Does your heartbeat shape your sense of time? | Irena Arslanova - TED Talks Daily

Summary

Podcast Summary: "Does your Heartbeat Shape Your Sense of Time?" | Irena Arslanova

Podcast Information:

Title: TED Talks Daily
Host/Author: TED
Episode: Does your Heartbeat Shape Your Sense of Time? | Irena Arslanova
Release Date: January 10, 2025

Introduction

In the January 10, 2025 episode of TED Talks Daily, host Elise Hu introduces cognitive neuroscientist Irena Arslanova and her intriguing exploration into the relationship between our heartbeat and our perception of time. Arslanova's research delves into how our bodily functions, particularly the heart, influence the way we experience the passage of time.

The Elastic Nature of Time Perception

Arslanova begins by highlighting the subjective elasticity of time. She notes, “Time seems so elastic. It flies when we're having fun. It slows when we're bored or miserable” ([02:25]). This malleability raises fundamental questions about the nature of time perception:

How do emotions and focus level influence our sense of time?
Do these temporal distortions serve any functional purpose?
Can we control how we perceive time?

While these questions remain partly unanswered, Arslanova presents groundbreaking findings that shed light on the neural underpinnings of time perception.

The Interplay Between Heart and Brain

Operating from the Action and Body Lab at Royal Holloway University of London, Arslanova emphasizes an embodied perspective on cognition. “Time is not something that is created solely by the brain, but it is also intimately shaped by what is happening inside the rest of the body” ([03:10]). Central to this perspective is interoception, the body's internal sensing mechanism, exemplified by heart perception.

She explains:

Heart-Brain Communication: Sensory neurons in the heart send rhythmic signals to the brain during contractions, signaling active modes versus perceptual modes ([04:00]).
- Active Mode: Occurs during heartbeats, priming the brain for action.
- Perceptual Mode: Occurs between heartbeats, priming the brain to take in information.

This rhythmic interplay suggests that our heartbeat directly influences cognitive states associated with time perception.

Experimental Insights: Heartbeats and Time Perception

To investigate the hypothesis that heart activity affects time perception, Arslanova conducted a study with 67 volunteers. Participants were asked to judge brief durations of various stimuli (sounds, images, emotional expressions) while being monitored via ECG to track their heartbeats in real-time.

Key findings include:

Temporal Distortion Linked to Heartbeats: Stimuli presented during heart contractions were perceived as lasting shorter durations compared to those presented between beats ([07:00]).
- Quote: “Stimuli that occurred during heart's contraction were perceived to last shorter than stimuli that occurred when the heart was relaxed” ([07:15]).
Rhythmic Influence on Perception: The heartbeat creates a “rhythmic dance” where active and perceptual brain modes alternate, affecting how time is experienced momentarily.

These results provide scientific evidence supporting the intuition that bodily rhythms, like the heartbeat, shape our cognitive experiences of time.

Implications for Understanding Time Perception

Arslanova extrapolates from her findings to propose that:

Embodied Time Perception: Our experience of time is not solely a brain construct but is molded by bodily states, particularly heart activity.
Functional Duality: The contraction and relaxation phases of the heartbeat may serve to shift the brain between active and perceptual modes, optimizing our interaction with the environment.
- Quote: “Time could contract when we need to move, but it may expand when we want to perceive” ([09:30]).
Practical Applications: By manipulating bodily states, such as slowing the heart rate through deep breathing, individuals might influence their perception of time, potentially enhancing focus or relaxation ([10:45]).

Conclusion and Future Directions

Arslanova concludes by emphasizing the significance of considering the body in cognitive research. “Perception of time is an embodied experience. It might be constructed in the brain, but it is molded by the body” ([10:00]). Her work opens avenues for:

Further Research: Exploring how other bodily functions interact with cognitive processes.
Therapeutic Interventions: Developing techniques to manage time perception in various psychological contexts, such as anxiety or attention disorders.

Arslanova leaves listeners with a thought-provoking suggestion: “The next time time becomes a little bit too fleeting, let's maybe try to take a deep breath, feel the heart slow down, and let the brain expand the moment” ([11:20]).

Closing Remarks

Elise Hu wraps up the episode by acknowledging Arslanova's contributions and encouraging listeners to explore more ideas through TED's curated talks. The episode underscores the profound connection between our physiological states and cognitive experiences, offering a deeper understanding of how we perceive and interact with time.

Notable Quotes:

“Time seems so elastic. It flies when we're having fun. It slows when we're bored or miserable.” – Irena Arslanova ([02:25])
“Time is not something that is created solely by the brain, but it is also intimately shaped by what is happening inside the rest of the body.” – Irena Arslanova ([03:10])
“Stimuli that occurred during heart's contraction were perceived to last shorter than stimuli that occurred when the heart was relaxed.” – Irena Arslanova ([07:15])
“Time could contract when we need to move, but it may expand when we want to perceive.” – Irena Arslanova ([09:30])
“Perception of time is an embodied experience. It might be constructed in the brain, but it is molded by the body.” – Irena Arslanova ([10:00])

This comprehensive summary encapsulates Irena Arslanova's insightful exploration into the embodied nature of time perception, highlighting the intricate dance between our heartbeats and cognitive experiences.

Transcript

Advertiser 1 (0:00)

This is a PSA or public sock announcement. Experts have declared Bombas socks as the best way to warm up chilly feet. These pairs are super cushy, soft and designed for maximum coziness. Plus, for every pair purchased, another pair will be donated so someone in need of essential clothing can stay warm this winter. Go to bombas.com acast and use code acast for 20% off your first purchase. That's B O M B-A-Com acast and use code acAst at checkout.

Person 1 (0:30)

My dad works in B2B marketing. He came by my school for Career Day and said he was a big roas man. Then he told everyone how much he loved calculating his return on ad spend. My friends still laugh at me to this day.

Advertiser 1 (0:44)

Not everyone gets B2B, but with LinkedIn you'll be able to reach people who do. Get a $100 credit on your next ad campaign. Go to LinkedIn.com results to claim your credit. That's LinkedIn.com results. Twitter terms and conditions apply. LinkedIn the place to be to be.

Advertiser 2 (1:00)

You can save every day by shopping at Whole Foods Market. Seriously, don't just go for their big sales Walk the store and see the savings for yourself. In the meat department, look for yellow low price signs on Whole Foods Market. No antibiotics ever. Chicken breast and ground beef. Quality, flavorful meats priced just right. Perfect for big dinners with plenty leftover for tomorrow's lunches. There are so many ways to save at Whole Foods Market. Now you know foreign.

Elise Hu (1:36)

You'Re listening to TED Talks Daily, where we bring you new ideas to spark your curiosity every day. I'm your host, Elise Hu. Time seems so elastic. It flies when we're having fun. It slows when we're bored or miserable. How does this work? Cognitive neuroscientist Irina Arslanova studies the ways our brains experience and perceive time. In her 2024 talk, she shares new findings about time's impact on not just our brains, but our bodies and what they have to teach us about how to live better. After the break.

Irina Arslanova (2:15)

I am a cognitive neuroscientist and I'm trying to understand how we perceive time and how our perception of time arises from the workings of our brain. Why? Why do I want to understand that? Well, time is the ultimate master of our lives. We are all constantly faced with its fleeting nature. Yet how we feel the passing of time can be highly malleable when we are bored, in pain, but also when we encounter something novel or extraordinary. Time feels to be passing much slower than when we are busy or simply having fun. But what does it mean to feel time? And why does the feeling of time distort depending on the situation, Our level of focus, our emotional state? Do these distortions serve some function? And can we gain some level of control over how we feel time? These are very big questions and we do not have the answer to any of them. Not just yet. But I will tell you about a surprising discovery I believe will take us a step closer to unlocking the neural basis of time. And I will show you that time is not something that is created solely by the brain, but it is also intimately shaped by what is happening inside the rest of the body. I work in the lab of Action and body at Royal Holloway University of London. In our lab, we look at the brain from an embodied point of view. What this means is that we believe we cannot fully understand the workings of the brain if we take it out of the body. Because after all, the main reason for us to have a brain is to keep the body alive so that we can act in the world. And for that, it is not enough for the brain to perceive what is happening in the world around us, but it also needs to perceive what is happening inside of our own brain. It needs to understand what our body needs at any moment in time. That additional internal sense, the perception of the body from within, is called interoception. And one example of interoception is the perception of our own heart. Yes, the heart. I think all of us know that the main function of the heart is to transport oxygen, rich blood all through the body. And like other bodily functions, it is controlled by the brain. So when I want to move, the heart should start beating faster to provide more oxygen. When I need to slow down and focus, it will also slow down to preserve the oxygen. But what many of you may not know is that the activity of the heart itself shapes the activity of the brain. But before I get into that, let me give you some very basic neuroscience. So the brain receives information from the outside world through our eyes, through our ears. But to make sense of that information, to perceive it has specialized sensory areas like the visual sensory area that allows us to see the redness of the tetxi, or the auditory sensory areas that allow us to hear the sound of my voice. The information can be the same, but our perception can differ very much. But in order to act in response to what we perceive, brain has separate movement control centers that are responsible for initiating and controlling movement. That's what makes me move my hands constantly as I'm speaking. So how does the heart shape the brain then? Well, it turns out that there are sensory neurons in our heart that fire signals to our brain to inform it about the state of the body. But they fire only at a time when the heart contracts and they remain silent when the heart is relaxed. So the brain and the heart are in a constant rhythmic dance. Every beat makes the brain step into an active mode, priming us for action. And between the beats, the brain steps back into perceptual mode, priming us to take in information. Now imagine what happens when the heart starts beating faster. There are more beats, so the brain is more likely to be in the active mode. Whereas when the heart slows down, there are more periods of time between the beats. So the brain is more likely to be in the perceptual mode. This got me thinking. If the heart shapes perception in such a way, will it also shape the perception of time? Is there a causal relationship between our heart and how we experience time? Of course. We tested that in our Lab. We invited 67 volunteers to participate in a study where we asked them to judge very brief durations of different stimuli. These could be sounds, images of simple shapes, images of people showing different emotions. We wanted to systematically determine whether what participants felt and sensed influenced how they perceived durations. But the key part of that study was that we hooked the volunteers to an ECG machine so we could see their heart beating in real time while they were doing the study. And this allowed us to flash the stimuli precisely at the moment when the heart squeezed tight or when it relaxed. And what we found was that stimuli that occurred during heart's contraction were perceived to last shorter than stimuli that occurred between the beats when the heart was relaxed. What this means is that the momentary state of the cartridge caused time to contract and expand within each heartbeat. Why am I so excited about this finding? Well, because it shows that perception of time is an embodied experience. It might be constructed in the brain, but it is molded by the body. And I'm sure it seems intuitive that something rhythmic like the heartbeat would influence something rhythmic like time perception. But now we have a scientific evidence for that intuition. What's more, I can use these heart driven time distortions to look at what is happening in the brain just before duration is distorted by each beat. Could it be that distortions in time are connected to how each heartbeat distort affects the sensory and the movement centers of the brain? Remember how I told you that each beat momentarily suppressed perception, but between the beats suppression was momentarily increased? So could it be and we showed that time is contracted during the beat but expanded in between the beats. So could it be that our experience of time arises from the way in which our brain takes in sensory information that is shaped by the heart? And if that is true, could the function of our highly distorted sense of time be to shift us between an active and perceptual mode? Time could contract when we need to move, but it may expand when we want to perceive. So maybe that slowing of time you feel when you're bored is there to actually expand your perception and allow your mind to wander to something new. I hope I've shown you that one way to shape how we experience time is to work on the internal state of our body. So the next time time becomes a little bit too fleeting, like right now for me, let's maybe try to take a deep breath, feel the heart slow down, and let the brain expand the moment. And maybe that momentary expansion of time will also broaden our perception. Thank you very much for listening. Thank you.