
Who makes the stacks of fake cash used in movies — and how do they stay clear of counterfeit law? Zachary Crockett follows the fake money. This episode was originally published on September 3rd, 2023.
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Zachary Crockett
What's that in your.
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Zachary Crockett
You're hearing a scene from the 2001 action comedy Rush Hour 2. In this climactic moment, two detectives, played by Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker narrowly escape a bomb explosion at a casino. As they descend to safety on a makeshift zipline, around a billion dollars in cash rains down on the streets below.
Rich Rapoport
That wasn't so bad.
Zachary Crockett
The sequence was filmed at a Las Vegas hotel in late 2000. At the shoot, everything went according to plan. But in the following weeks, something strange happened. Some of the fake prop money the film had used began to show up at local businesses.
Rich Rapoport
The wind caught some of the money and people grabbed what was the equivalent of, you know, thousands or tens of thousands of dollars. They went into casinos, they went to stores, they went into gas stations, and they just spent money. And the police were called. The Secret Service was called. The production was shut down, costing a fortune. To this day, the people in the film industry just tremble thinking about it.
Zachary Crockett
For the Freakonomics Radio Network, this is the economics of everyday things. I'm Zachary Crockett. Today, prop money. 150 years ago, around one third of all the currency in the United States was counterfeit. To combat that problem, then President Abraham Lincoln created the Secret Service. The agency was a part of the Department of the Treasury. Its sole mission was to get all of those fakes out of the economy. One of its initiatives was to ban any reproduction of US Currency. And when the film industry came along, producers had to get creative with how they represented cash on camera.
Rich Rapoport
If you want to go way back at the turn of the century, the old movies actually used weird looking foreign currency. And there was a reason. It was cheap, it was plentiful, and it was legal.
Zachary Crockett
That's rich. RJ Rapoport, a longtime prop maker. He says that for the first half of the 20th century, a lot of westerns and silent films enlisted old Mexican banknotes that had lost value after the country's revolution. But they weren't very convincing.
Rich Rapoport
The Mexican pesos that they were using at the time were gigantic. It didn't look anything like real money. It looked like large pieces of paper.
Zachary Crockett
Today, it's a different story. As film switched to color and audiences became more sophisticated, the demand for more believable prop money grew. And over the past few decades, a small number of companies have been permitted to manufacture it.
Rich Rapoport
Prop money has changed tremendously. Now they want the latest, greatest money that looks incredibly realistic and it has to look perfect.
Zachary Crockett
Rappaport runs RJR Props, a full service prop company based in Atlanta, Georgia, a state where so many movies are now shot these days that it's become known as the Hollywood of the South. At Rapaport Studio, you'll find all kinds of crazy stuff. Vintage cash registers, replicas of World War II era machine guns, fake drugs, laboratory equipment.
Rich Rapoport
We even have a New York City subway train from the D line.
Zachary Crockett
Like a real train.
Rich Rapoport
A real train. I kid you not, I'm not going to tell you how I got it, but I will say this much, they are still looking for it.
Zachary Crockett
Before he was in props, Rapoport ran a computer server business. He gained a reputation in Hollywood as a go to guy for tech stuff. Big panels with blinking lights, circuit boards and mission control desks. A lot of his gear was tailor made for action movies and thrillers. And naturally he started getting requests for prop money. So he set out to make some. But it turns out that printing convincing looking US currency is complicated.
Rich Rapoport
There's a very fine balance. If you try to make it completely realistic, you're going to be breaking counterfeiting laws. And so I decided I'm going to go ahead and study. I'm going to find out everything I can about prop money.
Zachary Crockett
That included meeting with the Secret Service. Over the course of three years, he went back and forth with the agency to make sure what he was doing was legit.
Rich Rapoport
At first we thought we got it, we made a big batch. And the Secret Service said, rj, it's beautiful, it's perfect, it's fantastic. And I said, really? They said, now go burn
Zachary Crockett
was too good.
Rich Rapoport
It was too good.
Glenn Kessler
My name is Glenn Kessler. I'm currently the Director of Risk and Intelligence for Wells Fargo.
Zachary Crockett
And what did you do before that?
Glenn Kessler
26 years with the United States Secret Service as a Special Agent in charge.
Zachary Crockett
During his career with the Secret Service, Glenn Kessler traveled to more than 80 countries. He protected three different presidents, and he, he also handled a lot of counterfeit money cases. He says that federal code, specifically Title 18, Section 474, strictly prohibits most reproductions of US currency. And the Counterfeit Detection act of 1992 lays out several restrictions on prop money.
Glenn Kessler
In particular, it actually needs to be 1 1/2 times the size or less than 3/4 the size. And here's the kicker. It has to be printed only on one side. None of these novelty notes are printed on one side. They're always both.
Zachary Crockett
By definition, the Secret Service considers most prop money on the market to be counterfeit. But the rules are not strictly enforced when it comes to movie money because there's no intent to pass it as counterfeit.
Glenn Kessler
Could they potentially be charged? Absolutely. But you're not going to find a taste for that with any U.S. attorney's offices. Even the Secret Service agents that are out there looking. We're not out to penalize and try to arrest the owners of these promotional notes companies. The reality is nobody wants to make a reproduction that fits inside the lawful description. Right? Because to have a movie where you have a bill that's one and a half times the size, that's going to be noticeable on screen, for sure.
Zachary Crockett
This selective enforcement means the market for prop money operates in a gray area. As long as fake bill purveyors like Rapoport take precautions to distinguish their money as props, they can usually stay out of trouble. If you take a close look at the money RJR Prop sells, the tells are easy to spot. The signatures for the Treasurer of the United States and the Secretary of the treasury are replaced with names like IMA Not Real and Not Real Currency. The words Unreal Fake Currency Reserve are written across the top left corner. And United States of America is replaced with for motion picture use only.
Rich Rapoport
We have 17 design changes on the front side and 11 design changes on the backside that are completely different. All artwork was replaced and redesigned from scratch. The security seals, the security features, the threads, the microprint, holograms and watermarks. They cannot be a copy of anything that's there.
Zachary Crockett
RJR Props sells bills in every denomination from $1 up to $100. You can get it either double sided or printed just on one side, depending on what you want. A stack of 100 notes will set you back 45 to $85 in real money. And despite all the changes, Rapaport's money looks incredibly convincing on film.
Rich Rapoport
When you see it on camera, it has to be perfect, and I'm getting into the secret sauce a little bit, but one of the things we have is an optical illusion. So when the camera picks it up from say, 12 inches or 15 inches away or further, it looks absolutely realistic. Okay, it's spot on.
Zachary Crockett
He even sells a version that's aged and weathered.
Rich Rapoport
Real money is going to have cigarette burns in it. It's going to be dog eared. Some of them look like they're much rougher and they've been almost shredded, and others are newer.
Zachary Crockett
Rapoport's money has appeared in films like Fast and Furious and Wolf of Wall street and the Netflix series Ozark, where hundreds of millions of dollars in drug money are stacked inside the walls of a house. It also shows up in videos by some of the biggest names in rap and hip hop like Drake, Kendrick Lamar and Lil Baby.
Rich Rapoport
They'll come in and they'll throw money around or we'll have money that's raining down while they're filming.
Zachary Crockett
Rappaport says most of those huge stacks of cash you see celebrities posing with are props. For instance, when the rapper 50 Cent filed for bankruptcy in 2016, his lawyer had to admit that the money in his Instagram posts wasn't real. Now it is legal to use real money on a film set, but the liability often isn't worth it.
Rich Rapoport
If they were to just bring 25 stacks of hundreds, let's say, to a production, that would be a quarter million dollars. And if they got fans going and it's blowing around in the studio, it's just too easy to lose it. I know a few artists that actually bring real money. They also bring some very big bodyguards to make sure that every nickel and dime is accounted for.
Zachary Crockett
Rapoport says he only sells directly to production companies, folks who make movies, TV shows, or music videos. He doesn't like to deal with the general public.
Rich Rapoport
If we get a 12 year old kid that calls up and says, I want to do a practical joke, just no, not doing it because we know the practical joke means he's going to Walmart to spend it.
Zachary Crockett
Turns out this is a pretty valid fear. A growing number of online sellers have made it easier than ever to buy prop money, and it's being passed as real currency at alarming rates. That's coming up. The Economics of Everyday Things is sponsored by crowdstreet. You're the kind of person who reads the fine print, who likes to make your own calls, who's built a life, not to mention a career, by thinking independently. So why shouldn't you invest that way too? Crowdstreet is built for self directed investors who want direct access to private market opportunities like private equity, private credit and real estate. Vetted offerings, transparent data and clear diligence summaries help you make confident, informed choices. Because independence doesn't stop at your desk or your business or your weekend projects, it should extend to your investments too. Invest the way you live independently. Learn more@crowdstreet.com.
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Zachary Crockett
Here's a clip from the Instagram account of an online Prop Money company based in Miami, Florida.
Rich Rapoport
These are freaking badass. Check out the new style $20 full print prop Money. These are full print so every single bill looks like the real deal guys. You can't find more realistic quality looking
Zachary Crockett
prop money on the Internet. The company is called prop movie Money. CEO Juan Amaya and his business partner started it 10 years ago. At the time they were both producing content for car dealerships and making a feature length film on the side. They needed some money for their production and they decided to make it themselves. Prop Movie Money was one of the first companies to sell prop money on Amazon. Like Rich Rappaport, Amaya has gone to great lengths to make sure his product is above board.
Juan Amaya
So right off the bat you know all our bills pretty much say it loudly. This is not legal tender for motion picture Use only. The portraits are our own characters, like the Benjamin Franklin on our $100 bill. His nickname is Benny and you know, he's got a specific type of look with his lips and everything like that. We've got Alexander Hamilchin because he's got a massive chin.
Zachary Crockett
Prop movie money has supplied fake cash to dozens of major motion pictures and TV shows. Succession billions, Better Call Saul, narcos. But the company has found a unique market with real life law enforcement agencies too.
Juan Amaya
We do props for the dea, we do props for the US Government. We do props for a lot of police departments, sometimes for training purposes. Sometimes they don't really say. A lot of the new customers that we've gotten over the years, a lot of them are influencers. They're rising stars on either TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, even Snapchat. Some have made short films, some make pranks, some create really in depth financial literacy courses. There's people just buying it just to put on their nightstand for motivation.
Zachary Crockett
While prop money was once only available to production companies, today anyone can buy it online. And this new market has opened the floodgates for dozens of bad actors who use the words prop money as a guise to sell actual counterfeit currency on Amazon and Alibaba. Glenn Kessler, the ex Secret Service agent, says he noticed a big spike in these online prop money sellers around 2017.
Glenn Kessler
In the cases of these motion picture use only notes. I just searched last night just to see, and it's generally $10,000 package for about $10 on Amazon.
Zachary Crockett
Most of this prop money comes from overseas. It's illegally imported in large volumes, and much of it goes undetected in custom searches.
Glenn Kessler
In June of this year, actually just a couple of months ago, there was a border search of some boxes that had originated from China. And Customs and Border Protection agents discovered over 14.3 million in motion picture use only notes coming in from China.
Zachary Crockett
In recent years, the Secret Service has reported a 25% surge in cases of prop money being passed as real currency. It's become such a big problem that Senator Chuck Schumer called on online retailers like Amazon to delist prop money from their platforms. If you run a quick Internet search, you'll find stories of prop money crimes in nearly every state from Maine to Washington. Police departments around the country have reported that it's been used to buy cars, pizza, marijuana, even horse trailers. In one recent case, a million dollars in prop money was stolen from a car in Oregon and circulated at local businesses. And last year, an employee at a Home Depot in Phoenix was accused of swapping in prop money before sending the store's deposit to their bank.
Glenn Kessler
As he would process a deposit, he would take out the real hundreds and replace it with fake hundreds. He did that to the tune of $400,000.
Zachary Crockett
Even though much of this prop money is clearly doctored and feels fake to the touch, retailers often accept it by accident.
Glenn Kessler
If you're trying to pass to a clerk or teller or shop owner that's not paying attention, they've got a long line. They're just taking the money and handing out the change. A lot of times it's very easy to pass these off. So you have a small store that brings in five, six hundred dollars a day. They get a couple of counterfeit hundreds multiplied times that month. Obviously, it's impacting their bottom line.
Zachary Crockett
Stories like this are haunting for honest prop money providers like Wanimaia and Rich Rapoport.
Rich Rapoport
When people see prop money showing up in their town, getting spent at stores, it just gives prop money a bad name. The players who are putting illegal prop money out there, you know, they're bringing disrespect to the industry and they're hurting everyone.
Zachary Crockett
All of this, the painstaking custom designs, the constant back and forth with federal officials, and the unscrupulous overseas competition, It's a lot to worry about for something as seemingly innocuous as prop money, and it doesn't really yield a big payoff. Amaya says that the cost of paper alone can make or break his profit margin. He only prints his products once or twice a month to control his overhead.
Juan Amaya
The cost of making them, the ink, the paper, the hours of printing, cutting. If we're talking like a single stack, which normally has about 100 bills, they can go up to like $20, which is wild because we sell some of them for like 25.
Zachary Crockett
And that thin profit margin is only achieved if everything goes right. Remember that Rush Hour 2 explosion? The company that provided that prop money ended up getting a cease and desist letter from the feds. Its entire inventory of prop money had to be destroyed at a cost in the six figures. More than 20 years after Rush Hour 2, the company still can't print its own prop money.
Rich Rapoport
It cost the vendor a massive, massive amount of money. That was a terrible situation, and people tremble at the thought of it.
Zachary Crockett
Rapoport is the first to admit that prop money can be a pain in the ass. For him, it's also something of a loss leader, A service he provides to customers in the hopes that they'll use his other, more lucrative props. Props that maybe don't require input from the Secret Service.
Rich Rapoport
It's not the kind of thing you make a lot of money on, but it's near and dear to my heart. It has an effect on people. It brings like this exhilarating emotional gut response from everyone that sees it.
Zachary Crockett
For the economics of everyday things. I'm Zachary Crockett. This episode was produced by Sarah Lilly with help from Mirik Bowditch and mixed by Jeremy Johnston. You ever think about getting into the counterfeit business?
Rich Rapoport
No, thank you. The fastest answer ever. I'm not. No. Just no thanks.
Zachary Crockett
The Freakonomics Radio Network the Hidden side of Everything.
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Host: Zachary Crockett (Freakonomics Network)
Date: February 23, 2026
This episode delves into the fascinating, complicated world of prop money: the fake cash used in movies, TV shows, music videos, and sometimes by criminals. Host Zachary Crockett explores the evolution of prop money, its legal gray areas, how it's made to look real for cameras (but not too real for the Secret Service), and the surprising economic risks within this unusual niche. Along the way, listeners discover how prop money has both facilitated Hollywood storytelling and, on occasion, collided disastrously with the real economy.
[01:04 – 02:38]
"The wind caught some of the money and people grabbed what was the equivalent of, you know, thousands or tens of thousands of dollars...The police were called. The Secret Service was called. The production was shut down, costing a fortune." (02:07)
[02:38 – 03:58]
[03:58 – 09:47]
"There's a very fine balance. If you try to make it completely realistic, you're going to be breaking counterfeiting laws." (05:35)
"They said, now go burn [it]...It was too good." (06:00–06:16)
"The reality is nobody wants to make a reproduction that fits inside the lawful description. Right? Because to have a movie where you have a bill that's one and a half times the size—that's going to be noticeable on screen, for sure." (07:31)
[09:00 – 10:22]
"All artwork was replaced and redesigned from scratch. The security seals, the security features, the threads, the microprint, holograms and watermarks—they cannot be a copy of anything that's there." (08:39)
"When you see it on camera, it has to be perfect, and I'm getting into the secret sauce a little bit, but...it looks absolutely realistic." (09:27)
[10:01 – 11:15]
"If they were to just bring 25 stacks of hundreds...that would be a quarter million dollars. It's just too easy to lose it.” (10:53)
[11:15 – 11:36]
"If we get a 12 year old kid that calls up and says, I want to do a practical joke...No, not doing it because we know the practical joke means he's going to Walmart to spend it." (11:26)
[13:51 – 17:05]
"The Benjamin Franklin on our $100 bill...His nickname is Benny...We've got Alexander Hamilchin because he's got a massive chin." (14:44)
[16:04 – 18:37]
"There was a border search...Customs and Border Protection agents discovered over $14.3 million in 'motion picture use only' notes coming in from China." (16:51)
“They get a couple of counterfeit hundreds...it's impacting their bottom line." (18:13)
[18:37 – 20:47]
"The players who are putting illegal prop money out there, ...they're bringing disrespect to the industry and they're hurting everyone." (18:45)
"If we're talking like a single stack...they can go up to like $20, which is wild because we sell some of them for like 25." (19:33)
[20:47 – 21:28]
Despite the trouble, prop money holds emotional power and draws excitement.
"It's not the kind of thing you make a lot of money on, but it's near and dear to my heart. It...brings like this exhilarating emotional gut response from everyone that sees it." (20:47)
When asked if he’d get into counterfeit business:
"No, thank you. The fastest answer ever. I'm not. No. Just no thanks." (21:28)
| Timestamp | Segment | |----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------| | 01:04–02:38 | "Rush Hour 2" incident and prop money chaos | | 02:38–03:58 | Counterfeiting history, legal background | | 03:58–09:47 | Modern prop money production, design, regulation | | 10:01–11:15 | Prop money in film, music, and dangers of real cash | | 11:15–11:36 | Strict sales to industry; avoiding risky requests | | 13:51–15:12 | Online prop money sales, new customer markets | | 16:04–18:37 | Crimes with prop money and international shipments | | 18:37–20:47 | Industry challenges, risks, and business realities | | 20:47–21:28 | Emotional appeal and ethical lines |
The episode has a lively, curious, and sometimes humorous tone, driven by Crockett’s narrative pace and the vivid stories offered by both industry insiders and law enforcement voices. Industry jargon is explained in accessible terms, with a focus on storytelling, practical consequences, and a close look at the blurry line between harmless make-believe and real-world risk.
This conversation will leave you appreciating how something as mundane as fake money can reveal the complexities of law, economics, morality, and showbiz—all while reminding us that every dollar, whether on screen or in your wallet, carries real-world consequences.