concerns about Critical Thinking and Human Interaction

• Zomorodi asks how students will develop critical skills if AI does the creative work for them.
• Riparbelli suggests kids' familiarity with new tools will ultimately make them smarter and more informed, though admits the jury is still out:
  • “My guess would be that the generation that grows up today will be much more informed and much smarter than the generation that grew up 50 years ago.” (11:30)
• Dominique Jones voices skepticism:
  • “There's no video, AI, robot...that can replace a teacher. Students are very dependent on human interaction. … It will become a very disengaged environment.” (18:24)
  • Her experience during remote COVID learning: “I had never had so many Fs in my gradebook… That's when I got the idea of what school really meant for kids. It was about the human interaction.” (18:58)
• Students’ reactions to learning from AI avatars of celebrities: Some see it as potentially motivating, others find it “very weird” and prefer real teachers. (20:41–20:54)

Final Thoughts on AI: Opportunity and Challenge

• Riparbelli: AI can democratize education, equalize learning opportunities, and let everyone experiment. Personalized AI tutors could be the “greatest equalizers we’ve ever seen” if deployed with care for critical thinking. (17:41)
• Zomorodi: AI companies are already responding to concerns; for example, ChatGPT’s “Study Mode” now acts more like a tutor and less like an answer-provider. (22:07)

---

2. Economic Realities: Is the American Dream Broken for Gen Z?

The Generational Economic Shift

• Scott Galloway (NYU Professor, author, podcaster) describes the collapse of the “American compact,” where each generation outpaced the previous one’s prosperity:
  • “At the end of World War II, about 92% of children did better than their parents by the time they were 30. …For the first time, it dipped to 50%.” (24:08)
• Gen Z faces student debt, expensive housing, and stagnant wages. Galloway contends these burdens are the result of “purposeful decisions”—wealth and opportunity have been transferred from young to old.
  • “Who owns stocks and houses? People my age… That’s nothing but a naked transfer of wealth and prosperity from young to old.” (24:39)

Systemic Causes and Intergenerational Conflict

• Galloway and commentators argue government policies favor seniors:
  • “Old people vote for even older people who vote themselves more money. So we now spend about 40%...on programs for seniors. …This crowds out investments in technology and education…benefit[ing] younger people.” (27:49)
• Host questions perceived prosperity statistics: despite rising per capita GDP, most young people feel left behind because essential costs (housing, education) have outpaced wages, and only a small top decile is thriving. (28:32, 28:51)
• Post-pandemic policies and market interventions primarily benefited incumbents (older asset holders), not new entrants (young people):
  • “We pumped the economy, which again increased the massive transfer of wealth. …The value of my stocks absolutely exploded...Who has to pay for my prosperity?...Future generations.” (30:21)
• Higher ed: More exclusivity in elite college admissions mainly benefits those already privileged.
• Galloway on inheritance:
  • “Waiting around for your mother and father to die so you can buy a home…does not build a healthy society and quite frankly doesn’t work…” (32:51)

Psychological Impact and Societal Stakes

• Resulting emotions: disappointment, rage, anxiety.
  • "A lot of these folks are living at home. … They get a reminder of their failure on their phones…There's a false impression out there that everyone is vacationing at the Amond Hotel and owns a Ferrari...it creates incendiary [feelings]." (36:04)
• Galloway’s ultimate question: “Do we love our kids?”
  • “If you have kids…something comes off the tracks with one of your kids, you’re not thinking about climate…you’re thinking about that kid. And economic anxiety…we aren’t treating our children well…” (39:08–40:11)

---

3. Meeting Kids Where They Are: Author Jason Reynolds on Connection and Resilience

Relating to the Next Generation

• Jason Reynolds (author, MacArthur “Genius” awardee, former National Ambassador for Young People’s Literature) finds hope and wisdom working directly with young people.
  • “You like two-minute videos and two-minute videos is what’s holding your attention. …I’m going to write a book of short stories. …I’m going to figure out how to use the thing that you already are interested in…” (41:11)
• Reynolds reads from “Look Both Ways” — the story opens playfully and then quietly acknowledges serious challenges (a character living with sickle cell anemia).
  • “Children always find time to laugh, …to crack jokes or to tease each other, despite some of the heavy things happening in their lives. …They have a resilience that actually shines brighter sometimes than we give credit to.” (44:22)

Building Trust and Recognizing Humanity

• Kids appreciate honesty and being treated as equals:
  • “What they tell me is that they appreciate me speaking to them like humans. …Excellence is a habit…like human beings, not as half-formed things…” (48:15)
• Reynolds values their critical feedback:
  • Tells the story of a child calling out a weak point in a character with Tourette syndrome, and admits honestly, “Honestly, it was an oversight. It was a blind spot. And thank you. And every time I get those moments where a young person calls me to the mat, I'm grateful.” (49:55)

Hope for the Future

• Reynolds finds hope in youth:
  • “They remind me over and over again that actually, we’ll be okay. …the only reason that one can even begin to maintain an inkling of hope is because of the possibility that reside[s] in the youth.” (51:00)

---

Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

“Your grandchildren will be the last generation to read and write. …One day I think we'll look back at reading and writing as historical artifacts.”
— Victor Riparbelli (04:32)

“I had never had so many Fs in my gradebook… That's when I got the idea of what school really meant for kids. It was about the human interaction.”
— Dominique Jones (18:58)

“At the end of World War II, about 92% of children did better than their parents by the time they were 30. ... For the first time, it dipped to 50%.”
— Scott Galloway (24:08)

“Children always find time to laugh…despite some of the heavy things happening in their lives, I think they have a resilience that actually shines brighter sometimes than we give credit to.”
— Jason Reynolds (44:22)

"Do we love our children? ...What is the point of any of this if your kid is anxious or depressed ... I know you love your kids, but do we love our kids?"
— Scott Galloway (39:08–40:11)

“Excellence is a habit. It’s not something you can turn on or turn off. You either going to be excellent or you’re not going to be excellent.”
— Jason Reynolds (48:18)

---

Timestamps for Key Segments

• 00:38 – Episode theme introduction: pressures faced by kids and teens today.
• 01:05–03:20 – Students and teachers at Francis C. Hammond on AI in schoolwork.
• 04:32–09:50 – Victor Riparbelli’s vision: the end of reading/writing, rise of AI-driven video learning.
• 18:24–20:28 – Dominique Jones and students discuss AI, remote learning, and the irreplaceability of human teachers.
• 23:13–32:51 – Scott Galloway on economic decline for young people, generational wealth transfer, and intergenerational conflict.
• 41:00–51:00 – Jason Reynolds on writing for and connecting with youth, reading from his book, Q&A with students, and lessons learned.

---

Episode Takeaways

• AI in education offers both opportunities and risks: It can personalize learning, lighten workloads for teachers, and potentially democratize access. But there are real risks—critical thinking, real writing, and human connections can suffer if not handled thoughtfully.
• Structural economic challenges for today’s youth are real and systemic: Younger people face heavy debts and high costs, while policies and wealth distribution increasingly favor older generations.
• Young people are resilient—if we listen and include them: Kids crave honesty, agency, and being taken seriously. Solutions for the future must balance technological advancement with human connection and genuine investment in youth.

---

For more, listen to the full episode or visit NPR's TED Radio Hour website.

Transcript

[Minouche Zamorodi]

This message comes from Raymond James, a firm focused on transforming lives, businesses and communities through tailored wealth management, banking and capital markets solutions. [e-mail] this is the TED Radio Hour. Each week, groundbreaking TED Talks.

[Jason Reynolds]

Our job now is to dream big.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Delivered at TED conferences to bring about the future we want to see around the world to understand who we are. From those talks, we bring you speakers and ideas that will surprise you.

[Scott Galloway]

You just don't know what you're gonna find challenge you.

[Victor Riparbelli]

We truly have to ask ourselves, like, why is it noteworthy and even change you.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

I literally feel like I'm a different person. Yes. Do you feel that way? Ideas worth spreading From TED and npr. I'm Minouche Zumarodi. Today on the show, kids, young adults and some of the biggest pressures they're facing these days. I mean, I feel like AI explains things sometimes better, like how to use artificial intelligence.

[Victor Riparbelli]

It's really good at visualizing certain tasks and can give you a much better understanding than certain teachers explaining something to you.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

These are students at Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia, talking about the pros and cons of using chatbots to help them with their schoolwork. Using AI doesn't help us to be a good writer because in essays you need to use your own ideas. But like if you an idea and you're going to make the rest of the essay by yourself, but you're using the AI to get like a concept of something, it would be okay. You just heard from Amin Amde, Langston Young, Adiba Sadie and Sarah Nagus. And as a new school year starts, the hot debate going on right now is how much AI is supporting or hindering students ability to learn. As you just heard, kids have differing opinions. They're teachers too.

[Victor Riparbelli]

Well, it depends on how you look at it.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Chris Hudson is the library media specialist at the school. He's dismayed at how quick his students are to trust the information AI spits out and outsource their own thinking.

[Victor Riparbelli]

They gravitate toward the AI overviews for pretty much everything. So anything they do a Google search for the AI overview they think is gospel. So they're taking that information and tossing it into papers whether it's accurate or not. And in some cases, when they feel a little stressed regarding something that requires their own creativity or their own brain power, and they don't necessarily think they'll do the best job, they'll pull something from a ChatGPT or Gemini and try to pass that off as their own work.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

But Chris's colleague Dominique Jones. She admits that keeping up with growing class sizes and growing demands on her time, well, AI can be a huge help.

[Dominique Jones]

One of the programs that we actually have a license for, they have AI built in to grade the students writing it will generate the comments, the feedback to the kids. I don't have the capacity to grade 98 papers and give you a long response to something you did well, something you need to work on, and then just the overall nice statement. So it saved me hours.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

AI is just one of the forces shaping young people's lives right now. Today's kids are growing up in a world of economic upheaval, social media pressures, and a future that often feels precarious. So over the next two weeks we are asking, are the kids alright? How are they coping? Are parents, educators and the systems around them helping or hurting? And what is coming fast around the.

[Victor Riparbelli]

Next corner, your kids. Kids may not read and write. They'll be watching and listening instead.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

This is Victor Riparbelli. He's the co founder and CEO of Synthesia, a company that uses AI to create video lessons led by lifelike avatars.

[Jason Reynolds]

Hey there learners.

[Scott Galloway]

Today we're diving into the world of critical thinking.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Let's introduce you to the exciting world of neural networks.

[Victor Riparbelli]

In this quick video, you'll learn about some real life examples of Newton's third.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

These digital instructors can teach anything in any language at any time. And Rip Parbelli believes the traditional classroom and the way we've taught for centuries could soon be obsolete. Here he is on the TED stage.

[Victor Riparbelli]

Your grandchildren will be the last generation to read and write. I know that sounds strange, almost unthinkable, but today I'm going to make the case that humanity's relentless pursuit of better ways to convey ideas and preserve knowledge doesn't end with text. I think we're at the dawn of a new era of AI enabled communication. And I think that future generations will slowly replace text with more intuitive forms of communication like audio, video, and eventually immersive technologies. And one day I think we'll look back at reading and writing as historical artifacts, like we do with papyrus scrolls or hieroglyphs or cave paintings.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

This is a huge claim to make that brings up a lot of feelings for people. And on the one hand I'm thinking, you know, no, I love to read. I feel connected to the words on the page. When you hear me say that, do you just hear nostalgia or do you hear a deeply human feeling about how we communicate?

[Victor Riparbelli]

You know, that statement obviously is a statement I made to provoke on Purpose. I don't necessarily think that all reading will go away. I think things like fiction, for example, I think we'll enjoy that. But I think when we talk purely about teaching and education, information exchange, I do think that we as humans are better off with video and audio content. And I do think that if we look back in 50, 60, 70, 100 years time, the way we consume information will not be text driven. It'll be driven by video and audio. And maybe at that point, like VR and immersive technology technologies. What is the most effective way to teach someone something? Most people would agree that that's probably himself or herself teaching the kids something in front of a whiteboard with a computer in front of them. And why is that the best way of teaching someone something? Well, you can adjust the learning to their pace, right? Some may be very quick to pick up some things or maybe a little bit more time and more examples. A lot of time you probably want to show them a visual example. That's how you teach someone really well. How can you use these technologies to do the same thing? Because it's pretty hard to do this every day, right? But what if you do a lecture and it's half an hour of you teaching in the classroom and then it's 15 minutes for every student talks to an AI agent. That agent then assesses how well the student comprehends that knowledge. It takes some notes, it shares that note with the teacher, and the teacher can then decide what the path is for that particular student. Right. It's really like sitting down with a teacher that has infinite time and responds immediately to you. And I think that is just absolutely magical.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Do you mind walking me through exactly how this transition, you picture this transition going for the next 10, 20 years?

[Victor Riparbelli]

It is very obvious that especially the young generation today, they prefer to consume their content by watching and listening videos, podcasts, et cetera, than reading long books. If I want to learn something now, I go on YouTube and I'll watch a 30 minute video. And most of the time, depending on what you learn. But I'd say it's very few topics that you read. You learn better through pure text. Most of the time you learn something better by watching videos, seeing diagrams, animations. It stimulates more of your brain. It feels more like how we consume information in the real world. And that is going to be a big threat in society. Do you want to learn music theory from a long book or from a video on YouTube that has audio? Do you want to listen to the news on a podcast on the way to work or fold out this physical piece of paper somewhere. Most people feel like this, but we all have this guilt. I feel guilty when I watch videos instead of picking up a good old fashioned book. You hear the commentary on this. Young people are unable to focus anymore. They need constant dopamine hits from cheap content that they scroll through on their social media apps. They don't get outside their room anymore. I have a prerogative idea. What if we're all just tired of overly dense, slow information? Books with too many pages, newspaper articles with filler. What if we become much more sensitive to the quality and the conciseness of the content that we consume because we now have infinite choice? What if the current generation of kids are able to learn and absorb information much faster because of technology, not despite it is the problem us or is the problem text? With AI we can get both speed, scale, accuracy and engagement. AI can create highly photorealistic content digitally. Computers can learn what the world looks like and they can replicate it and remix it in amazing details. This is going to usher a new wave of creativity and it's not going to be driven by Hollywood. It's going to be driven by YouTubers and young people with great ideas who take these tools and tell amazing stories.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

So I'm trying to picture this. Do you see like a kid instead of writing a short story, maybe they would use software that creates an entire video of a short story that looks real. Like instead of writing there was once a family, you would literally see a family that looks completely realistic coming together in a living room as the opening scene that they would have written previously.

[Dominique Jones]

Like that.

[Jason Reynolds]

Exactly like that.

[Victor Riparbelli]

With AI, the kind of last frontiers of content creation, the things that have been really difficult to put into software, is happening, right? And so I think the best analogy to this really is music. With the advent of samplers, right, you could take pieces of things of the real world and you could combine them together to create music. When I was 14 years old, I could sit in my room at home and I could make any song you think of. The only limit was my imagination and putting enough hours into understanding how all these pieces of software work together for me to be to bring that vision to life, right? And that's why what we've seen in the music industry over the last 20 years is a campion explosion of new genres, talent from anywhere. But if you look at filmmaking, for example, you probably have to go study film first. You have to get millions of dollars if you want to create anything. You have to know all the right People, where you are in the world matters a lot. And essentially what AI is going to do now is like that last frontier of working with video and audio. And a lot of these disciplines will become kind of a fully digital workflow. And not just that, but it also becomes so easy that anyone can do it. Right.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Okay, so I have questions. How does a kid get to the point where they can imagine this whole world brought together by video if they haven't done the work of learning how to put together ideas? We're seeing that now with AI and large language models. Professors are saying that kids are handing in papers written by these chatbots, that the kids don't even know how bad they are because they haven't developed the critical skills.

[Victor Riparbelli]

Well, I think that's all part of society developing around these technologies. And I think the jury will be out whether those kids today who have access to GPT will do better or worse than the pre Internet generation in terms of overall intelligence and knowledge of the world. And I mean, none of us know this, right? But my guess would be that the generation that grows up today will be much more informed and much smarter than the generation that grew up 50 years ago. I think we always worry about these things being the end of education, the end of critical thought, and I think there's always a kernel of truth in them. But I think kids are smarter than we think they are. And I'm not saying that we shouldn't think twice about how we do these things. But I think if you look historically at how technology has impacted learning and education all across the world, I think it's very difficult to make an argument that it's not going one direction, which is that we become smarter and smarter and we know more and more. And I think as much as some of these problems are caused by LLMs, I think a lot of them can also be solved with AI. And on the thing of how people get the imagination to make a story, I think, do you need that to make a story? Can't you just make 100 stories? You'll slowly figure out what you like and what you don't like.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

When we come back, more from Victor Rip Barbelli on AI in education and a middle school teacher's thoughts on AI companies edging their way into the classroom.

[Dominique Jones]

Students are very dependent on human interaction, so it will become a very disengaged environment.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Today on the show Kids the Future and whether it's gonna be all right. It's NPR's TED Radio Hour. I'm Minouche Zamorodi and we'll be right back. This message comes from Wayfair as summer winds down, make your home ready for the season ahead. Refresh your workspace with desks, bookcases and office chairs for way less or make weeknight dinners a thing again with quality cookware that makes meal time a breeze. Get organized, refreshed and back to routine for or way less. Head to Wayfair.com right now to shop all things home. That's W a Y f a I r.com wayfair every style every home this message comes from at&t. There's nothing like knowing someone's in your corner, especially when it really counts, like when your neighbor shovels your driveway after a snowstorm or your friend saves you the last slice of pizza. AT&T has connectivity you can depend on or they'll proactively make it right. That's the AT T guarantee. Terms and conditions apply. Visit att.comguarantee to learn more. AT and T Connecting changes everything.

[Sponsor/Advertisement Voice]

This message comes from Schwab. At Schwab, how you invest is your choice, not theirs. That's why when it comes to managing your wealth, Schwab gives you more choices. You can invest and trade on your own. Plus get advice and more comprehensive wealth solutions to help meet your unique needs. With award winning service, low costs and transparent advice, you can manage your wealth your way at Schwab. Visit schwab.com to learn more.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

This message comes from NPR sponsor Viking, committed to exploring the world in comfort. Journey through the heart of Europe on an elegant Viking longship with thoughtful service, destination focused dining and cultural enrichment on board and onshore. And every Viking voyage is all inclusive with no children and no casinos. Discover [e-mail] it's the TED Radio Hour from NPR. I'm Minouche Zamorodi. Today on the show, we're looking at the pressures that kids and teens are facing, whether it's navigating mental health tech in the classroom or the rise of AI. We were just hearing from technologist Victor Ritparbelli about how AI and video technology are making it possible create avatars that teach and train humans in new ways.

[Victor Riparbelli]

Today, our avatars already interact with millions of people every single day. They teach school subjects, they onboard restaurant workers provide health guidance and sell products in more than 130 different languages. And they're getting really good. Very soon they'll be very difficult to distinguish from reality. So with these technologies we can create anything without the need for cameras. We can bring our imaginations to life without the traditional barriers of skill and cost with AI, everyone is going to be able to be a director producing Hollywood grade video without needing any training at all. Once we combine AI video with reasoning systems like language models, we're going to unlock an entirely new type of media that's going to be interactive and personalized. It's going to be able to think and narrate and personalize content for us. If you're learning music theory, you'll have an assistant that knows your skill level, knows your taste in music, and build a curriculum around that. All of your kids maybe will have their favorite celebrities teaching them math in school and they'll do it in a context that's interesting for your kid. Maybe that's soccer or sci fi or whatever. Education is going to be triple charged with these new AI systems.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

I've been playing around a lot with Claude and ChatGPT and other AI and I'm noticing that it'll come up with something so quickly. And at first I'm like, this is amazing. This is. This paragraph is quality. And then I'll sit down and like get through the sentences and realize it's just a load of nonsense and incredibly simplistic and basic. So how do we begin to make sure that kids don't just think this is magic and assume it's correct? We need to have some sort of barometer of what is quality, what is vetted.

[Victor Riparbelli]

I mean, obviously we should teach kid about critical thinking and evaluating media content and all these things. I'm not at all saying we should do that, right? I think that's probably more important than ever. But I think in the big picture, this is probably the most amazing technology we've ever invented. They will equalize the world of education. Everyone will get their own private tutor, no matter if you're rich or poor. There's so much upside in how we do education and training with these technologies. Again, of course we have to be aware of the pitfalls. I just find it so difficult to not be extremely optimistic when you see how these technologies will impact the future of learning how to be. I think one of the greatest equalizers we've ever seen.

[Dominique Jones]

There's no video, AI, robot, not even the videos we use to teach in class that can replace a teacher. Students are very dependent on human interaction and even if we try to give them videos to preview a topic or to introduce them to something, they will still reach out to us for support.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Dominique Jones teaches language arts at Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Virginia.

[Dominique Jones]

Teaching during COVID was a Disaster. Everything was using a video. That was the first idea I had to get engagement. And did it work? I had never had so many Fs in my gradebook in all of my career. I could give students a video to watch for the lesson and say, okay, this is the topic. This is what we're learning. And they would often come back and say, I don't know what the video was talking about. Can you explain it to me? That's when I got the idea of what school really meant for kids. It was about the human interaction. So I imagine if we had an AI teacher that was their favorite athlete. You know, if I had LeBron teaching me how to write my essay, that's cool and all, but what happens when I don't understand? I 100% think that kids would lose all ability to analyze anything. They're looking for fast, quick answers to everything. Because now I can just go online and say, hey, tell me what this means. It will become a very disengaged environment and that becomes stressful for the teacher. We've gone through all these years of school, got master's degrees and all the things for what to watch kids to sit on a computer. That's not cool.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Back in the classroom, we asked 8th grader Noah Janda, as well as his classmates Sarah and Langston, what they think it would be like to be taught by the avatar of a movie star or a professional athlete.

[Victor Riparbelli]

I think I'd find it like very weird to be taught by like a famous person.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

A lot of people, like, they get bored easily in class and they don't like pay attention. But if they see like, like somebody they look up to teaching them, I feel like it would help them pay attention more.

[Victor Riparbelli]

For me personally, I don't think that worked well for me, cuz I do like seeing how, how other teachers teach and just exploring what, how they think of a subject and stuff like that.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

I want to go back to the kid question. Victor, do you have any kids in your life? Are you an uncle? Do you, are you a parent?

[Victor Riparbelli]

I'm an uncle.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

You're an uncle. So if you showed those your nieces and nephews what your technology can do, how do you explain it to them now and what would you encourage them to do or caution them to do?

[Victor Riparbelli]

Well, my niece is not even a month old, so I think I'll probably start early days. I will probably wait a few years. But I think, you know, advice is always the same. I think you want to get kids and everyone else for that matter, also adults, but you want to get them to use these technologies. What are they good at? What are they bad at? I would give the same advice that I give to CEOs. I would say buy ChatGPT for your company. Let people play around with it. Let them tell you what they do with it. What does it work for? What does it not work for? We don't learn that from reading books about how AI could go wrong or articles that talk about how GPT technology works. We learn by doing.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

That was Victor Riparbelli, CEO of Synthesia. You can see his full [e-mail] thank you so much to the students and staff at Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia. As the technology advances, of course, so will the debate over its effects on kids, their brains and how they learn. And meanwhile, we are already seeing that AI companies are responding to those concerns. ChatGPT, for example, recently rolled out Study Mode, a chatbot that doesn't give kids answers outright, but acts more like a tutor. We'll be watching this space today on the show, we're talking about kids and young adults and asking if they're all right. The U.S. has long pitched itself as the land of opportunity, a place where if you worked hard, sacrificed, you could build a better life for yourself and for your children and your children's children.

[Scott Galloway]

I think that's right. I don't even think you thought about it. It was just a given.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

This is Scott Galloway.

[Scott Galloway]

When my parents came to the US on a steamship, 150 quid each, and it was just a natural assumption that given the opportunity that America offered, that you would just inevitably end up doing better than your parents. That was just part of the American compact.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

It was definitely the case for Scott. He's now a professor at New York University, a popular podcaster and bestselling author, and he's written a lot about the success of America's brand of capitalism, the rise of the middle class through the last century, the spread of wealth and financial stability to more people. But now, Scott says, that American compact, that each generation will prosper more than the previous one. It is broken.

[Scott Galloway]

At the end Of World War II, about 92% of children did better than their parents by the time they were 30. Economically, for the first time, it dipped to 50%. So now it's a coin flip. So for the first time in our nation's history, it's no longer a given that your kids will be better off than you at the same age or at the age of 30.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

The latest generation of young adults, Gen Z have come of age with crushing student debt, unattainable housing and stagnant wages.

[Scott Galloway]

And my thesis is that these have been purposeful decisions, that the economy has actually been incredibly robust the last 30 or 40 years. Our growth has been consistent, if not remarkable. And every year we figure out a way for the markets to go up in value. But we have purposely transferred wealth and opportunity from young people to old people. So who owns stocks and houses? People my age who makes their money from current income or working at a job and rents? Young people. That's nothing but a naked transfer of wealth and prosperity from young to old.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

You're constantly working, and for what? You can hear this situation playing out all over social media. I cannot envision ever owning a home between random cute dog videos. Thousand dollars. There are clips of young people who are deeply distressed, angry struggle to survive that so much of the economy seems stacked against them.

[Victor Riparbelli]

Every day for the past eight years has been nothing but an absolute living nightmare.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

And recent budget and policy changes may make that reality even worse. There have been cuts to to higher education grants, less loan forgiveness, new Medicaid cuts and restrictions, and an increasing federal debt which could make tax and interest rates go even higher. To Scott, this means an absolute lack of compassion for our youngest generations.

[Unknown Speaker (possibly a guest or commentator)]

Okay, I start us with a question. Do we love our children?

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Here he is on the TED stage.

[Unknown Speaker (possibly a guest or commentator)]

Sounds like an illegitimate question, right? Well, I'm going to try and convince you otherwise. Essentially, as we go down generations, we're seeing that for the last two generations, people are making less money on an inflation adjusted basis. In addition, the cost of buying a home, the cost of pursuing education continues to skyrocket. So the purchasing power, the prosperity, is inversely correlated to age. Simply put, as we get younger, we're taking away opportunity and prosperity from our youngest. A decent proxy for how much we value youth labor is minimum wage. And we've kept it purposely pretty low. If it had just kept pace of productivity, It'd be about 23 bucks a share. But we've decided to purposefully keep it low, out of reach. Median home price has skyrocketed relative to median household income as a result. Pre pandemic, the average mortgage payment was $1,100. It's now $2,300 because of an acceleration in interest rates and the fact that the average home has gone from 290,000 to 420. Why? Because guess what? The incumbents that own assets have weaponized government to make it very difficult for new entrants to ever get their own assets, thereby elevating their own net worth. This has resulted in an enormous transfer of wealth. Where people over the age of 70 used to control 19% of household income versus people under the age of 40 used to control 12. Their wealth has been cut in half. This isn't by accident, it's purposeful.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Consciously purposeful. Or how did this happen?

[Scott Galloway]

Well, the demo in democracy is working really well. And that is old people vote for even older people who vote themselves more money. So we now spend about 40% of our total government spending on programs for seniors. That's the greatest it's been in history. But wait, it gets worse. In 10 years at the current rate, it's going to be over 50%, meaning the majority of our government spending and tax revenues will go to programs supporting seniors. And this crowds out investments in technology and in education and things that are a little bit more forward leaning show a greater return on investment and quite frankly benefit younger people. So our democracy, if you will, is working well, but it's a series of older people voting themselves more money. Old people vote.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

I guess what I find confusing about this is I recently read in the New Yorker that since 2020, U.S. growth per person has been more than 2% and that actually people in their 20s are richer than prior U.S. generations were at their age. So why doesn't it feel that way for younger people?

[Scott Galloway]

So I think the study you're referring to is the following. There's some nuance here and that is we have basically kind of the zeitgeist and this goes to cultural mores. We have decided to embrace a winners and losers economy or a Hunger Games like economy. The good news is, if you think it's good news, is that there are now millionaires in their 30s. When I was growing up, and I imagine when you were growing up you didn't really hear about that. So the actual number of people in the top 10%, that number's gotten much higher. But if you look at the quote unquote, bottom 90, the vast majority of these individuals, two things have happened. Their purchasing power has gone down. Inflation and housing, inflation and education. Two things that young people save for and need to get ahead have skyrocketed and their wages on an inflation adjusted basis have consistently gone down. I used to make on an inflation adjusted basis, people in my generation made 85,000, then 20 years ago 65,000. This is at the age of 25. Now it's about $55,000. And so you have a lot of young people who've essentially given up on buying a home. The travel industry is booming and my thesis is that people have just given up on saving for a house. And so they pick up and head to Thailand for a month or go to, they go to Coachella. So live events and travel have never been stronger, but people are struggling to kind of COVID I think, the basics or the essentials. Whether it's getting a college degree, paying off their student debt, saving for a home, or deciding to have a child.

[Unknown Speaker (possibly a guest or commentator)]

The great intergenerational theft took place under the auspices of a virus. I know. Let's use the greatest health crisis in the century to really speedball the transfer. This is the NASDAQ from 2008 to 2012. We let the markets crash. And by the way, you need churn, you need disruption, because it seeds and recalibrates advantage and wealth from the incumbents to the entrance. It's a natural part of of the cycle. But wait, lately, no, a million people dying would be bad. But what would be tragic is if we let the NASDAQ go down and guys like me lost wealth, so we pumped the economy, which again increased the massive transfer of wealth. The best two years of my life Covid more time with my kids, more time with Netflix, and my value of my stocks absolutely exploded. And who has to pay for my prosperity? Not me. Future generations who will have to deal with an unprecedented level of debt.

[Scott Galloway]

Key to getting wealthy or establishing some wealth as a younger person is that in 2008, as an example, we allowed the markets to fall, we bailed out banks, but we didn't bail out the economy. And guys like me who were coming into the prime income earning years got to buy Netflix at $12, got to buy Amazon at $8. So when you bail out the boomer owner of a restaurant, all you're doing is robbing opportunity from the 26 year old recent graduate of a culinary academy who wants her shot to buy a restaurant on the cheap. Disruption is a cycle and a churn that seeds advantage from incumbents to entrance. And so I think politics have become very much I need to get mine. This happens across the entire ecosystem. In my industry, every year we take pride in rejecting more and more applicants, meaning that the incumbents who already have degrees see the value of their degrees go up. When I applied to UCLA, it was a 76% admissions rate. This year it'll be 9. When you own a home, you get very concerned with traffic and you show up to the local review board and make sure no new housing permits are approved. We have one and a half million fewer homes than we need for household formation, which again, has taken the value of homes way up. So we have embraced this rejectionist, exclusionary culture that crowds out the opportunity for entrance.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

But at some point, all the old rich people are going to die. Is there going to be a redistribution of wealth happening then?

[Scott Galloway]

So a lot of people will say, but, Scott, you're about to see the most massive transfer back to young people in the form of inheritance. I would argue that's a really unhealthy way to live life and build a society. What you're talking about is Downton Abbey, that, oh, you don't need to work or worry because you're going to inherit this estate. Waiting around for your mother and father to die so you can buy a home and have a family is just not a way to live a life, does not build a healthy society and quite frankly doesn't work and just results in dynastic dynamics that the American culture has tried to avoid.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

When we come back, more with Scott Galloway and what you what he says is the link between economic uncertainty and Gen Z's politics. On the show today are the kids all right? I'm Minouche Zamorodi, and you're listening to the TED radio hour from NPR. Stay with us. This message comes from AT&T. Whether you're calling your parents to say Happy anniversary or checking in with your kids before bedtime, staying connected, connected matters. That's why AT T has connectivity you can depend on or they'll proactively make it right. That's the AT T guarantee. Terms and conditions apply. Visit att.comguarantee to learn more. AT T connecting changes everything.

[Sponsor/Advertisement Voice]

This message comes from REI Co Op A summit view, climbing El Cap, a faster mile or that first 5k. It all starts here with gear, clothing, classes and advice to get you there so you can wave to your limits as you pass them by. Visit rei.com or your local REI co op. Opt outside.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

This message comes from NPR sponsor Raymond James. A financial firm as unique as the people it serves, Raymond James Financial Advisors consider the unique lives and goals of each client to create full picture plans that go beyond retirement, savings and managing risk. They provide tailored solutions for complex needs through wealth management, banking and capital markets services. [e-mail] Raymond James and Associates, Inc. Member, New York stock exchange/sipic this message.

[Sponsor/Advertisement Voice]

Comes from NPR sponsor Design Matters. A podcast from TED host Debbie Millman interviews incredibly creative people to find out how they design their lives. One of the world's very first podcasts listen to Design Matters. In honor of its 20th anniversary this.

[Jason Reynolds]

Year.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

It'S the TED Radio Hour. From NPR, I'm Anoush Zamorodi. Today on the show, we are asking, are the kids all right? And we were just talking to NYU Professor Scott Galloway. Scott says that today younger generations cannot afford to pay off their debt, buy a home, or invest in their retirement. And he blames older generations for withholding financial opportunities from them. The effects, he says, are more than just economic.

[Scott Galloway]

Well, the repercussions are at a very basic level, disappointment and rage. A lot of these folks are living at home. A lot of them have been told their whole life they can do anything. And then that 210 times a day, they get a reminder of their failure on their phones with a series of notifications where people vomit their personal positions, possessions, and amazing lives that they're supposedly leading. And they're reminded every day that they're not doing well. And also, there's a false impression out there that everyone is vacationing at the Amond Hotel and owns a Ferrari. And if you don't have all of those things that you're somehow failing, it creates incendiary that is poured over every issue. And I think it just creates a general level of rage.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

I'm curious, you know, what young people think when you link their dissatisfaction with life and what feels like really big gaps between the generations. How do they respond when they hear these things?

[Scott Galloway]

I think that sometimes that feels like I'm infantilizing or patronizing them. But what I've generally the feedback is, you know, thank you. You said the quiet part out loud. And who I really hear from is parents. If you're a boomer or if you're, say, not even boomer, but you're Gen X and you've done well, and you see your kids, your kid's a good kid. She's worked hard, she's graduated from the right schools, and her and her fiance have been saving for a house for 10 years, and they just have given up. They can't buy a house. They're thinking about not having kids. It's just not viable for them. I mean, this is what you want. The whole point of an economy is to create a middle class. The whole point of a middle class is to create a thriving society, a democratic society that's prosperous. But the reason we all want prosperity at the end of the day, when we get a little bit older is we want our kids to do well.

[Unknown Speaker (possibly a guest or commentator)]

This is my last slide. It is an emotionally manipulative slide to try and get you to like me more.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

There's a moment in your TED Talk when you put up a slide of yourself and one of your boys at a sporting event.

[Unknown Speaker (possibly a guest or commentator)]

But it does have a message. This is the whole shooting match. Anybody here without kids, ask someone with kids. Your whole world shrinks to this.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

And you got pretty emotional up on stage and you laid a lot of guilt on the people in the theater. You asked them, you know, do we love our children? Implying that if we do, they need to make changes.

[Scott Galloway]

Well, Minouche, do you have children?

[Minouche Zamorodi]

I do.

[Scott Galloway]

So without knowing you or your children, I'm fairly confident that you love your children. Children. I bet you are fairly confident I love mine. The question I ask is, do we love our children? And that is, have we entered an economy where it's sort of a winner take most attitude and everyone's grabbing for their own. We ignore because we're all believe we're going to be in the top 10% that's never done better than previous top deciles, that we'll be in that top 10% and we're not willing to make the sacrifices and the hard decisions such that other people's children who might be in the bottom 90 do better. I think that America has kind of lost the script. And that is what is the point of any of this? On your radio hour, you're going to talk about AI, you're going to talk about the environment, you're talking about the climate, anyone who has kids. Something comes off the tracks with one of your kids. You're not thinking about the climate, you're not thinking about AI, you're thinking about that kid. And economic anxiety is someone who went through economic anxiety as a kid. I can tell you we aren't treating our children well, we aren't treating other kids well. This, the resting blood pressure of kids in low income homes is tangibly higher than kids in middle and upper income homes. There are more kids depressed, more admissions of self harm, more anxiety. So the question is, what is the point of any of this if your kid is anxious or depressed and people have this feeling, well, I'm gonna be successful, I can take care of my kids. Okay, I know you love your kids, but do we love our kids?

[Minouche Zamorodi]

That was Scott Galloway. He's a marketing professor at NYU and hosts of the podcasts Pivot and the Professor G Pod. We spoke in 2024. Scott's latest book is called the Algebra of A Simple Formula for Financial Security. You can see his TED talk at ted. So despite what some technologists may be predicting, kids are still being taught to read in the U.S. however, a third of eighth grade students don't meet national standards for reading comprehension.

[Scott Galloway]

This is the largest slice of pizza in the entire world.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

The average teen spends nearly five hours a day on YouTube, TikTok and Instagram. And so many suspects that books are taking a backseat to what's on their phones.

[Jason Reynolds]

Oh, you don't compete with that. That's where we lose, right? You work with it. You work with it. And the truth is there's no reason to fight against it. My job is to fight alongside it.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

This is children's author Jason Reynolds.

[Jason Reynolds]

You like two minute videos and two minute videos is what's holding your attention. Cool, I get it. I'm going to write a book of short stories. I'm going to write a book that's in verse. I'm going to figure out how to use the thing that you already are interested in so I can literally operate and live alongside.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Reynolds has made it his business to meet kids, especially middle schoolers, where they are in his books and when he talks to them in person. For three years, Jason served as the ambassador for young People's literature through the US Library of Congress.

[Jason Reynolds]

And there's so many not so young people here and I'm trying to figure out how to best serve everybody.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

We asked him to kick off our conversation by reading us the first page from Look Both Ways, a tale told in 10 blocks. Stories from the perspective of 10 different kids as they walk home from school.

[Jason Reynolds]

This story was going to begin like all the best stories, with a school bus falling from the sky. But no one saw it happen. No one heard anything. So instead this story will begin like all the good ones with boogers. If you don't get all them nasty half baked goblins out your nose, I promise I'm not walking home with you. I'm not playing. Jasmine Jordan said this like she said most things with her whole body. Like the words weren't just coming out of her mouth but were also rolling down her spine. She said it like she meant said it with the same don't play with me tone her mother used whenever she was trying to talk to Jasmine about something important for her real life. And Jasmine turned the music up in her ears real loud to drown her mother out. And scroll on, scroll on. If you don't take them ear pods, earbuds, earphones, or whatever they called out your coconut head, it's gonna be me turning up the volume and the bass and I ain't Talking about no music that tone.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Jason Reynolds. How many award winning books do you think start with a description of bookers?

[Jason Reynolds]

One for sure.

[Victor Riparbelli]

I got one for sure.

[Jason Reynolds]

One for certain.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

That's the one that was from your book. Look both ways. What was it that you wanted your readers to know about you, about this book? About the characters that they're going to meet right from the start, that they.

[Jason Reynolds]

Are just like them. You know, I'm constantly thinking about how we can explore the everydayness of childhood, the mundane idiosyncrasies that it is to be a young person no matter where you are in the world.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

I thought it was so interesting though, because you're having this light. It's this lighthearted conversation between two friends walking home from school or in middle school. And then you kind of sneak it in that. Well, the reason why one of the girl's backpack was so heavy, why she had so many books and extra homework in there, was because she'd been hospitalized with sickle cell anemia. You kind of sneak it in there that there's something very serious going on.

[Jason Reynolds]

I do, and I think to sneak it in there is the best way to do it. I think. I'm always curious about the way that we portray young people and portray tough stuff for young people because I think we sometimes lay the burden on the back of the child when really things happen in our lives. But children always find time to laugh, right? Children always find time to talk about boogers or to talk about potato chips or to crack jokes or to tease each other. Despite some of the heavy things happening in their lives, I think they have a resilience that actually shines brighter sometimes than we give credit to. And I think I'm always curious and I think this is the reason why I write for kids so much, is because I think as adults what happens is when we go through tough times, we'll be bummed about it and we'll let it drag on for a moment and we'll use the excuse of like, responsibility as the thing that forces us to move forward. Young people don't always have the excuse of responsibility. They just have the excuse of life. And there's something about that that I find absolutely profound, that the reason that they continue moving forward is not because they gotta go to work or take care of their kids or pay their bills. It's because they recognize that life is a thing that belongs to them. And every day is a day that is new. That's a special thing.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Can we talk about the kids, the people who you wrote the books for?

[Jason Reynolds]

Yeah.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

What do they tell you? Because, correct me if I'm wrong, you have spent the last several years touring around the country, whether it's in real life or virtually talking to them. What do they say that they like about you? And do they ever tell you things they don't like?

[Jason Reynolds]

Oh, of course. What they say they like, I think first and foremost, when I walk into the building, when I walk into the room, especially at the beginning of my career, they were always so surprised by what I looked like. Hello. Hello, everybody. All right, y'. All Good. I am a big guy, right? Six three, you know, a big man. I've got long hair, very long dreadlocks, and I have tattoos everywhere. I always have on T shirt, jeans, and sneakers. Right? I mean, this is it. I look like their older brothers. I look like their uncle and their older brothers. And that's just who I am, Right? I can't pretend to be anything that I'm not. I just go into the school as me. We're gonna talk about something else. We're not gonna talk about books for a second. And then when we talk and when I give my lecture, when I give my speech, when we do my presentation, it's like talking to your big cousin.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

What's your favorite sport?

[Jason Reynolds]

What's my favorite sport? I grew up playing basketball, and I was lucky to grow up in the time of Georgia. I'm not, like a formal person. I don't find value in formality, especially as it pertains to those I refer to as family. Don't make sense to be formal around family. And for me, these young people are my family.

[Dominique Jones]

What's your favorite thing that you like to do with your mom?

[Jason Reynolds]

You know what? So, like, my mom and I spend a lot of time together when I'm not all over the place, you know, we live. We like to do really simple things. You know, my mom, one of these people who live in Costco, you know what I'm talking about? And we laugh and we joke, because what a young person wants to know is that you are who you say you are so that I can trust you. But I can't come into a school and talk about reading some books. And they looking at me like, but who are you? Let me tell them who I am. Let me show them who I am, and then they'll show me who they are. And then we can talk about maybe reading these books.

[Dominique Jones]

What was your favorite book that you ever made?

[Minouche Zamorodi]

What inspires you the most when you're writing?

[Jason Reynolds]

Like, where do you go for ideas?

[Dominique Jones]

We're currently writing our own book and.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Well, what I want to ask is.

[Dominique Jones]

Would you like to come to our book launch? How long does it take you to write books?

[Jason Reynolds]

And the truth is that they go and they read everything because they trust me. That's it. Simple. It was a very simple concept from the beginning.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

What advice would you give to future writers?

[Jason Reynolds]

What advice would I give to future writers? What they tell me is that they appreciate me speaking to them like humans. Understand, whether you want to be a writer or whether you want to be anything is that excellence is a habit. Never forget this, okay? Excellence is a habit. It's not something you can turn on or turn off. You either going to be excellent or you're not going to be excellent. Like human beings, not as half formed things or whatever sort of pejorative coding we attach to childhood or to being a child, right? Or you're, you're being childish, you're being kiddie, you're being. You're being a baby, you're being. No, I talk to them like human beings. And nine times out of ten, there's always one who says, man, I just appreciate you just giving it to us straight, just talking to us like people. We can handle it. Now. There have been moments in my career, valuable moments for me, when a young person will say, you know, for instance, when I was the greatest, kid comes up to me and says, you know, I wanted to give you a note on when I was the greatest. And this is like a 12 year old, right? And this is good. And this is where I think some of us adults, I think this is where we lose out, is that we sometimes forget to humble ourselves in the presence of children and take their critique, which is valuable. It's valuable because they know what they feel, they know what they think, right? And this kid says, you know, I read when I was a greatest. Loved it. I wish that you would have given Needles the character who has Tourette syndrome. I wish you would have given him more speaking lines. He has Tourette syndrome. That doesn't mean that he's mute, Right? That doesn't mean there's anything wrong with his ability to speak.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

Jason sounds like a good note.

[Jason Reynolds]

It was a brilliant note. And the kid was absolutely right. And you know what I said? And they said that you do it on purpose because you're gonna write a sequel. And in that moment, I could have lied to protect my ego. I could have lied. I could have said, yeah, man, I thought, I'm gonna work on another one. Where it just focuses on, I could have lied, but that. That would have, in fact, been a lie. And I don't believe that kids. I just. The kid deserved the truth. And so I said, you know what? Honestly, it was an oversight. It was a blind spot. And thank you. And every time I get those. Those moments where a young person calls me to the mat, I'm grateful. I'm not offended, and I'm not all broken up and sensitive. No, I'm grateful that a young person can. Could say, hey, man, I love you, and I know you love me. And that's why we're gonna have this conversation about what I need you to do moving forward in your work that is meant to serve me. What a gift. Yeah.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

I mean, it sounds like you're getting as many ideas and feeling energized by them as much as they are getting something out of your visiting.

[Jason Reynolds]

Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah. I get way more. You know, it's uneven. Trust me. You know, there are occupations, but this is vocational. I actually just like to be around them. I enjoy having conversations with them. I like to be a child. I like to be childlike. I don't think we should ever lose it. I'm too old to be childish, even though I am sometimes. But you're never too old to be childlike. No. Right. And I think what they do is they remind me over and over again that actually will be okay. That the only reason that one can even begin to maintain an inkling of hope is because of the possibility that reside in the youth. And so to rob yourself of that is to rob yourself of the antidote to hopelessness.

[Minouche Zamorodi]

That was author and MacArthur Genius Award winner Jason Reynolds. We spoke in 2021. His latest work is an audiobook called Soundtrack. Next week, we've got the second half of our series where we're asking, are the kids all right? Psychologist Lisa Damore is a teen expert and parenting icon. She'll be here to talk us through what adolescence is really like these days. Today's teenagers are so much more aware of the world around them, what's happening politically, what's happening socially. And so if we talk about teenagers as fragile or lazy or totally the mercy of their phones, well, then we're gonna not do them justice. And we're probably gonna see more of that. That's next Friday. If you are into this episode, this series, please leave us a comment on Spotify. We would love to hear what you think. This episode was produced by Rachel Faulkner White, James Delahousy and Matthew Cloutier. It was edited by Sanaz Meshkinpour and me. Our production staff at NPR also includes Katie Monteleone, Fiona Guerin and Harsha Nahada. Producer is Irene Noguchi. Our audio engineer was Jimmy Keeley. Our theme music was written by Ramtin Arablouei. Our partners at TED are Chris Anderson, Roxanne Hylash and Daniela Ballarezzo. I'm Anoush Zamarodi and you've been listening to the TED Radio Hour from npr. This message comes from Raymond James, a firm focused on transforming lives, businesses and communities through tailored wealth management, banking and capital markets solutions. [e-mail] this message comes from NPR sponsor Shopify Start selling with Shopify today. Whether you're a garage entrepreneur or IPO ready, Shopify is the only tool you need to start, run and grow your business without the struggle. Go to shopify.com NPR support for this podcast and the following message come from Raymond James, a firm where financial advisors help you plan for every part of your life. No two lives are alike. That's why everyone deserves a financial plan as unique as they are. Backed by sophisticated resources and teams of specialists, a Raymond James Financial Advisor gets to know you, your passions and everything that makes your life uniquely complex. Because what inspires your goals matters, whether that's charitable endeavors, mapping out the future of a business, or building a legacy for your family. Raymond James Advisors use thoughtful planning and powerful tools to help people they serve embrace life and live it well. To learn more or connect with an advisor Today, go to raymondjames.com Raymond James & Associates, Inc. Member, New York Stock Exchange sit back.