Carol Leonnig and Robert Putnam: Lies and Moral Obligations

Summary

The Bulwark Podcast: Carol Leonnig and Robert Putnam - "Lies and Moral Obligations"
Release Date: February 12, 2025

Host: Tim Miller
Guests: Carol Leonnig (Investigative Reporter, The Washington Post) and Robert Putnam (Professor Emeritus of Public Policy at Harvard)

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Segment 1: Investigating Kash Patel with Carol Leonnig

FBI Firings and Whistleblower Allegations

[03:06] Tim Miller: Introduces the main story—whistleblower reports suggesting Kash Patel may have known about the recent firings at the FBI and potentially perjured himself during his confirmation hearings.

[03:18] Carol Leonnig: Provides an overview of the unfolding situation at the FBI:

• Executive Leadership Firings: "A week before last, a series of the executive leadership for Chris Wray, the FBI director... were told they were on a list to go."
• Confirmation Hearings: Kash Patel denied awareness of any plans to punish FBI agents involved in Trump investigations. However, whistleblower reports contradict his statements.

Inconsistencies in Kash Patel's Testimony

[07:02] Carol Leonnig: Highlights discrepancies in Patel's statements:

• Perjury Concerns: Patel's inconsistent recounting of his involvement in declassifying Trump’s records and his interactions with prosecutors during grand jury investigations raise red flags.
• Whistleblower Reports: "Contemporaneous notes taken by an FBI official... say, KP wants movement on this."

[09:07] Tim Miller: Emphasizes the direct lie in Patel’s testimony:

"He either was lying or the whistleblower is lying."
(09:10 - Tim Miller)

[09:25] Carol Leonnig: Stresses the lack of clarity and the binary nature of the truth in this situation:

"Kaj Patel has not been a very careful, precise or clear narrator in many other instances before."
(09:25 - Carol Leonnig)

Challenges in Investigating the Allegations

[11:06] Carol Leonnig: Discusses the difficulties in obtaining a swift investigation:

• Inspector General's Role: With multiple Inspector Generals fired recently, delegating the investigation is problematic.
• Potential Delays: "I don't see how this is going to happen quickly."

[14:23] Carol Leonnig: Explains Kash Patel's nuanced position within the FBI:

• Balancing Act: While Patel is viewed positively by many agents, he navigates the perilous task of assuring staff amidst potential political retribution.

DOJ’s Shift in Enforcement Priorities

[16:04] Carol Leonnig: Shifts focus to the Department of Justice's recent policy changes:

• Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA): Trump ordered a pause in enforcing the FCPA, signaling a move away from combating international corruption.
• Historical Context: Leonnig connects this change to Trump’s earlier attempts to undermine the FCPA, highlighting a pattern of transactional governance over principled law enforcement.

[18:40] Tim Miller: Reflects on the broader implications of these DOJ shifts:

"It's just like this person is lying. And I just want to go back again to the..."
(11:34 - Tim Miller)

[19:33] Carol Leonnig: Concludes with observations on Trump's transactional mindset versus America's traditional values:

"You've got to come up with something like that. And maybe, almost certainly it will involve the Internet, but it won't be just Internet based."
(19:33 - Carol Leonnig)

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Segment 2: Exploring Social Isolation with Robert Putnam

The Decline of Social Capital

[28:28] Robert Putnam: Introduces his work and sets the stage for discussing social isolation:

• Key Works: "Bowling Alone" and "The Collapse and Revival of American Community."
• Current Focus: Examines the "loneliness epidemic" and its reverberations in politics.

Social Media vs. Face-to-Face Connections

[29:04] Tim Miller: Compares modern social isolation factors to those before the advent of smartphones and social media.

[29:36] Robert Putnam: Addresses the misconception that social media is solely to blame for declining social connections:

• Historical Decline: "Our connections with other people... have basically been all of them going down roughly since the mid-1960s. Way before iPhones were invented."
• Social Media's Role: Initially hailed as a solution but data shows it may not compensate for the loss of face-to-face interactions.

Notable Quote:

"Marching on, it's not a technological matter, it's an economic matter."
(34:26 - Robert Putnam)

The Human Need for Connection

[35:25] Robert Putnam: Discusses the innate human requirement for social interaction:

• Evolutionary Basis: "There is probably a survival advantage... in being around other human beings."
• Modern Challenges: Technological and social changes make real connections harder despite biological predispositions.

[38:04] Tim Miller: Shares a personal anecdote illustrating the struggle between desired social interaction and convenience:

"I find it hard to believe that it didn't get to him that Trump decided to pardon all of these insurrectionists..."
(38:38 - Tim Miller)

Historical Solutions to Social Isolation

[47:18] Robert Putnam: Offers historical parallels to current social challenges:

• The "Boy Problem": In the early 20th century, isolated young men causing societal issues.
• Solution: Establishment of youth organizations like the Boy Scouts, combining fun with character formation.

Notable Quote:

"Building social capital can't be like saying, eat your spinach, people. It's got to be fun."
(47:24 - Robert Putnam)

Modern Strategies to Rebuild Community

[55:06] Robert Putnam: Proposes strategies based on historical successes:

• Focus on Youth and Young Men: Just as youth organizations helped in the past, modern initiatives should target today's isolated demographics.
• Integration of Technology: While acknowledging the role of the internet, emphasizes that solutions must go beyond virtual interactions to foster real-world connections.

Notable Quote:

"You've got to come up with something like that."
(54:09 - Robert Putnam)

Bridging Social Capital and Political Polarization

[54:57] Robert Putnam: Explains the concept of bridging versus bonding social capital:

• Bridging Social Capital: Connections across diverse groups, essential for reducing political polarization.
• Historical Perspective: Past periods of high cooperation across party lines offer lessons for today’s divided society.

Notable Quote:

"In that, roughly speaking, from the 1900 till about 1965 and even a little later than that, America was moving in the right direction."
(59:57 - Robert Putnam)

Moral Obligations and Social Cohesion

[60:31] Robert Putnam: Emphasizes the importance of moral obligations in fostering social capital:

• Moral Reevaluation: "Do we have obligations to other people?" was a pivotal question that helped rebuild American community.
• Current Implications: Urges a similar moral shift today to address social isolation and inequality.

Notable Quote:

"You're going against the core values that they are currently imbibing."
(61:16 - Robert Putnam)

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Conclusion

Tim Miller: Wraps up the episode by thanking both guests for their insightful contributions. He underscores the urgency of addressing both the political controversies surrounding figures like Kash Patel and the broader societal issues of social isolation and declining social capital.

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Key Takeaways:

• Political Integrity: The controversy surrounding Kash Patel highlights significant concerns about honesty and accountability within high-level government positions.
• Social Capital Decline: Robert Putnam’s analysis sheds light on the multifaceted nature of social isolation, emphasizing historical precedents and the need for innovative, community-focused solutions.
• Moral Foundations: Reinstating a sense of moral obligation towards others is crucial for rebuilding cohesive and resilient communities.

Recommended Reading:

• Bowling Alone by Robert Putnam
• A Very Stable Genius by Carol Leonnig

For Further Information:
Listeners interested in these topics can explore more on The Bulwark's Bulwark+ membership, which offers ad-free versions and additional exclusive content.

Transcript

[Tim Miller]

Hey guys, it's Tim. It's Wednesday so we got this two part episode to focus on specific issues. First we got Carol Leonig. She's maybe my favorite investigative reporter over at the Post. Don't tell everybody else. She specializes in Justice Department and FBI issues. So we are going to drill down on this whistleblower report regarding what Kash Patel knew about the firings at the FBI and whether he perjured himself during his confirmation hearing. So this is a massive story and she's working on a bunch of other issues as well. So we're talking to Carol first and then we're continuing conversing series on the loneliness epidemic. And we're going to the OG to Bob Putnam in segment two, talk about that and kind of what his Bowling Alone book, how that reverberates in our politics today. It's a super interesting convo on the other stuff. Bunch of other stuff in the news. The Elon Presser yesterday, the news that's out this morning about how there was an uptick in inflation last month and a bunch of other issues, the elimination of the penny, all the fun stuff. I get into that on the Next Level with Sarah and JVL for newbies that's always out on Wednesday afternoons. It's a little more politics focused and so people can go either catch that on YouTube or download the Next Level feed on your podcast app of choice. So that will be up on Wednesday. So there's that. That's the agenda. Hope you enjoy as much as you can. Hold on to your hats up next, Carolenig. Hello and welcome to the Bulwark Podcast. I'm your host, Tim Miller. I'm delighted to be here today with one of my faves, an investigative reporter at the Washington Post. She writes about government misconduct, presidential power, the Justice Department and the FBI. A four time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Her books include A Very Stable Genius, Donald Trump's Testing of America. It's Carol Leonig and her cat. How are you doing, Carol?

[Carol Leonig]

Hey Tim, it's great to be with you as usual.

[Tim Miller]

Good to have you. That beat is kind of not really relevant right now. Government misconduct, Justice Department and FBI. Nothing happening for you, right?

[Carol Leonig]

No, just, you know, working on my self care my nails, nothing going on, tanning.

[Tim Miller]

Okay, well that sounds nice. I wanted to start with Cash Patel. We'd reached out because what I think is the biggest story of the day really, even though there's obviously a lot happening, we had these firings at the FBI. We talked about this with Andrew Wiseman last week, top FBI officials pushed out. And then there was a broader mandate that anybody that was involved in the Donald Trump investigations, there's going to be a review of their employment. You guys at the Post had reported that FBI officials sent out a questionnaire over the weekend to determine personnel involvement in cases related to the January 6th attack. So all that was happening at the FBI. Meanwhile, Cash Patel was going through his confirmation hearings. And at those confirmation hearings, Cory Booker asked him this. I want to play what Cory Booker asked Cash Patel, are you aware of any plans or discussions to punish in any way, including termination FBI agents or personnel associated with Trump investigations?

[Bob Putnam]

I am not aware of that, Senator.

[Tim Miller]

So now we have a whistleblower report out today that's indicating maybe Cash might have been aware of that. So a lot there. Carol, why don't you get everybody up to speed on what we know?

[Carol Leonig]

You know, it's really been a breathtaking set of days. And I don't just mean this to complain about our work life balance. I just mean if you are an employee of the FBI, you have experienced every day, maybe two or three events that have been stunners. A week before last, a series of the executive leadership for Chris Wray, the FBI director. All career employees, right? They're not beholden to Chris Wray, but they are promoted by him into high level jobs. All of them were brought into a meeting the day before Kash Patel's hearing and told, your names are on a list to go. And the next morning, while Kaj Patel is testifying, they are brought again, a larger group of them brought into a meeting with their acting directors, Driscoll and Kassane, and told, you got to resign or you'll be fired by Friday. Resign, retire, your choice. But you got to be gone. And we're sorry, we're just the messengers here. Oh, yeah. And over the weekend, all the FBI employees are learning that they are going to be questioned on a formal survey about their role in January 6th. Did you execute a search warrant? Did you subpoena anybody? Did you interview, testify, arrest? A kind of almost like a survey monkey survey to figure out, you know, what was your role in investigating a violent insurrection and attack on police. So all those things are happening in a string of days while Kaj Patel is assuring the Democrats and the Senate Judiciary Committee that he would never be involved in any political retribution and he's not aware of any plans to get rid of anybody. Okay, fast forward. Dick Durbin, ranking member of Senate Judiciary Committee, says he has multiple, quote, unquote, whistleblowers we use the term carefully. Credible sources who come forward to him to say that those acting directors, Driscoll and Kassane, were being told at that very moment on Wednesday and Thursday, the Wednesday before the hearing and the Thursday of the hearing, that Kaj Patel was the person who wanted these people gone. In fact, in contemporaneous notes taken by an FBI official, it says, kp wants fast movement on this and that Stephen Miller had been.

[Tim Miller]

Maybe that was Christoph Sporzingis. You know, it could be anybody. Kp. There are a lot of different people with names. Kp. Sorry, continue.

[Carol Leonig]

Right, right. I mean, I think what's interesting to remember about Kaj Patel is that he's an interesting witness on the stand. Right. He told the entire public. In the middle of the Mar A Lago records dispute, when it became news and reporters were learning that the FBI was investigating whether Donald Trump was hoarding classified records. In 2022, Kaj Patel, his loyal soldier, shows up on podcasts and interviews saying, I saw Donald Trump declassify all this stuff. He has ultimate power. I saw him declassify to the fullest extent of the law all of these records, as if the Mar A Lago records had been declassified, and that wasn't a problem. Later, he was brought before a grand jury, and that's not what he said. According to sources. And in fact, testifying on Thursday last, Patel was pressed on that, too, and said, hey, wait a minute. I didn't say he. He declassified all those records. I said he. I saw him declassify a lot of records. So he's a. He's a wily witness and squirrelly.

[Tim Miller]

I'm gonna say squirrely. You say wily, I'll say squirrely. And I think maybe both of those are impossibly kind, depending on what the facts are that emerge.

[Carol Leonig]

It depends on your view. But if you counted how many times he used that favorite phrase, I can't recall as I sit here today, it's not ringing a bell. But if you gave me more information. You know, one of the things that F employees and justice employees watched with shock as they are literally watching his testimony live in their offices or in their remote work locations. As they're watching this, they're like, wait a minute. You said you don't know some of the prosecutors that were fired in Jack Smith's office? Because there's one particular one that Booker asked him about, and these were people that interviewed Patel for hours in the grand jury. So how could you forget that person?

[Tim Miller]

Oh, well, there are a number of cases. And this came up multiple times during the hearing. Right. Where it was also he also claimed he didn't know about the pardons that were going to be happening of the instructionist. And again, that's a kind of beggar's belief. And then there was a moment where he was asked about his involvement with the January 6th choir and how he had told Steve Bannon that we were doing this. Remember, Adam Schiff was asking about this, that we were involved in this. And then he was claiming that he was. He was using the royal. We like the editorial, right. Like it wasn't really me as part of the week. So like there are a number of times where it's just like this person is lying. And I just want to go back again to the. I feel like we're in Breaking Bad. You remember the scene where it's like WW and Walter White is sitting there with his brother in law and they're like, who could wwb? Is that Woodrow Wilson? Is it Walt Whitman? It's KP wants movement at FBI. That's what the attendee purportedly wrote in the contemporary notes about the fires. I want to play the Cory Booker exchange one more time because we talk about perjury and lying, but like this is as direct as it gets. Let's just listen to him one more time. Are you aware of any plans or discussions to punish in any way, including termination FBI agents or personnel associated with Trump investigations?

[Bob Putnam]

I am not aware of that, Senator.

[Tim Miller]

I'm not aware. At the same time, KP wants movement at FBI and there's no real gray area here, is there? It's one or the other. He either was lying or the whistleblower is lying. Right. Like somebody's not telling the truth here. Right.

[Carol Leonig]

The problem is, you know, I don't know that we're going to get the answer. Tim, you're absolutely right. There's no gray matter here. It's black, it's white, one or the other. And I'm not going to put a finger on the scale and say who is or isn't telling the truth because I'm all about facts. But Kaj Patel has not been a very careful, precise or clear narrator in many other instances before. I mean, debating we saying he doesn't recollect a prosecutor interviewed him for hours in the grand jury saying he's not aware of the appointees that are some of his best friends being installed inside the FBI. People we're told he handpicked. But I don't think we're going to get an answer in any timely way. We've had 17 inspector generals fired by the president in the last several days. Right. And now the Democrats of the Senate Judiciary Committee are asking the inspector general for the Department of Justice, one of the only ones that was not fired, to investigate this as quickly as possible. I don't see how this is going to happen quickly. And I, and I think it's going to be challenging for an inspector general to deliver on this question because remember just yesterday the inspector general for usaid, just to put this in context, was fired as soon as he delivered a report, fairly blistering report, explaining what the impact of Donald Trump's and Doge's cuts in that agency were.

[Tim Miller]

Yeah, I mean it is, it's the head of the FBI. I just, I don't know how Republican senators, I know that they will, but I just don't know how you look the other way having somebody that is not trustworthy in this role. And it's not like running the Department of the Interior, you know, like you would think that you would want the truth. And if there's and somebody's lying about treatment of federal law enforcement officials also, it's not like even unsympathetic bureaucrats to Republicans, it's top level federal law enforcement. I guess maybe they are unsympathetic now. I don't know.

[Carol Leonig]

You are one of the best read most observant folks I know. You know what Speaker Johnson said the other day, which was basically like, I'm delighted about what Elon Musk is doing. Right.

[Tim Miller]

The FBI, you'd think is maybe different than us. I did, but I guess not anymore. I guess the federal law enforcement officials, people investigating drug crimes and domestic terrorism are just like kind of lumped in with mid level Department of Education staffers now. And I don't know, I'm curious though from your reporting, like what it's like inside the building and obviously there's some limits on what you can say. But your sources, the DOJ and FBI, what are people feeling about right now? Kind of what's happening and what's coming?

[Carol Leonig]

For all the reasons you mentioned and all the questions you've raised, they are about as low as they can go. There was a goodbye party for a person I'm not going to mention I was not an invitee, just to be clear, but I was reporting a little bit around the edges of this party of a person who'd been forced out. And there was a funereal kind of quality as described by several of the guests, everyone was in the Biden political cadre that ran the Justice Department. Remember, there's only one political at the FBI, but there's quite a few at the Justice Department. That cadre's was preparing for a pretty bracing landing of the 47th president and his administration and what that would mean for the Justice Department and the FBI. That is a component. But even they are gobsmacked. And one of the reasons is what you cited. You gotta believe that at the FBI, truth and truthfulness in congressional testimony would be important. Another thing that they felt was super important and they talked about at the party was Kash Patel may be the only nominee for FBI director who felt compelled to take the Fifth Amendment. In testimony in a criminal investigation, the Mar A Lago documents case. Adam Schiff mentioned this rather prominently in the hearing. In the confirmation hearing, Cash Patel was the. You know, sought to be immunized because he believed he might incriminate himself if he answered questions truthfully in the Mar A Lago case and. And got a federal judge to hear his plea that he could not testify that he had to take the Fifth Amendment. And she ultimately agreed and found that he had a reasonable basis to think that he had criminal exposure.

[Tim Miller]

Brian Driscoll, the acting director of the FBI or the Drizz. It does seem like something's going to come to the head with that. And if Cash gets confirmed, I'm just wondering if you have any reporting on this. That's maybe the most crazy situation in the whole government.

[Carol Leonig]

He's walked a really interesting line and he's viewed as extremely heroic by agents across the building. He has a good reputation. Right. He's got 24 years of experience, had just been named, I think, the head of the Newark office. A pretty tough office and an important one, especially in terrorism and narcotics. And here he is threading this needle of not getting fired, but assuring his staff that he's not going to let them be illegally fired and he's going to make. He didn't say these words, but between the lines, in all of the memos he's been sending, staying in enormous contact with the staff, large all agency emails, he has said, in a way, I support you, I value your service, and I'm not going to let Emil Bove, the acting deputy Attorney General, fire you unless he goes through his paces.

[Tim Miller]

That will be an interesting one to watch. It's been really. It's kind of bracing, the whole scenario. I mean, he's just this accidental acting bureau head rising to the moment. Okay, one Other topic about DOJ stuff that I just feel like is a little bit got lost. Trump ordered a pause the executive order on enforcing the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. So about a week ago, you reported on this. This comes with some other directives that have come from Bondi as she's come in, about not really enforcing Farah and really de emphasizing white collar and corruption crime altogether. Just wondering what you're hearing about that and kind of the implications of this change of emphasis from the doj.

[Carol Leonig]

So there's a lot that's gotten a buzzsaw taken to it in the Department of Justice's arsenal to fight corruption at home and abroad. And abroad. The FCPA is really about American businessmen and women and companies and lobbyists can't bribe governments abroad to get their fork in that country. We want to avoid corruption of other countries, and we want to avoid aiding and abetting it and encouraging it, because it's bad for us, it's bad for those countries. But that tool is basically taken off the table for the government, and it's super worrisome. There are other executive orders by Pam Bondi, particularly about Farah. That's the one where you're supposed to register as an agent of a, of a foreign government if you're lobbyists for them. That enforcement tool is less worrisome, even though that's been neutered as well, is less worrisome to many of the sources that I speak to. But foreign corrupt practices, you know, this has been a mainstay for keeping our city on a hill, modeling as a country and demanding it of other countries. And so what's funny to me, funny is not the right word. What's ironic to me is this is what Trump wanted in 2017. And I reported on this in a. In a book that I wrote with my colleague Phil Rucker, a very stable genius. Trump had basically confronted Rex Tillerson. You know, not really part of the Justice Department firmament. He was the Secretary of State. And while they're sitting together talking, Trump says, look, I want to get rid of this Foreign Corrupt Practices act, this bribery statute. Like, it's just not a level playing field for American business people because they can't bribe. And, you know, that is so classic Trump, right? Let's level the playing field so everybody can crime. And Tillerson, as I reported at the time, was aghast. Like, first, he was saying, like, I'm your Secretary of State. Second, that's a law, so I can't undo it. And third, it's really great that we have that protection, that anti bribery statute. So Trump eventually forgot, somewhere along the line, forgot that this was a huge priority of us because he kind of hit that roadblock with Rex Tillerson. Though he may have tried to bring it up other places, it didn't go anywhere but boom, here we are, Trump 2.0 and it's happening.

[Tim Miller]

And it really is of a piece of just kind of that he wants to sort of end the US's values based role in the world. Right. The like that there is a Western kind of alliance that is based on rule of law and democracy and you know, common values and that we are going to have alliances based on that and interests that are informed by that and like the shuddering of USAID and some of his other actions are just like tied to this. Right. Like he doesn't see the US as playing that role anymore. Like we're not going to do it like that. We're going to do it like China where we can bribe people. We have interests. Well, we'll give you guys a favor here but then if you screw us, we'll screw you back. Right. Like that's how he sees things. Zero sum and I don't know, it's going to have a lot of reverberations I think around the world. Carol, any final thoughts for us? Anything else? Any deep reporting, any secrets, any news you want to break?

[Carol Leonig]

You know, what you said just made me think about the lens through which we watch Donald Trump, which is a person who's unapologetically transactional and a real estate investor who thinks about acquiring things and now, you know, Greenland, Canada, Gaza, and a person who isn't thinking about sort of the model of America but is thinking of the model of Donald Trump. And that's where we're, that's where we are leaning right now as a country Wolf.

[Tim Miller]

All right, Carolina, do come back. That's going to be happening inside the doj. We look forward to having your reporting on that. And Secret Service, I wanted to get to your reporting on the plane crash. There's so much. So come back soon and appreciate you very much.

[Carol Leonig]

Thank you Tim, for shining a light.

[Tim Miller]

Thanks so much, Carol. We really appreciate her. Before we get to the next guest, I just wanted to put a finer point on what we are talking about there with the Republicans in the Senate because you know, Carol's doing the Lord's work out there. Got to do her, her reporting and so harangue her about the cowardly Republicans. Doesn't do us a lot of good. But I have to say it is absolute madness that the Republicans would confirm this person. This is not really even in the line of what we were talking about with Hegseth. Hegseth. Totally unqualified. An insane appointment, a preposterous appointment. But that is a value judgment. We are asking Republican senators to make a value judgment on that person's character and preparedness and biological. And obviously that was too much to ask for all but three of them. But in the situation of Patel, for him to be brazenly lying to their face multiple times, lying about his involvement in the January 6th choir, lying about the way that he associated with cop beaters who were jailed. All right, he's supposed to be the person that is in charge of the federal law enforcement, in charge of federal police. He lied to senators faces about how he was working with cop beaters on a fucking song, right? Like, he lied to them about that. He just like looked at their face, was like, oh, no, when I said we, it wasn't me, it was them. And like, we just we the insurrection as broadly. So he lies to them about that. I think that it's certainly possible. We need more research into this, but it's certainly possible he lied to them about not knowing about the pardons. Again, I find it pretty hard to believe that it didn't get to him that Trump decided to pardon all of these insurrectionists that Cash Patel had been working with and producing songs for, and he was the nominee for FBI director and he caught no wind at the fact that Trump planned a pardon. All the cop beaters. I find that hard to believe. Maybe that happened. Maybe there was a wall. Maybe Donald Trump was uncharacteristically private in his communications, but I find it hard to believe. And then we have this. The firing of these FBI officials, the firing of agents just because they were doing their job investigating people who are involved in the attack on the Capitol. Cash says blankly. You just heard it twice. Cash says point blank. He was not aware of that. And here we have contemporaneous notes saying KP wants movement. So not only was he aware, according to this report, he was directing their firings. So I just don't know how you can pretend to care about law enforcement or back the blue or integrity or rule of law or anything and confirm this person to be the director of the FBI without finding additional information that the whistleblower is lying or something else. There's some other story here besides the obvious, because he just told a flat, bald faced lie about his role in firing the people that he is now nominated to lead and he did it right to the Republican senator's face. If they have a single shred of dignity left, they would demand that he testify in front of them and answer questions about this and tell the truth. Obviously, there's no reason to think they have any dignity left. But I just don't understand how you can even lie to yourself or convince yourself that you are acting in a responsible manner if you confirm this clown who just lied to your face multiple times about very relevant subject matters, about his involvement with people that beat police officers. If you have one shred of dignity left, you must hold Kash Patel accountable for his testimony and for his behavior. I don't expect that they will do it. This is not a Lucio the football situation, but it is worth not just acting like this is just some other thing. This is not just some exaggeration or some spin. It is a bald faced lie about his role in firing the people that have dedicated their life to protecting us. And it's fucking shameful. Anyway. All right, up next, a little bit of a change in tone. We got Bob Putnam, author of Bowling Alone. I think it'll be good for everybody. Kind of let you take a deep breath and think about the broader issues facing our society instead of this old twerp Cash Patel. Stick around for a mom. For a long time, POD listeners have been following the saga of Aretha, the neighborhood cat that we are feeding. Well, it's our cat now. The cat's in the house. I had many of you, many listeners admonishing me that this was my cat. 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That's the best offer you'll find, but you have to use my code, TheBullwerk for 50% off your first order. One last time. That's promo code thebullwerk for 50% off your first order plus free shipping. I am here with professor emeritus of Public policy at Harvard. His books include the groundbreaking Bowling the Collapse and Revival of American community, which 25 years later, remains one of the most cited works of social science. He's also the subject of a recent documentary, Join or Die. Ominous. I love the ominousness of that title. That's right in line for our podcast. It's Bob Putnam. How are you doing, sir? Thanks for doing this.

[Bob Putnam]

I'm doing great. And as you did, please call me Bob. Nobody who knows me calls me Robert. So it's useful if I get a call on my cell phone and they say, Robert, I just hang up because they can't possibly know me. So, Bob it is.

[Tim Miller]

I'm glad we're on the Bob level now. All right, I had Derek Thompson on over at the Atlantic, I don't know, about a month ago now, to discuss our antisocial century. And what we discovered in that convo is that he was basically cribbing from you. And so I figured we should go right to the source, you know, instead of. Instead of the intermediary.

[Bob Putnam]

Yes, I'm glad you said that. I didn't. But, yes, I agree with you.

[Tim Miller]

All right. I can say we love Derek. Derek.

[Bob Putnam]

Yeah, me too.

[Tim Miller]

We have a mutual teasing relationship. All right, so I want to start here. You wrote bowling alone in 2000 before, basically, phones as we know them and social media as we know them now. And so there's this chicken or the egg question kind of about this. Right. A lot of the conversation now around our isolation is centered around the phones and social media, but a lot of this stuff was happening before. So I'm just kind of wondering how you parse all that out.

[Bob Putnam]

First of all, our connections with other people, all sorts of connections, connections with our friends and our family and with the community, with bowling leagues and so on, have basically been all of them trust other people. All of them have been going down roughly since the mid-1960s. Way before iPhones were invented, way before. So the basic trend can't be caused by these things we carry around. A question is whether social media, I'm going to simplify it to social media, can make up for the fact that we're no longer bowling together. Are they better than bowling leagues or worse than bowling leagues? If I can put it that way. And at the beginning around in the first decade or so of this century, many people claimed that social media were going to, you know, they were going to be great, better than sliced bread, they were going to bring world peace and so on. The data didn't show that. And gradually the data began to question whether social media were as good as, or maybe even worse than face to face connections. And that was the way the scientific evidence was tending. It may be nice to be on Facebook, but it's not making up for the declines in real face to face connections. Then in 2020, we had Covid and we had a big global experiment in which we couldn't be face to face, but we still could zoom. And that gave us a nice test. Well, how about it? Is zooming with grandma better than hugging grandma or not? And I can tell you when that verdict became universal, namely November 25, 2020, and people all over the country said, no, I'm sorry, hugging grandma was much better than this.

[Tim Miller]

I think it was before that. But yeah, it was about three weeks in that I think that we decided that hugging was better.

[Bob Putnam]

In any event, you'll allow me, I want to go just a little bit further because describing this as an either or choice, either we can meet face to face or we can meet virtually, is false. And I want to use here the metaphor of an alloy, A L, L, O, Y. An alloy is a mixture of two separate elements, that is, you know, copper and tin. And if you put copper and tin together and stir them up and heat it and so on, you get. I never can remember whether it's bronze or brass, but you get something different from either the tin or the copper. Now, most of our connections, most of our networks today in the real world are simultaneously virtual and real. My wife and I see each other all the time. We live in the same place, but I often send her a text message or even an email saying, come in here. Come in here means moving to the next room. I'm going to show you something. And that just captures the fact that my connections with my wife are mostly face to face, but also virtual. And that's true universally of everybody. I bet you don't know anybody face to face that you don't communicate with via email or text or social media, and vice versa. So that means we need to think about what kind of alloys we have, because an alloy in principle could be better than either of the two. We could use, let's say, Facebook, to encourage people to connect really face to face with each other. And about 10 years ago, Mark Zuckerberg came up with the idea of actually what he called communities. And bizarrely, he quoted, but without quotation marks, bowling alone, he said, there's been a big decline, would you believe it, in going to PTA meetings and so on. And I've got the solution to that, he said. But it turned out it didn't have that effect. And Facebook's own internal research shows that although they could do it, they know how to create this alloy that would be the best of both worlds. They don't do it. And you want to have two guesses as to why they don't do it. I was talking, actually, one of the chief engineers and researchers at Facebook, they invited me out there to talk about social capital and Facebook, and they know how to do it. Two guesses why they don't do it. Because it would generate less conflict, less engagement, and less conflict would mean less addiction to Facebook. And we could have an alloy that is the best of both worlds. If we have to choose, we should choose face to face. But we shouldn't have to choose. Except it's not a technological matter, it's an economic matter. Does that make sense?

[Tim Miller]

It does make sense. And so there are two parts that I want to get to. One is the social science and then the tech. But it is obviously true. I guess for all of us that have lived through Covid for at least any of us that aren't deep introverts that like the face to face of it matters, right? That like, that you gain something from a face to face that you don't from a zoom. I mean, I have like a, just a chill going up my spine like thinking about the zoom hangs that we had, you know, that were like your friends would get together and have a glass of wine or whatever and hang out and it was like awful. I quit doing them halfway through because I was like, this is worse than nothing actually. But I can't really put my finger on why. What is it about humans that makes this face to face contact nutritious? And why is it that we don't just then do it if we all know that it's better? Why are people not doing it as much? Why are we sitting around scrolling on our phones?

[Bob Putnam]

Both of those, it turns out, are very complicated questions. I mean, they're clear questions, good questions, but it's not so easy to answer them probably. And this is what I really believe to be the answer. Actually everything I'm telling you is going to be what I really believe is the answer. Doesn't mean it's true, but I would hope so. There's probably a survival advantage, at least for humans in being around other human beings. Loners, back in the day, and by back in the day, I mean really back in our evolution, loners were much more likely to be picked off by predators. I think that's utterly clear. That that's true probably doesn't even need much argumentation. There is now some really early, early prehistoric work that suggests that that's true, evidentially suggests that's true. But that probably means that those of our ancestors who had a taste for connecting with other people, and probably what that means is they had developed in such a way that they got high on endorphins, they ended up having more offspring, and that's probably why we're biologically tuned to prefer being around other people. But now that's only half of your question. The other half is, well, so why are we now suddenly changing our minds? It's very unlikely that I. Our basic genetic makeup has changed. In fact, it's essentially certain it hasn't changed over the period we're talking about. Our biology doesn't determine exactly how we behave. That's determined in part by our social environment, our social and physical environment. So if physically we're in settings that make it easy to connect with other people and There are examples of this in the article by Derek Thompson. He quotes Eric Klinenberg about the importance of public libraries. Once upon a time, we did have public libraries, but in general, public libraries are no longer serving the purpose of connecting people as they once did. And that makes it harder even for people who would like to connect. So it requires social coordination. Does this make sense? And I'm generalizing from the single example of physical space to all of the other things. If the undeniable attractions of not having to worry about other people outweigh the kick of endorphins that we demonstrably get when we're around other people, well, that's. It's not that our biology has changed, but it's that the social or technological setting has changed.

[Tim Miller]

It's interesting. I was thinking about this interview because on Saturday my friends were meeting for like a happy hour, but the super bowl is here in New Orleans. And so sitting at home, I was like, it's just too big of a hassle. Like I'm to go down there, get an Uber, et cetera, et cetera. I'm not going to go. Canceled it. Like three hours later, I was sitting alone on the couch looking at social media, and I was going, why did I do that? Like, why did I do. Why did I cancel this? Like, yeah, it would have been annoying to go, but the payoff would have been better. But there is something like all of us at different levels.

[Bob Putnam]

Right.

[Tim Miller]

Like, I'm pretty extroverted. So that is the appeal of both of those things is going to be different from. From another type of person.

[Bob Putnam]

Right, Right.

[Tim Miller]

But we all have the same thing where we, you know, sometimes are doing stuff that is against what would bring us happiness. And you would think that through 40 plus years of life, like, I have, like, you would know yourself well enough. But it's like we're fighting against kind of powerful forces that are taking us the other way, I guess. I don't know if you have any other thoughts on that.

[Bob Putnam]

Yeah, and I repeat, not powerful genetic forces. The genetic forces are generally pushing into the go to the darn game and hang out with people. But the technological and environmental factors, all the social institutions around us make it less easy. And there's another factor today if we want to get into this. I don't know how far you want to get into politics, but I'll just.

[Tim Miller]

Go into politics next. So let's do it. That's a good transition.

[Bob Putnam]

Well, even at Thanksgiving, there are people in my Thanksgiving that I basically, I love them, but they have really crazy political ideals. And so we tend to shy away from those talks and therefore political polarization, which is to some extent. And we can get into this. The consequence of social disconnection is also then it reinforces social isolation.

[Tim Miller]

I want to talk about the consequence part, and then we'll get about how you deal with, you know, your family members or friends that you have disagreements with.

[Bob Putnam]

By the way, there's. I basically agree with Derek Thompson's account, but there are a few things in his account that I disagree with, and maybe it'd be useful to get to that at some point, but.

[Tim Miller]

All right, let's hear them. Yeah, I love a little disagreement. Let's hear them and then we'll get to politics. What were your disagreements?

[Bob Putnam]

Well, I think it's a great piece. Of course it's a great piece, and I basically agree with almost everything. One part that doesn't seem to me to fit the evidence. He claims that our close ties are as strong as ever. And then there's this intermediate village, he calls it, where this slackening of ties is going on. And then out in the more distant, well, you know, distant arena, it's low under any circumstances.

[Tim Miller]

Right. But you can make ties. Now, I guess his point was in that third category, you can make ties with somebody on the Internet that has a shared interest with you, that lives in China that you couldn't do that, or I guess not China, but that lives in Hungary or whatever that you couldn't have before.

[Bob Putnam]

I think he's wrong about the intimate ties. And the best evidence that I know of, including some recent evidence that has just come out in the last couple of weeks, say that family ties, close, intimate ties, have been slackening. First of all, over this period, many fewer people are getting married, which is one kind of intimate tie. Secondly, few people are having fewer children. And why is that? Because people are having sex less. That's the most intimate kind of contact, I mean, of social contact you can imagine, and especially among younger people, that also is declining. So I just think it's wrong. It's a little bit romantic, in multiple senses of the word romantic, to think that, well, we don't know our neighbors as well, but we really do love and cherish our most intimate ties. And actually, many different kinds of evidence suggest that's not true. Now, of course, we're not going to be able to weigh my evidence against Derek's evidence here, but I wanted to single that out. And if I'm right, I think that's even more devastating, actually.

[Tim Miller]

Yeah, well, this is actually kind of related a little bit to a topic I wanted to get to because I think it does relate to the politics a little bit. Because I'm not going to get into the social science data here, but on its surface, a lot of times when you talk about this social isolation, I think maybe because you use the example of the bowling alley, people have an image of that. We're talking about middle class and upper middle class people, maybe white people in particular, but that is really the group that, you know, a lot of this kind of conversation is focused on.

[Bob Putnam]

Can I interrupt for just one second? That's factually false. Bowling is the most inter class, interracial sport in America. Blacks bowl more than whites. Not much, but they do.

[Tim Miller]

Is that true?

[Bob Putnam]

Come on, I'm a fat guy here.

[Tim Miller]

You can look at that. I figured you'd know it. That's a fun fact though. I wouldn't have thought that.

[Bob Putnam]

And upper class people bowl less than working class people.

[Tim Miller]

I was getting to the fact that like that your research was really not about those people. But a lot of times when you're in the podcast world, like feels like the anecdotes that a lot of people use are kind of like upper middle class anecdotes because it's mostly upper middle class people that are fucking doing podcasts and reading the Atlantic. So nothing against podcasts in the Atlantic, which I do. That said, actually the isolation, the intimate Thai isolation, like the marriage rate, the sociability, it's going down across the board, but in elite circles it's doing less bad. And like in liberal elite circle, liberal elite circles in particular, like marriage rates are higher, divorce rates are lower, connectivity is higher. Like if you just look at the numbers.

[Bob Putnam]

Yes.

[Tim Miller]

And it's in the groups that are increasingly going maga.

[Bob Putnam]

Yes.

[Tim Miller]

Which is diverse really. Like the working class groups that have that, where the Democrats have lost some ground, like that is where these numbers are the worst.

[Bob Putnam]

Actually, forgive me for self citation here, but when you talk to an academic, that's what you're going to hear. I wrote a whole book about that fact that there's a growing gap between rich kids and poor kids, rich adults and poor adults, that in all the ways you talked about marriage rates are steady or actually rising among college educated Americans, plummeting among non college educated Americans. Class is a big dividing line here on all these trends and moreover, it's becoming a bigger dividing line than race. So the gap between college educated blacks, let's say, and non college educated blacks is growing and that showed up in the last election. This is fundamentally why the I don't know if it's fair to say Trump. Well, I guess it is fair to say Trump made gains among some blacks, but which blacks? Non college educated blacks. The same place he's been making gains among whites and Latinos. And so I think this has big implications for the strategy, the proper strategy for the Democratic Party. That's a separate question. What should we do about it? And as I say, this has been clear for at least this growing class gap has been clear for at least 20 years because that's when, I mean 10 years ago is when I wrote about it. So it's. So let's see what we summarize what we've said. It is an asocial 21st century. That's right. But that's even true for family ties and it's especially true for the have nots and even more true for men, young men. So this, I'm not saying that there isn't a bigger problem. There is. But when you drill down and say where is this problem worst? It's among have nots, young have nots, young male, have nots.

[Tim Miller]

To me, like that is a much more challenging nut to crack. Right. I don't know, trying to figure out how to get whatever you're a college educated upper middle class little Johnny or like I say all different names now, little Dylan, little Corbin. To hang out with more people or to be in your 20s and be in a city and try to figure out how to join the kickball league or whatever. That's a very addressable problem. I mean we haven't done a great job of addressing it since you wrote the book, but we can wrap our heads around it. Do you have thoughts from the book, from the research you did on non college men and figuring out how to kind of reverse the isolation trend because they have less access to opportunities to socialize, busier more access to phones. And obviously not to you almost roll your eyes to say video games, but whatever TikTok. So I don't know, do you have any thoughts on ways to mitigate it with that demo in particular?

[Bob Putnam]

I'm glad you asked.

[Tim Miller]

I feel like I've been asking good questions. I've had a few compliments so far on my questions, so I'll take it.

[Bob Putnam]

Okay. I want to begin with a little bit of history. I promise this will turn out to be relevant.

[Tim Miller]

I trust you.

[Bob Putnam]

At the turn of the last, from the 19th to the 20th centuries, around 1900, there was what people then called the boy problem. What was the boy problem? It was that young men were unusually isolated. Now, the backstory is because they basically, or their parents had been living in little villages, whether the villages were in Iowa or in southern Italy, but they were now living in the big city in Chicago or, you know, the Lower east side of Manhattan. And it wasn't as easy to make friends there. Girls are just in generally better at making friends than boys. That's a fact, a sociological fact that they are. And so these young men were causing mayhem on the streets of Chicago or New York or really any of the big cities in America around 1900. And it was so bad that it was called the boy problem, unquote. And then they fixed it. So now the question is, how did they fix it? And this relates to a second principle that I have for building social capital. Building social capital can't be like saying, eat your spinach, people. It's got to be fun. I mean, okay, we may want to have character formation or something, but it's got to be fun or else people are not going to do it. That's why, by the way, I used bowling leagues as one of my stark metaphors, because actually, I don't know if you bowl. Bowling is actually fun and competitive bowling. It's friendly competition, but it is. You get a high when you. When you get a strike when you knock down all the pins with one ball.

[Tim Miller]

Little trash talking. You know, you can do it no matter whether you're skinny or muscly or portly.

[Bob Putnam]

But most important, for these purposes, it's fun. So now back to the boy problem. We want to have something that's going to make fun for the kids, but is also going to bring them together in productive ways. And we did that. And wait for it, the Boy Scouts were invented in America. I'm doing this from memory. So if you're fact checking, I'm off by a year or two. But between 1905 and 1910, virtually all of the major youth serving organizations in America were invented. The Boy Scouts and the Girl Scouts and Campfire Girls and Boys Clubs with a capital B, capital C, and Big Brother, Big Sister, and on and on. I mean, and they were all invented in five years. Quite remarkable. Why then? Because that's when the boy problem and more generally, the isolated youth problem began to appear.

[Tim Miller]

I just googled 4H just to test you. 1912, right there.

[Bob Putnam]

I don't think that's up. I mean, be misinterpreted, but I'm really careful about my facts, by the way, and 4H was actually created by the government. Most people don't know that. People sometimes say government is going to spoil everything. 4H was invented by the Department of Agriculture. Keep looking in your Wikipedia.

[Tim Miller]

I see it. It's right here.

[Bob Putnam]

Okay, back to the Boy Scouts. I'm not talking about the Boy Scouts today. It's got a lot of problems, et cetera. But I'm talking about the boy scouts in 19. Whatever it was, 1910, roughly speaking.

[Tim Miller]

Sure.

[Bob Putnam]

The Boy Scouts is fundamentally. It's fun. I don't know whether you have ever been in the Boy Scouts. I was very active in the Boy Scouts when I was really little. So I'm now describing things that happened about 75 years ago.

[Tim Miller]

Wasn't my cup of tea. I did. The Cub Scouts wasn't my cup of tea, but that's okay. I saw that other people were having fun. Each their own.

[Bob Putnam]

Stick with me for a moment. It was fun. You know, I learned bird identification. I became a lifelong birder because of that. We went camping and hiking. That was super fun. But also there was character formation. Your viewers have to look at me. I now have my three fingers raised, and I'm saying a Scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean and reverent. And I missed one. Trustworthy, loyal. There's one right in there that I missed. Well, I got 11 out of 12 and. And that's remembering back, you know, 75 years. Now, step back from that anecdote. What was that? That was about character formation. It was about our obligations to other people. I mean, most of those are quite. We would like to have kids have those values today, wouldn't we? I mean, trustworthy, helpful, friendly, courteous, sure, kind. All those are sounding pretty good. Obedience sounds a little 19th century. Ish. Brave sounds a little.

[Tim Miller]

I like brave.

[Bob Putnam]

Clean. Yeah, that's not so bad. Reverent. I mean, what the Scouts were as a response to the boy problem was to combine fun and character formation. Now, stick with me for a moment. You asked me, we began this conversation saying, okay, we got the boy problem. What do we do about it? I am not saying that today the Scouts are the solution to that problem. And I don't think people my age are actually going to be good at guessing what will work in the middle years of the 21st century. Old guys like me can sometimes be helpful in saying that there is a problem, because I personally remember when we weren't so isolated as we are now. But it's my grandchildren who are now mostly in their 20s and maybe even my great grandchildren. Let's hope they come along sometime. They're the ones who are going to have the mindset tuned for the middle and late 21st century. So what I can say to them, and I do say to them, because I've got seven nice grandchildren, you didn't cause this problem, but history has bequeathed you the responsibility for fixing it. It's not impossible. Indeed, I can give you some guidelines about how we fixed it the last time at the last time. Among other things, we focused on young people, we focused on young men, we focused on isolation, and we came up with, would you believe the scouts? Now, the scouts may not seem right to my grandchildren or great grandchildren, but I'm trying to say to them, you've got to come up with something like that. And maybe, almost certainly it will involve the Internet, but it won't be just Internet based. It'll be something that brings young people together, having fun, but also learning to respect one another. I'm sorry, that's my sermon for the day. I don't know if that makes sense, but.

[Tim Miller]

No, it's good. It's a good sermon. It has me thinking about what could serve that purpose. I want to tie the knot on two other things before I lose you. Because you mentioned the Thanksgiving dinner and one of the things that you write about in the social capital is there's the binding social capital versus the bridging social capital and the binding. Binding are people who are basically like you and your characteristics. And the bridging are people who are different. And so within the political context, the bridging social capital, I mean, clearly, I don't know. While Bowling of Loan has aged well, quite well, as well as anything. You're right up there with amusing ourselves to death as far as social science books aging well, The Upswing, your 2020 book, How America Came Together a Century Ago and how We Can Do It Again. Aging a Little. So, so, so far, I don't think.

[Bob Putnam]

So at all, actually. I think that book is the book. Forgive me.

[Tim Miller]

Okay. No, please. So how do we do it? How do we. How do we do some bridging social capital and come together a little better?

[Bob Putnam]

Of course, you'd expect some. An author to defend his work, of course, but I think that the upswing, which, let's just say, let's say quickly for readers who have not yet had the pleasure of reading the Upswing, it's in a way like Bowling Alone, except it steps back in two senses. It doesn't just look at social connections. It also looks at political polarization. It also looks at inequality and it looks at cultural change, the degree to which we were either in any given year, a we society or an I society. And it looks at it, not Bolling alone. Basically looked at the previous 25 years. This looks at the previous 125 years. So it goes way back. And the advantage of doing that, those two changes, widening the scope of what you're looking at and lengthening the time over which you're looking at it, reveals that there was a time about 125 years ago, at the beginning of the 20th century, when we faced essentially the same problem as we have today. What's today's problem? We're very unequal, we're very polarized, we're very self centered, we're very socially isolated. What was the problem in America around 1900? We were very polarized politically. We were very unequal, we were very self centered and we were very socially isolated. I'm not taking any time here to document those facts. That's why the book is 325 pages long. By the way, that book was written jointly with Shailene Romney. Garrett got to make sure that she gets full credit. And the advantage of looking at that period is that we can see that the people in America in 1900 faced exactly the same problems that we did today. What are our problems today? We've got this crazy polarization. So did they. We've got this unbelievable level of inequality. So did they. We've got this great. Social isolation is basically the theme of this podcast. So did they. And we're very self centered. We're very narcissistic, and so were they. But they got out of it. Because if you look at the whole period of the 20th to 21st centuries, the last 125 years, what you see is the first half of that period, roughly speaking, from 1910 to, roughly speaking, 1965, roughly speaking, things were going in a good direction and they were going the direction that we would like. America was becoming steadily more cooperative politically. There was a lot of conversation across party and cooperation across party lines. Indeed, most major reforms of that period were passed by majorities of both parties. The New Deal was passed by majorities of both Democrats and Republicans. The Great Society, Lyndon Johnson's was passed, the majority of it, by both parties together. Ronald Reagan's deals, you know, the Reaganomics, was passed by majorities of, well, not quite a majority of Democrats, but it was passed by definitely bipartisan majorities. It wasn't Just Republicans. It wasn't just far right, it was Democrats too. So what I'm trying to say was in that, you know, roughly speaking, from the 1900 till about 1965 and even a little later than that, America, wait for this. When I was in high school in the 1950s, everybody thought the most equal country, probably now would think maybe the most equal country in the world was socialist Sweden. Almost right. America, when I was in high school, was tied with Sweden as the most equal country in the world. Think about it. We are used to America being, you know, having a huge gap between rich and poor. But in. When I was in high school, the gap between rich and poor in America, in capitalist America was about the same as the gap between rich and poor in socialist Sweden. And both of them were way ahead of anybody else. We're no longer there. What I'm trying to say was the first half of the 20th century, roughly speaking, 1910 to 1960, 65, we were moving in the right direction. Less polarization, less inequality, less social isolation, less me, me, me. And that's why I think we need to look at that, the period in American history which is most like the one we're in now. Deep polarization, deep inequality, deep self centeredness, deep social isolation. I don't know if I've mentioned all four of them, but they got out of it. And that means we could too, if we learn lessons from that period.

[Tim Miller]

I would like you to also tie the room together on the phones because you mentioned that they don't have to be used to degrade our social cohesion. Right. Like you could imagine a way where the technology supplements that. Obviously that's not really happening. I mean, it's happening in certain niche ways, but it's not happening at scale. So I'm just wondering what your thoughts were on that. If we had any final, substantive, productive lessons for how we could use the phones for good or if that's not possible.

[Bob Putnam]

I don't know that I have any useful things to say about that. But I do want to say one thing, driving from the book that you were the upswing dismissing.

[Tim Miller]

Listen to. I was just teasing you. We all have subheads. I'm just saying the how we could come together again in 2020. I just. It's 2025. Maybe in 2035 it'll look good. I'm just saying right now, today, it's not exactly Kumbaya in this great country.

[Bob Putnam]

Was the title of the book how we can come together in 2020? No, it was how we again, I Didn't. Careful. You can predict things as long as you don't predict the exact date on which it's going to happen. That's. I think maybe Yogi said that too. This is what I want to say.

[Tim Miller]

Yeah, please.

[Bob Putnam]

One of the things we learned in that book, and I'm going to shock your listeners, if they think I'm a pretty secular straight guy. I mean, I am straight, but pretty secular factual guy. When you look at all those variables that I looked at, hundreds of variables, we looked at, you know, how unequal and how self centered or not we were the leading indicator. The thing that had to change first was actually moral. If we had more time here, I'd go through the details. There was a very specific period in American history, In the late 19th century in which people re evaluated their moral obligations. I am not talking sex at all. I'm talking the very simple thing. Do we have obligations to. Are we a we? Do we have obligations to other people? And that involved initially evangelical Protestants saying, look at the damn Sermon on the Mount. They probably didn't say damn. But Christianity, they said, is not about helping the rich and dismissing the poor. Every sentence in the Sermon on the Mount, which I could not reproduce here, but could come close, is about the place of Christians. This is evangelicals. The place of Christians is beside the poor. And that same thing that was evangelicals, but pretty soon it became all Protestants and pretty soon it spread to Catholics and Jews and pretty soon to the whole darn country. And that's the thing that was the first thing that was required before you started making creating unions or, you know, having new ways of connecting the Boy Scouts and, and all that. Before all of that, people in that era became convinced. Not everybody, of course, but there was a switch. You can see it in the data. A switch in which people began to think, there are other people in the world more important than me. I have obligations to other people. Now. You did not think you were going to get an evangelical preacher on this podcast. I didn't, but that's where I would like to end up, because we can talk. I'd love to talk about the details of how we, you know, how we could tweak phones or how we could, you know, reinstitute unions or how we could narrow the gap between rich people and poor people or even how we could, you know, change the administration because we're in a pickle now, if you hadn't noticed. But upstream from all of that is we. And especially our young people, because it was young people then and it's young people now need to begin thinking that we have obligations to other people. That sounds so simple, but it's really hard. But that's my admonition for America and especially for my grandchildren. This is not me just preaching to other people. And I'm proud of my grandchildren. They listen to their grandmother, who's even better social capitalist than I am. They listen to me. Sometimes they listen to their parents, who are also really nice, but it's going against the core values that they are currently imbibing. I repeat, this is not about sex. It's about just simple. Do we have obligations to other people? So, I'm sorry, Tim, you didn't ask me to come on as a lecture preacher.

[Tim Miller]

No, I wanted to gather as much wisdom from you as I could. And there's something to it. Look, I also am secular lapsed Catholic, but there's no doubt something to it, you know, there's no doubt something to the decline.

[Bob Putnam]

By the way, this Pope is exactly the Pope we need, because that's exactly what he's doing. I'm sorry, I didn't mean to get into Catholic Church.

[Tim Miller]

No, no, no, no, no, that's okay. He's a good Pope, though. You know, I don't know. We could do a whole nother episode about that. The Catholic Church is polarizing, like the country.

[Bob Putnam]

Yeah, they are.

[Tim Miller]

So Pope hasn't exactly had the impact on cohesion that you would have hoped. But anyway, to be continued, it was an honor. I really appreciate. I hope folks can check out Join or Die. Or if you didn't, if your sociology teacher didn't make you read Bowling Alone, go read it. It's a joy, it's a delight, and hopefully we can stay in touch. I appreciate it very much.

[Bob Putnam]

Thanks an awful lot, Tim. I really. It's been a lot of fun for me, too.

[Tim Miller]

Thanks so much, Carol Lanig, Bob Putnam. Really appreciate both of you. Wonderful podcast. We'll be back tomorrow, as you know. We'll see you all then. Peace.

[Unknown]

We're lonely dancers Join me for the night we're lonely dancers baby, dance with me so we don't cry we're lonely dancers there's no need to hide I know the answer Baby, dance with me so we don't cry La la la la cry La la la la la la. You love, I left, you broke up tonight My love is busy kissing other guys oh, we're both alone now tears in our eyes I know the perfect way to waste our time well, you're my dancer Join me for the night? We're lonely dancers? Baby, dance with me so we don't cry? We're lonely dancers? There's no need to hide? I know the answer? Baby, dance with me so we don't cry? Stop, Forget that guy, he don't know love? I hope he dies? Get back up, we'll be all right Tonight your mind? We're lonely dancers? Join me for the night? Hey? We're lonely dancers? Baby, dance with the me so we don't cry? We're only dancers? There's no need to hide? I know the answer Baby, dance with me so we don't cry? Cry? Dance with me so we don't cry? La la la la la? Cry? Dance with me so we don't cry?

[Tim Miller]

The Bulwark Podcast is produced by Katie Cooper with audio engineering and editing by Jason Brown.