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This episode is brought to you by Capital One. Capital One's tech team isn't just talking about multi agentic AI. They already deployed one. It's called Chat Concierge and it's simplifying car shopping using self reflection and layered reasoning with live API checks. It doesn't just help buyers find a car they love, it helps schedule a test drive, get pre approved for financing and and estimate trade in value. Advanced, intuitive and deployed. That's how they stack. That's technology at Capital One.

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This episode is brought to you by Ambetter Health Group health insurance can put businesses in a tough Position if you're a business owner, a CFO or an HR leader, this is probably going to sound familiar. It's fall and you find out your group health insurance premium will be more expensive next year, maybe by a lot. And as usual, you have to pick one carrier and a few plans for all of the employees. But they each have different medical needs, different budgets and different preferences for doctors. Plus, the carrier's network might not be strong where all employees live. Fortunately, there's a new approach. It's called an ichra or ichra and it's a game changer. Ichras make costs predictable with stable pre tax contributions and a larger risk pool. And and they make health plans personal because employees can buy any plan that fits their needs from any carrier. You choose how much to contribute, they choose what works for them. It's about time, right? For coverage you control, plan on and ichra. Learn more@ambetterhealth.com Ichra. You're listening to TED Talks Daily where we bring you new ideas to spark your curiosity every day. I'm your host, Elise Hu. According to the World Health Organization, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally. And yet many people ignore opportunities to get screened for early detection, whether it's because of lack of access or simple reluctance to get a mammogram. In her TEDX talk, chemist and professor Simona Francese shares an unlikely but highly promising alternative to traditional cancer screenings that might revolutionize early detection. And it all starts with our Fingerprints.

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In this room, one in eight women will develop breast cancer and one in 43 will die. Looks better for men, but they're not immune. And in 2022, the deaths by breast cancer were 670,000 globally and 11,500 in the UK. That's 32 people every day. And cases are predicted to rise to 70,000 by 2040. Right, but here's the good news. The death rate actually falling and they've been falling remarkably by 44%. Why? Certainly because interventions and better screen and better treatments, but definitely because we can catch cancer earlier. So let's talk about screening. Right, for breast cancer, we have the gold standard of mammography, which is followed by biopsy if the result is positive. And we have the breast screening program that invites women every year after a certain age. But actually the target can be, the target is 70% nationally, but the uptake can be really low in some areas of the country. So why is that? We really need to understand the reasons why we can't do more screening and why we can't have a better uptake. Because I think we can. We can. So, NHS backlogs, obviously this has been exacerbated by Covid, let me say also by decades of underfunding of the nhs. We have reduced resources, so there is a disproportion between the number of screenings needed and the radiologists. Also, the mammographic equipment isn't exactly present in every city, town, village that you would need. So we have here an accessibility problem, which is significantly worse for underserved populations. Let's be honest, I personally would choose my life over my modesty, but this is not exactly an exam, a test that preserves your modesty. Right? And for some populations this is absolutely culturally unacceptable. It is invasive, there is a fear associated with radiation, and for many women it's actually so painful that they refuse to go. There was a recent survey of 2,000 women and a staggering 21% said that the embarrassment of being topless and the fear of pain would actually prevent them from undertaking screening. Women know that it's so important to take up the screening, but this still happens. So. But what if I told you that my team and I are on probably a game changing test? Looks exactly like a test that will bypass NHS backlogs, that doesn't need any more resources from the nhs, that actually preserves your modesty because it's completely non invasive, there is no radiation and pain associated with it. And what if I told you that this comes from the world of fingerprints, CSI and fingerprints Right. An invisible world like that of a fingerprint. We all know what fingerprints are for, right? So they used to identify a suspect by comparing the mark that they left of the crime scene with a fingerprint that has been taken upon arrest or from prior convictions. Right? So you might tell me, okay, what's got is to do with breast cancer. So bear with me because I need you to rethink what a fingerprint is. So this is a close up of a fingertip, right? And the elevated part of the skins are the ridges. And then you see these little holes there? Those are the sweat pores from which the sweat comes through. And as you're sweating, as soon as you touch a surface, you transfer that sweat onto the surface. And now you transfer it in a rather mesmerizing way. So it's a beautiful pattern of lines, but it is not just a pattern of lines. It is a pattern of lines made up of molecules. What molecules? Whatever our body produces, metabolizes and then eliminates through sweat, of course, anything that is sitting on your fingertip as you go around in your activity, stashing things. Right. So that's really what a fingerprint is, is a molecular pattern unique to an individual. A molecular pattern of lines. And what can we do with this? We exploited this knowledge and in some pioneering research, we have developed a mass spectrometry technique called MOLDI that actually measures the weight of the molecules. And by making these measurements, we are able to know what these molecules are, who these molecules are, but we can also see them. So if these molecules are distributed homogeneously onto the ridge pattern, by visualizing them, you can visualize a beautiful ridge pattern. So now you get a molecular image of a fingerprint, or we can even resolve overlapping fingerprints because we just interrogated the software and recalled the image of distribution of molecules that are unique to each of those fingerprints. So, for example, we can eliminate the fingerprint of the victim, or we can submit to the database for identification the fingerprint of the perpetrator. But although this technique has been used already nationally and internationally, it's been endorsed by the home office. That's actually not the only thing that we can do with this. Remember, we are looking at molecules, and molecules are there for a reason. They tell a story about you, that tell about your lifestyle. They might tell about the medications that you're taking. We can even say something about your state of mind if you take drugs or abuse, and even what have you been doing just prior to or during committing the crime. So now you're still asking. Okay, so when we're going to get to the part of breast cancer, okay, we're going to get there. We were looking at personal information, so we were looking at the possibility to, from a fingerprint, say, whether that belongs to a man or to a woman. So for this study, we asked the donors to actually swipe a fingertip on a surface. This is now a smudged fingerprint. And then we used our moldy technique. We found fire laser. We get the molecules blast off and then taken up by the mass spectrometer that measures the way. And we were looking at proteins and we discovered that the protein profiles between men and women are different enough and we can tell them apart with the 86% of accuracy. Right? And this is folks, where serendipity manifested in all of its beauty. Because my next question was, who are these proteins? And as I was looking into this, I realized that some of these proteins actually were already reported in the scientific literature as biomarkers of breast cancer. Let that sink in. Fingertip smears or smudged fingerprint contain proteins that might be able to tell whether a woman is affected by breast cancer or not. So of course I rushed to my team and we have a meeting and our jaws really dropped. I mean, mine was still dropping from the early discovery. And we all had the same two images together in our mind. We had a mammogram versus a swipe of a fingertip. And also then at that point we thought, well then can we further the optimization of this method? Can we refine it to maybe produce a non invasive screening of breast cancer and maybe even just as a prescreening? So then women that only women that are positive to this very simple test go through mammograms. That is going to save a lot of emotional, the stress to women and to family, as well as saving the NHS a lot of resources. So CARS organization have actually estimated a cost of 17.5 billion pounds associated to breast cancer interventions, treatment and screening. It's a lot. We can reduce the distress to families, to communities, and we can also reduce this cost. So it took me best part of six years, because I was labeled crazy, the best part of six years to obtain £45,000 to prove the concept. And we did prove the concept. So with that £45,000, I also hijacked some of the fundings that I had. But Anyway, with those £45,000, we were able to look at 15 women. They gave us three different fingerprint smears. We then analyzed these smears in three different locations. So we had 135 samples to look at. Simply, they came and did actually this three times. 1, 2, 3. That's my sample. I know it sounds crazy. The sample preparation for us takes about a couple of hours, but the results can be obtained in minutes. Then we trained a machine learning algorithm to recognize the protein patterns coming from women with early breast cancer, benign and metastatic. Okay. And we found out that we can tell them apart with the 97.8% of accuracy against the 70 to 90% accuracy of the mammogram. And the results are shown in this confusion matrix. Don't know why it's called confusion, but it's the confusion matrix. What it tells you there is that of 135 samples, we spotted every time a woman had cancer. So do you think that a test that will reduce the NHS costs, that bypasses the backlogs, that doesn't require any more resources, that is non invasive, that is painless, radiation free, that increases accessibility? Because in our vision, we can take this test at the GP practices even in the comfort of your own home, and then we can ship it Covid style, as we used to do. So it really solves the accessibility problem as well. And in doing all this, it obviously increases compliance and hence it saves lives. And do you think that something like this is not worth the investment, the dedication, the perseverance? I think it is. And I think that this is definitely an idea worth sharing. Thank you very much.