
So many vehicles on the road today are white, black, or gray — but automotive designers find that consumer preferences may be changing lanes. Zachary Crockett surveys the lot. This episode was originally published on April 21st, 2024.
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Zachary Crockett
Like a lot of men his age,
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
my dad likes to talk about how everything used to be better. Shoes used to last longer, musicians used to be more talented, movies used to
Zachary Crockett
cost a couple bucks. And cars, they just had a lot more character.
Tom Crockett
My first car was a 1965 Chevy Impala. And this was a real car. It was a real car I bought from a neighbor. It had 25,000 miles on it and I paid $400 for it. I mean, the personality that it had, every detail about it. The headlights, the tail lights, the fender, the bumper, the doors. You could punch the 65 Chevy and you'd break your hand.
Zachary Crockett
As Tom Crockett tells it, a big part of that character was the multitude
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of colors that you'd see on the road back in the 1960s and 70s.
Tom Crockett
In the old days, we had variations of green and variations of brown, tan colors. There were light blues, lots of different shades of blues. My uncle Guy, it had like a canary yellow Cadillac, he'd drive it with a top down.
Zachary Crockett
But these days, he says, it seems
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like all the cars on the road look the same.
Tom Crockett
Black, white, silver, black, white, silver, black, white.
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There is some truth to that. Today's cars are a lot less colorful than they used to be.
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80% of vehicles sold in North America
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are, are now achromatic. White, black, gray or silver. That's up from 36% 50 years ago.
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Now, if you're like my dad, you
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might say that the automobile industry has lost its flair.
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But according to car color designers, there
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are actually more color options than ever before.
Zachary Crockett
It's just that those so called boring
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tones are what today's young buyers actually want.
Nikki Riedel
We know that boomers and Gen X are definitely looking for of those pops of color. So they're more interested in, like, the tangerine orange. And we found that millennials are gravitating to gray. We all know about millennial gray, and that's kind of how it's showing up for our cars.
Zachary Crockett
For the Freakonomics radio network, this is
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
the economics of everyday things. I'm Zachary Crockett.
Zachary Crockett
Today, car colors. For the earliest mass produced cars, paint
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was more of a practicality than a form of expression.
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Throughout Most of the 1920s, Henry Ford's
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famous model T only came in one color.
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Ford was rumored to have said that a customer may have a car in
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any color he desires, so long as it is black. Ford's affinity for the color was rooted in economics. Black paint was cheap and durable, and using only one color sped up production.
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As cars became more common, consumers wanted
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theirs to stand out. Automakers responded with different color options. In the 1930s, the first metallic finishes hit the market. They were made out of fish scales, and it took 20,000 herring to make a pound of paint.
Zachary Crockett
In the 1950s, you could find cars
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in pink and turquoise.
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The 60s and 70s were populated with
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yellow and green muscle cars.
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And by the 1980s, vehicles came in
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just about any color you could dream up.
Mark Gutjar
The 80s was a very colorful decade and the years before. So there was a lot of green cars, red cars, blue cars.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
That's Mark Gutjar.
Zachary Crockett
He's the global head of design at
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basf, one of the largest car paint manufacturers in the world.
Mark Gutjar
And achromatics. The colors that are black, gray, and white and silver, they were not so dominant, actually.
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But Guccar says that around the beginning of the millennium, car colors became a lot less colorful.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
Silver quickly became the color of choice, largely thanks to emerging technologies.
Mark Gutjar
You know, mobile phones were silver, your stereo was silver with a lot of buttons and things to turn like very technical devices. And then this famous American company came in and invented a tool, and the product was white.
Zachary Crockett
That famous company was Apple, and the
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device, of course, was the ipod. It came out in 2001, around the same time the company opened its first retail locations.
Mark Gutjar
White was the transporting color of being advanced high tech. Forward thinking. The color took over in rapid speed, and it's still number one globally.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
Today, 34% of all cars in North America are white. After that comes black with 22%, silver with 14%, and gray with 10%. No other color cracks double digits. Now, there are practical reasons to buy a white car. Lighter colors reflect more sunlight, which reduces the need for ac, increasing fuel economy and decreasing carbon dioxide emissions.
Zachary Crockett
But the main reason People buy achromatic cars is that they're just sort of inoffensive.
Mark Gutjar
We did some research on new car buyers, like what they were looking for and what people like personally as a color actually has nothing to do what they buy.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
There are a few possible explanations for this.
Zachary Crockett
For starters, cars are often shared within
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a family, and achromatic colors make good compromise picks. Dealerships also tend to stock more white, black and gray cars because they're easier to sell than a niche choice like turquoise.
Zachary Crockett
If a customer comes in looking for a color that's not in stock, a salesperson can often convince them to buy
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the gray model on the floor instead.
Mark Gutjar
Gray colors please a lot of people. That's why they're so successful. We have around 120 different shades of gray, so 50 Shades is not enough.
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Whether you have a gray car or
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a pink car, it's likely that BASF
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was involved in the color. More than 50% of all cars produced globally each year have at least one layer of BASF paint.
Mark Gutjar
We work with nearly everybody in the industry to develop colors every year. I think it's roughly 900 colors that are currently running in the market.
Zachary Crockett
Every major car manufacturer also has its
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own in house design team.
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And when a brand wants to develop a new color, the conversation usually starts
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with someone like Nikki Riedel.
Nikki Riedel
I'm a car line planning manager at Subaru of America.
Zachary Crockett
Riedel's job is to help oversee all
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of the little design choices that go into creating a new Subaru model. From the color of the stitching on the seats to the color of the exterior paint.
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The first thing Subaru's team does is
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look at what's popular in the spaces where their customers are interacting.
Nikki Riedel
We're really lucky at Subaru because we know our customer really well. Definitely people who want to take the path less followed. They're always looking for their next adventure. So we're looking at snowboards, we're looking at skis, we're looking at skate decks, we're looking at all of the clothing, like ski jackets and that sort of thing.
Zachary Crockett
A few years ago, they noticed a trend.
Nikki Riedel
We started seeing everything kind of shifting toward cooler tones. And so we developed cool gray khaki.
Zachary Crockett
Over the past couple of years, you've
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probably noticed cars in this color.
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It's a light gray with a bluish tone.
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And it's got kind of a ceramic look to it. No sparkle. Cool gray khaki is Subaru's invention.
Zachary Crockett
But many manufacturers from BMW to Honda
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have introduced very similar Shades.
Nikki Riedel
Cool gray khaki is a cooler, muted tone. It has a very flat finish, so it doesn't have a lot of metallic or pearl in it, which also suggests a rugged aesthetic and a more modern, younger look. When we all saw it, we just kind of knew it was a hit before.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
A color like cool gray khaki is finalized, it's tested in a light studio that simulates different settings.
Nikki Riedel
Light is really important, especially when you're talking about a vehicle. The sunlight that you see from a temperature standpoint in southern California is going to be very different from Maine. The other consideration is that these cars will be seen in showrooms. So one of the settings that we have that we check are what our retailers are using for overhead lighting in the showroom. Make sure that that also looks as, you know, as good as we want it to.
Zachary Crockett
They also have to make sure the
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paint formula can hold up in different environments.
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Many car manufacturers send painted car parts
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to weathering facilities in Florida, where they're put out in the sun, sometimes for years, to see how the paint is affected.
Zachary Crockett
The state has high intensity sunlight, lots
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of rain, and high humidity, which makes
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it an ideal place to test for
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cracking, peeling, and moisture sensitivity.
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Once a color has passed all the
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tests, manufacturers work with paint suppliers like BASF to produce the color at scale.
Mark Gutjar
So what they get from us is like a mixed material with all the ingredients that are in.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
Even a seemingly plain color, like white or gray, is a lot more dimensional than it seems.
Zachary Crockett
When a car is painted at a
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factory, the process begins with something called an eco.
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The car parts are often dipped in
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a bath of zinc phosphate, and an electrical current binds a layer of resin to the surface. The parts spend time in an oven, and then robots spray them with primer and a base coat that includes all kinds of effects.
Mark Gutjar
So you have these glitter sparkles that you could put in, like, you know, very different textures, very soft, silky textures you can generate.
Zachary Crockett
The final step is typically a clear
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coat that gives an extra glossiness to the finish, but also protects the paint from UV lights and bird poop.
Mark Gutjar
All the layers together, they make a thickness of a hair, so it's extremely thin, and it's extremely technical.
Zachary Crockett
From conception to production, bringing a new
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color like cool gray khaki to the market can take up to six years.
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So in 2024, Subaru's team might be
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working on the new colors for the 2030 lineup.
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And even after all that work, Riedel says that there are still slight variations
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in the final product of any given color.
Nikki Riedel
Every time you formulate the color, it's not going to be 100% exact. They're virtually imperceivable. But if you put one body panel next to another, there's a chance that you could see the difference. So the way that they're spraying our white in Japan could look slightly different from what we're spraying in the US Factory.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
So will every hit color be another variant of gray? Probably not.
Zachary Crockett
Some industry experts are predicting a more vibrant future.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
That's coming up
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Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
Subaru debuted cool gray khaki in 2018 and phased it out in 2023.
Zachary Crockett
It accounted for around 18% of the
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company sales for the models that were available in the color.
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If you go to Subaru forums, you'll find customers singing its praises, but the
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company doesn't just stick to grays.
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Nikki Rydell says Subaru fans are a
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little more open to bold colors than the typical car buyer.
Nikki Riedel
We're able to sell bright blues and greens and orange colors. We're lucky because we have always been kind of that quirky, fun car. So we kind of lean into that and make sure that we're offering really fun colors as much as we can.
Zachary Crockett
Take, for instance, a color called Geyser
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
Blue, which debuted on some of Subaru's 2022 models.
Nikki Riedel
We took blue and mixed a little bit of green into it. Green is not usually a great seller for cars, but Subaru does it really well. And then we took all of the metallic flake out. So that kind of psychologically signifies that it's more of a rugged off road color. It's beating out black, white, gray, and that's pretty tough to do. Yeah.
Zachary Crockett
Cars are an expensive product and color
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has a big impact on sales.
Zachary Crockett
So car companies like Subaru have to
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make sure they produce the right amount of models in each color.
Nikki Riedel
So we don't want to have too many colors in the lineup because then we're splitting the ratio of cars out and then every retailer might not be able to get that color. We have to make sure that we've got just enough choice so that our owners can kind of pick what they want and personalize their car, but not so many options that we can't get the car to the right place to the right customer.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
Subaru keeps a close eye on data from dealerships. They look at things like how quickly certain colors are selling.
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If they see demand for particular shades
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slowing down, they adjust accordingly on the factory lines.
Zachary Crockett
And dealerships tend to keep reliable colors
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like white, gray and black on hand.
Nikki Riedel
It's a lot easier to convince somebody to buy a white car than it is a bright orange car.
Zachary Crockett
Some colors tend to sell better in
Nikki Riedel
certain regions, the Sunbelt area, so the southern part of the country is going to sell more white cars than they would black cars just because the heat. So we would probably allocate maybe more white cars down there.
Zachary Crockett
Riedel says there are also some generational
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
differences in who buys certain car colors.
Nikki Riedel
We know that boomers and Gen X are definitely looking for some of those pops of color, so they're more interested in the tangerine orange, the bright oranges. And we found that millennials are gravitating to colors that are closer to, like the cool gray khaki. They're always attracted to more muted colors compared to other generations.
Zachary Crockett
But even millennials are starting to come
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
around to more colorful cars.
Nikki Riedel
I think we've maybe bottomed out on minimalism, and I think people are starting to look for character now and personalization.
Zachary Crockett
Some research has suggested that there's a
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
correlation between car colors and how the economy is doing. Somber tones like gray and black rise during times of hardship.
Zachary Crockett
And when things are looking up, brighter
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colors tend to re emerge.
Zachary Crockett
At basf, Mark Gutjar has noticed a
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
slight shift away from the dominant achromatic colors.
Mark Gutjar
What we see is a huge diversity in colors, so there's more and more color shades coming in. Last year's production showed in every region of the world purple, violet colors, and that was something really not there for a long, long time.
Zachary Crockett
Nearly every car brand on the market has experimented with an adventurous color or
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two in recent years.
Zachary Crockett
Fiat Chrysler offered the Jeep Wrangler in
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snazberry, kind of a reddish maroon.
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Toyota released a four Runner in an
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extremely vivid voodoo blue. BMW had Sao Paulo yellow, which looks like a highlighter.
Zachary Crockett
Colors like this will sometimes set you
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back a few more bucks at the dealership.
Nikki Riedel
There are different pigments, and pigments vary in cost. There's also the application process. If it's a single coat, dual coat, or a tri coat, there's all different effects. So we call a metallic a pearl or a silica finish. Every time you add another layer of paint, you're adding time to the line.
Zachary Crockett
These bolder colors may cost more, but
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they could also pay you back in the long run.
Zachary Crockett
The vehicle search engine IC Cars analyzed
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pricing data on more than a million
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used cars and found that color has
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a surprisingly strong impact on resale value.
Zachary Crockett
The colors that retain the most value
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yellow, orange, and green.
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But at least for now, most car
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buyers still spring for the less exhilarating hues.
Zachary Crockett
And a few Years ago, when he found himself in the market for a
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
new car, even my dad, Tom Crockett, joined the club.
Tom Crockett
I bought a used 2014 Subaru Impressa.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
What color did you get?
Tom Crockett
I bought a white car because it was the only used car on the lot. Believe it or not, I actually like the color white. The only problem is, you know, now when I go out look for my car, I have to sort through multiple white cars to make sure that I'm getting in the right car.
Zachary Crockett
For the economics of everyday things.
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
I'm Zachary Crockett.
Zachary Crockett
This episode was produced by me and
Zachary Crockett (Narrator)
Sarah Lilly and mixed by Jeremy Johnston. We had help from Daniel Moritz Rapson.
Tom Crockett
In those days, you didn't wear seatbelts, and so I would pile 1012 hippies in the car and yeah, but that's another story for another time.
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Date: June 8, 2026
Host: Zachary Crockett (Freakonomics Network)
This episode explores the fascinating economics and psychology behind car colors in the auto industry. Host Zachary Crockett investigates why most cars today come in muted tones like white, gray, and black—despite a past filled with colorful options—and uncovers how trends, technology, climate, and even generational preferences shape the palette of vehicles on the road. Featuring insights from automotive paint professionals and design experts, the episode unpacks everything from historical industry decisions to current market data and what the future may hold for more adventurous car colors.
Listen for:
For fans of Freakonomics and those curious about the hidden economics in daily life, this episode paints a vivid picture (pun intended!) of what our car color choices say not just about style, but society, technology, and ourselves.