The Ancients: Rise of Julius Caesar

Host: Tristan Hughes
Guest: Professor Kathryn Steele, University of Glasgow
Release Date: March 16, 2025

Introduction to Julius Caesar's Early Life

The episode begins with host Tristan Hughes introducing the subject: the rise of Gaius Julius Caesar, one of Rome's most iconic figures. Professor Kathryn Steele joins the conversation to delve into Caesar's ascent from his early years within a prestigious yet relatively inactive Roman family to his eventual dominance in Roman politics.

Professor Kathryn Steele [03:49]: "We mustn't forget that brilliant anecdote that Plutarch tells us about Caesar weeping because at the age of 33, I think, when he's comparing himself with Alexander and basically saying, I've accomplished nothing."

Family Background and the Patrician Class

Professor Steele provides an in-depth analysis of Caesar's family background, highlighting his patrician lineage. The Julii Caesares were an ancient family, albeit not particularly prominent in the years leading up to Caesar's rise. His mother's family, the Aurelii Cottae, had significant political influence, producing several consuls in the 70s BC. This connection was pivotal in establishing Caesar's early political alliances, notably with Gaius Marius, a prominent statesman.

Professor Kathryn Steele [11:41]: "The Marriages and connections within the patrician class played a crucial role in Caesar's early political maneuvering."

Early Political Career and the Cursus Honorum

Caesar's political journey began with his election to the quaestorship around 70 BC, the first step in the Cursus Honorum—the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians. Despite holding the lowest rung, Caesar's ambition was evident through his subsequent roles as aedile and praetor. His tenure as an aedile is particularly noteworthy for his lavish public games and festivals, which significantly boosted his popularity among the Roman populace.

Professor Kathryn Steele [29:05]: "The Cursus Honorum was not just a path but a ladder that required strategic maneuvering, and Caesar was adept at climbing it."

Military Ventures and Captivity

During his military service in the Eastern Mediterranean, Caesar demonstrated both valor and resilience. One of the most renowned episodes was his capture by pirates, a story that has permeated historical narratives. After being ransomed, Caesar fulfilled his promise by crucifying the pirates, blending ruthlessness with a form of measured justice that would later define his reputation.

Professor Kathryn Steele [22:10]: "Caesar's dealings with the pirates showcase a complex character—merciless yet not uncharitable."

Election as Pontifex Maximus and Religious Influence

A pivotal moment in Caesar's rise came in 63 BC when he was elected Pontifex Maximus, the chief priest of Rome. This position not only solidified his standing within the religious sphere but also provided a platform to influence public opinion and political alliances. His role in the debate over the Catilinarian Conspiracy further cemented his reputation as a defender of the Republic.

Professor Kathryn Steele [38:58]: "Being elected Pontifex Maximus was more than a religious appointment; it was a strategic move that elevated his political stature."

Involvement in the Catilinarian Conspiracy

The Catilinarian Conspiracy was a significant political upheaval where Lucius Sergius Catilina attempted to overthrow the Roman government. Caesar's involvement, though indirect, positioned him as a key figure in suppressing the conspiracy. His alignment with Cicero and stance against capital punishment during the Senate debates showcased his political acumen and ability to navigate complex alliances.

Professor Kathryn Steele [43:23]: "Caesar's opposition in the Senate debates, despite siding with an unsuccessful faction, highlighted his commitment to public rights and legal propriety."

Rise to Consulship and Consolidation of Power

By 59 BC, Caesar had successfully ascended to the consulship, marking the pinnacle of his political career within the Republican framework. His election was a culmination of strategic alliances, military service, and effective public relations. Professor Steele emphasizes that while Caesar's early career had its conventional aspects, it was his later moves—marked by daring and decisive actions—that set him apart from his contemporaries.

Professor Kathryn Steele [51:00]: "Caesar's rise to the consulship was not just rapid but demonstrated a unique blend of ambition, strategy, and popularity."

Conclusion: The Making of a Legend

The episode concludes with an appreciation of Caesar's complex rise, underscoring how his blend of traditional political roles and bold personal actions set the stage for his eventual dominance in Roman history. Professor Steele notes that Caesar's early career, while appearing conventional, laid the necessary groundwork for his extraordinary achievements in his later years.

Professor Kathryn Steele [53:04]: "Caesar's early trajectory is often overshadowed by his later exploits, but understanding his rise provides crucial insights into his enduring legacy."

Key Takeaways

• Family and Alliances: Caesar's patrician background and familial ties, especially with Marius, played a crucial role in his political ascent.
• Strategic Positions: Holding offices like quaestorship, aedileship, praetorship, and Pontifex Maximus strategically positioned Caesar within Rome's political and religious spheres.
• Military Prowess: His military ventures, including his time in Gaul and captivity by pirates, demonstrated his resilience and capacity for leadership.
• Political Acumen: Caesar's involvement in pivotal events like the Catilinarian Conspiracy showcased his ability to influence and navigate the complex Roman political landscape.
• Consulship: Achieving the consulship marked Caesar's transition from a rising politician to a dominant force in Rome, setting the stage for his eventual transformation of the Republic.

Notable Quotes

• Professor Kathryn Steele [03:49]: "It's not. It's not. We mustn't forget that brilliant anecdote that Plutarch tells us about Caesar weeping because at the age of 33, I think, when he's comparing himself with Alexander and basically saying, I've accomplished nothing."
• Professor Kathryn Steele [38:58]: "Being elected Pontifex Maximus was more than a religious appointment; it was a strategic move that elevated his political stature."
• Professor Kathryn Steele [43:23]: "Caesar's opposition in the Senate debates, despite siding with an unsuccessful faction, highlighted his commitment to public rights and legal propriety."
• Professor Kathryn Steele [51:00]: "Caesar's rise to the consulship was not just rapid but demonstrated a unique blend of ambition, strategy, and popularity."

This comprehensive exploration of Julius Caesar's rise offers listeners a nuanced understanding of his early political maneuvers, military exploits, and strategic alliances that paved his way to becoming one of history's most influential figures.