America Has Changed. So Has Jon Stewart.

Summary

Podcast Summary: "America Has Changed. So Has Jon Stewart."

Podcast Information:

• Title: The Ezra Klein Show
• Host: New York Times Opinion, Ezra Klein
• Episode Title: America Has Changed. So Has Jon Stewart.
• Release Date: November 4, 2024

---

Introduction: Revisiting "A Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear"

The episode opens with Ezra Klein reminiscing about the 2010 "A Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear" held at the National Mall in Washington, D.C., co-hosted by Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert. This event marked a significant moment in American political discourse, aiming to bridge the growing divide fueled by media and political polarization.

Jon Stewart reflects on the spontaneity of the rally:

"We really, I mean, as you could tell from watching it, probably the preparation was not."
(04:24)

Ezra describes the rally as having a "Rosetta Stone quality," suggesting its multifaceted significance in understanding contemporary political and media dynamics.

---

The Media's Amplification of Division

Jon Stewart and Ezra Klein delve into the role of media in exacerbating political divides. Stewart emphasizes how media outlets, particularly cable news, have evolved from platforms for meaningful discourse to mechanisms that amplify fear, anger, and outrage for engagement and revenue.

Stewart critiques the 24-hour news cycle:

"Capitalism with the idea of how do I generate the most income out of engagement? And it turns out, fear and anger and hate and outrage pay huge."
(19:52)

Ezra adds to the discussion by highlighting the media's segmentation:

"When the media comes to reflect its audience, unless a tremendous amount of editorial strength is applied in the opposite direction."
(20:41)

This segmentation leads to echo chambers where differing slices of the audience reinforce their pre-existing beliefs, further deepening societal divides.

---

Crossfire Incident: A Turning Point

A significant portion of the conversation focuses on Jon Stewart's critical view of CNN's former show "Crossfire." Stewart recounts his experience on the show, where he confronted the platform for reducing complex political debates to divisive performances.

Stewart vehemently states:

"It's obvious. It is theater. ... What you do is partisan hackery."
(34:00)

Ezra and Stewart discuss how "Crossfire" was initially intended to foster good-faith debates but devolved into a weaponized arena that prioritized ratings over meaningful dialogue. Stewart laments the loss of earnest political discourse, attributing it to the media's shift towards sensationalism.

---

Evolution of Media Consumption: From Television to YouTube

The hosts explore how the transition from traditional television to digital platforms like YouTube has further fragmented media consumption. Ezra Klein explains the challenges of maintaining editorial control when content is easily clipped and shared, often out of context.

"Each segment has its own life, if I'm watching it on YouTube... that ability to give you the balanced diet, it's actually just not in your control any longer."
(22:15)

Jon Stewart echoes this sentiment, noting that the proliferation of clips focusing on the most provocative moments undermines the integrity of the original content:

"Generally something will be clipped... the most divisive or confrontational or provocative or partisan moment."
(50:20)

This fragmentation makes it difficult for audiences to engage with comprehensive analyses, reducing complex discussions to bite-sized, often misleading snippets.

---

Current Political Landscape: Woke vs. Unwoke

The dialogue shifts to the present state of American politics, characterized by the dichotomy of "woke" versus "unwoke." Both Stewart and Klein critique the oversimplification of political identities, where nuanced positions are overshadowed by binary labels.

Klein observes:

"The Obama era Democratic Party... is a coalition that makes a big point about Technocracy."
(08:58)

Stewart adds a critical perspective on how this binary framing distracts from substantive policy discussions:

"Woke versus Unwoke. And the interesting thing is the Unwoke people think they're the defenders of classic liberalism..."
(52:08)

This polarization fosters an environment where genuine dialogue is stifled, and political parties are defined more by their cultural stances than by policy initiatives.

---

Impact of Leadership and Political Figures

Jon Stewart reflects on the influence of political figures like Dick Cheney and Donald Trump, discussing how leadership styles and strategic decisions have shaped the current political climate.

"Donald Trump is the fault of Dick Cheney. We would not have Donald Trump if we had not had Dick Cheney end the Iraq war."
(51:16)

The conversation highlights the continuity of certain political strategies and their long-term repercussions, emphasizing the need for accountability and thoughtful leadership.

---

Media Executives and Moralization

A critical discussion unfolds around the role of media executives in shaping content. Stewart criticizes the moralizing tendencies of media leadership, arguing that decisions are often driven by revenue motives rather than genuine ethical considerations.

"The New York Times... have a board up in your room that shows, like, who's getting what clicks where. Like, that's just nonsense."
(45:57)

This perspective underscores the tension between journalistic integrity and commercial pressures, suggesting that media outlets prioritize profitability over truth and balanced reporting.

---

Final Reflections: The Path Forward

In concluding the episode, Stewart and Klein ponder potential solutions to the entrenched divisions and media-induced polarization. Stewart advocates for a fundamental restructuring of societal and economic systems to foster genuine participation and representation.

"They need to be able to participate in the investment and shareholder economy at that table. Whatever feast is being had, there must be had here."
(63:43)

Klein emphasizes the importance of recognizing the complexity of individual experiences and resisting simplistic ideological classifications, suggesting that a more nuanced approach is essential for healing societal rifts.

---

Book Recommendations

To encapsulate Stewart's outlook, he recommends the following books:

1. "I Shouldn't Be Telling You This" by Chelsea Devotas
   Stewart praises Devotas as a friend and a wonderful comedian, highlighting her memoir as a compelling read.
   (63:43)

2. Works by Kurt Vonnegut:
   Stewart suggests starting with "Breakfast of Champions," "Player Piano," "Cat's Cradle," or "Slaughterhouse Five," appreciating Vonnegut's blend of hopefulness and cynicism.
   (64:06)

---

Notable Quotes:

• Jon Stewart on Media's Role:

  "Capitalism with the idea of how do I generate the most income out of engagement? And it turns out, fear and anger and hate and outrage pay huge."
  (19:52)

• Ezra Klein on Media Segmentation:

  "When the media comes to reflect its audience, unless a tremendous amount of editorial strength is applied in the opposite direction."
  (20:41)

• Jon Stewart on "Crossfire":

  "It's obvious. It is theater. ... What you do is partisan hackery."
  (34:00)

• Jon Stewart on Political Polarization:

  "Woke versus Unwoke. And the interesting thing is the Unwoke people think they're the defenders of classic liberalism..."
  (52:08)

• Ezra Klein on the Democratic Coalition:

  "The Obama era Democratic Party... is a coalition that makes a big point about Technocracy."
  (08:58)

---

Conclusion

This episode of The Ezra Klein Show provides a deep dive into the evolving landscape of American politics and media, with Jon Stewart offering incisive critiques rooted in his extensive experience. The conversation underscores the complexities of media influence, political polarization, and the urgent need for systemic changes to foster a more unified and informed society.

Transcript

[Ezra Klein]

This podcast is supported by US Bank. At US bank, when they say they're in it with you, they mean it. Not just for the good stuff, the grand openings and celebrations, although those are pretty great, but for all the hard work it took to get there. Because together they're proving day in and day out that there is nothing as powerful as the power of us. Visit us bank.com to get started today. Equal housing lender member FDIC from New York Times opinion. This is the Ezra Klein Show. Seago Back to the Tea party moment. In 2010, Tucker Carlson had only just been hired by Fox News. He was just two years out from being employed by msnbc. Elon Musk was standing for Barack Obama. He got Jon Stewart then into his second decade as a host of the Daily show. And he and Stephen Colbert host a satirical rally to restore sanity and or fear at the national mall in Washington, D.C. and Stewart gives this speech.

[Jon Stewart]

But we live now in hard times, not end times, and we can have animists and not be enemies. But unfortunately, one of our main tools in delineating the two broke.

[Ezra Klein]

When I look back now from the vantage point of the era we're in and the eras we've been in, this moment, to me, it has this kind of Rosetta Stone quality. There's so much in it that is going to blossom in such strange and terrifying ways. And there's something about the sanity, fear, framing. It seemed like a joke then in some way. It doesn't seem like a joke now. In the years since rally, Stewart has continued to track the media's tendency to amplify some of the worst, most divisive tendencies in American politics. He's now back hosting the Daily Show. Sometimes he's got the weekly show podcast with Jon Stewart, which is great. So with very, very little time now before election Day, I wanted to have him on the show to talk about his understanding of this arc of these decades, what he has seen, the way he has seen the media, some of the figures in it change the way he has changed. As always, my email ezrecleinshowytimes.com Jon Stewart, welcome to the show.

[Jon Stewart]

Thank you, Ezra. I'm delighted. I'm delighted to be here.

[Ezra Klein]

So can we go on the way back machine to the rally for fear and sanity and or.

[Jon Stewart]

Oh, my God, How That's.

[Ezra Klein]

Yeah.

[Jon Stewart]

How many years? That's.

[Ezra Klein]

We were all young.

[Jon Stewart]

We were all young and apparently getting a contact tie that has a little.

[Ezra Klein]

Bit of a Rosetta Stone quality for me, that rally, how did it come about? Bout how did you decide to do a rally?

[Jon Stewart]

I'm trying to think back. I think what happened was this was at the height of Glenn Beck and he was doing these sort of oddly demagogish rallies where he would go down to Washington and, you know, you would see like older tea partiers in lawn chairs sort of surrounding the wading pool. And I think it came of that. I think I remember being on the phone with Stephen and we were just laughing about it and I said, you know, we should just go down there and bang one of those out. I mean, it was an entire clusterfuck like that. We really, I mean, as you could tell from watching it, probably the preparation was not.

[Ezra Klein]

It has been very hard to get clean audio from it. Yes, that's been running into that.

[Jon Stewart]

That morning. So Stephen and I, I was doing my show, he was doing Colbert Report. So we didn't rehearse anything. We didn't do anything. And that morning we were driving over to the mall early and you don't. At that time, you really didn't have a sense of if anybody would show up. And we're driving in and there's a. Just a shit ton of people pouring out of everywhere, like, oh, what's going on? And they were all going there and we'd only set up like two large screen TVs, like, that's pretty much all we had. And so we sat in a little makeshift trailer with the Roots, Ozzy Osbourne, the OJs and Yusuf Islam and walked through. Like we, we were literally walking those guys through the ideas. So the Roots are playing the songs and we're like, yusuf Islam, you're going to come out and do Peace Train. We're going to do a whole thing. And then Ozzy, you're going to interrupt after like two bar stanzas with Crazy Train. And Yusuf is just looking at us like, but Peace Train's a beautiful song.

[Ezra Klein]

Why would you.

[Jon Stewart]

Why would you interrupt? It was. The whole thing was bonkers.

[Ezra Klein]

There's something about that rally I thought a lot about in the years after. Because in some weird way after that, I mean, maybe it was happening then too. The political coalition's kind of split into the aesthetics of sanity, institutions, systems. In this house, we believe in science and the aesthetics of fear, conspiracy, rage, anger, a kind of nativist populism. And you were beginning to see it, right? Glenn Beck was the weird thing happening on Fox News. Like when you were looking at the landscape then, like, what. What did sanity mean to you and what did fear mean to you? In Politics.

[Jon Stewart]

Well, I think it was. I mean, again, I'm trying to put myself back in the headspace of all that. I mean, all of it was kind of a reaction to. And our show was a reaction to what I saw as kind of this, at that point probably 40 year project of rebuilding parallel institutions to the left. So there was this idea, you know, people always talked about like your show, it degraded the disc course and you know, poked fun at things. And I'm like, do you have an AM radio like I used to? Because I drove to a lot of gigs, you know, doing standup to the. I don't know, your listeners may not know this show business is very glamorous. A lot of times you would get in what we would call a rental car and drive to Rochester and then you would go to Buffalo if you were lucky, and then all the towns in between, Poughkeepsie's connected. You know, you'd hit the old vaudeville circuit. But I listen to a lot of AM radio and the vitriol and I mean nonstop fire hose of degradation towards anything left of, I want to say Lyndon LaRouche. But anything that left to that was ubiquitous. So I saw that cleaving that, that Roger AES sitting in the White House in 1972 or wherever 1973 or 1974 going, I will never allow what the left did to Nixon to ever happen again. And so the right very smartly rebuilt their own institutions in their image. Colleges, think tanks, media. And they portrayed anything that had been the standard institution as wildly left wing, an activist. Even if it might not be, even if it just had the patina of, you know, notions of equality or fairness, you know, the kinds of things that just don't fly in those situations.

[Ezra Klein]

So you're describing the fear side of this. I want to zoom you in on the sanity side because I think that gets at something interesting that happens around then and is, I think a big part of politics, which is it's imbalanced in a way. Right. It's not like good versus bad. The sort of aesthetic that emerged, I think it emerged in media too, at that time. There is a lot in right wing media that is about fear. And left wing media was not like, we're gonna tax the billionaires, right? Maybe it wants to do that. Right. Democrats have become this.

[Jon Stewart]

Well, you're trying to find left wing media though.

[Ezra Klein]

That's totally fair. But let me say Democrats, right? The Obama era Democratic Party, the way the Democratic coalition is changing is not a class warfare coalition. It is a coalition that makes a big point about Technocracy. You know, if we could just sort of come together and listen to the experts and look at the right charts. I am part of this. At Wonkblog, we'd all come to the right conclusion. Could we just be sane about this? Common sense about this. It's kind of a pro system coalition. And so in this weird way you develop, I think, this new aesthetic in politics that you guys pick up on that's not like, oh, the right wants to go to war against communism and the left wants to tax rich people. It has this other cultural dimension. It's like the left are the experts, we're smart, we think about things. The right are. They're the heartland, they're the real Americans. They're tough. And it's this whole other slightly orthogonal, but I think now very dominant way that politics cleaves it is almost barely related to what people want to do.

[Jon Stewart]

First of all, I cannot tell you how often people just throw the word orthogonal at me.

[Ezra Klein]

Do you enjoy it or no?

[Jon Stewart]

Everywhere I go. No, I don't. I don't know what it means. Tell me what that means.

[Ezra Klein]

See, this is a problem with like the left wing coalition over here sort of existing separately from right.

[Jon Stewart]

Okay, okay, okay.

[Ezra Klein]

It's like a different, like a totally different space.

[Jon Stewart]

So that's, I think that's really a nice perceptive analysis of those Obama years. I would probably go further and say that was the foundation of the left from. I mean, I think that's what the Goldwater revolution was more about. This idea that the best and the brightest, right? That's sort of the Kennedy idea of we're going to get the best and the brightest and that's going to get us Vietnam, you know. But I think in some ways what you're describing is that original cleaving that I think Obama maybe represented but is much more about that Kennedy coalition that came in and the Goldwater coalition that rose up to oppose it. Or I mean, Roosevelt to some extent, when you think about the New Deal and maybe that's what they would consider the original sin of the left, this idea that government will expand to help people, which was a huge sin. You know, the idea that, hey, wait, that guy's hungry. What if we gave him soup? And people would be like, what? No, that is the job of the sisters of the poor, that government can't do that. But ultimately that's been the battle.

[Ezra Klein]

I want to play you a of your speech that day. I was going back and listening to it and One thing that struck me about it. Yeah, I'm so sorry.

[Jon Stewart]

For me, this is a terr. This is a terrible, terrible nightmare that I'm about to experience, by the way, and the rally to restore sanity. Here's what I think social media exists for. Social media exists for people to remind you what they will never forgive you for. Like what we thought was kind of a larf and we're going to have a fun day has turned into. There's very little I can do even today that people won't come on. So I get two things on social media in the comments section. One is, you're a Jew. That's just kind of no matter what happens, whether I put out like, this is a picture of my dog and like somebody's gonna come in the comment be like, why did you change your name, Jew? And the second is I will never forgive you for that fucking stupid rally to restore sanity that apparently handed control of Congress to the Republicans.

[Ezra Klein]

You know what sucks for you? It has become the worst thing of all.

[Jon Stewart]

A text.

[Ezra Klein]

And that is how we are treating it here. You created a text?

[Jon Stewart]

Yes.

[Ezra Klein]

So I want to play you a bit of your speech. I'm very sorry, but one of the interesting things about your speech there and about your show in that time about Stephen Colbert is it's not really about the right. It's about the media and the way that the media amplifies hostility and distorts relationships between Americans.

[Jon Stewart]

Sure. Because the image of Americans that is reflected back to us by our political and media process is false. It is us through a fun house mirror. And not the good kind that makes you look slim in the waist and maybe taller, but the kind where you have a giant forehead and an ass shaped like a month old pumpkin and one eyeball. So why would we work together? Why would you reshape? Why would you reach across the aisle to a pumpkin, ass, forehead, eyeball monster? If the picture of us were true, of course, our inability to solve problems would actually be quite sane and reasonable. Why would you work with Marxists actively subverting our Constitution, or racists and homophobes who see no one's humanity but their own.

[Ezra Klein]

Geez, how does that hit for you now?

[Jon Stewart]

Well, there is very little in this world more unappealing than the sound of your own voice being at moments sincere or also projecting. Like, it's very hard to listen to yourself projecting into a field. It's like a bizarro campaign speech where you're like, oh, it has the rhythm and tone and volume of A campaign speech. But I'm talking about a pumpkin ass.

[Ezra Klein]

So there was a big idea at that time. Barack Obama used to talk about this all the time, right. It's the subject of the famous 04 DNC speech that launches him to national politics. And that cable news and later Twitter and the 24 hour news cycle and all the rest of it. It distorts us. It's a funhouse mirror. We get pumpkin asses and single eyeballs.

[Jon Stewart]

I'm so sorry about that. That is not the appropriate reference.

[Ezra Klein]

A vivid image. A vivid image. And that it's wrong. And then on the other hand, as time went on and I wonder sometimes whether the media was cause or effect here, right. Politics begins to feel, I think a little more not pumpkin assed. But when I watch people in politics, when I watch Donald Trump, when I watch people acting in Congress now, I wonder to myself which of us are the real us? Right. It doesn't seem like always that our conflicts are so overstated that the enmity is a distortion. Did you feel it is something that the media amplified and then it became reality or do you feel like it's still not reality?

[Jon Stewart]

Well, it's probably not as black and white as any of that in terms of is it reality? But I can tell you this. I mean I live in deep maga country where I am and there's, you know, New Jersey's a blue state, but there are really red pockets and I live in one and on a day to day basis. So if you're telling me like do I think my neighbors have an enmity and an unpleasantness that I can't cut. No, I don't think that at all. I, I have wonderful and meaningful relationships with people. That, and there's certain topics that you try to avoid and that there are other topics that you don't avoid at all and you give each other tremendous amounts of for so and again that's anecdot, not data. So I can't tell you what's what. I can only tell you my experience. But in my experience media is, has an effect, it has a weight and it has an ability to warp perceptions. You know, cable news to me was mind blowing. 24 hour news cycle is good for one thing and that's 9 11. Like when 911 happens, you want that fucking station to be on all day and you want people and you want something because the world is so tenuous in that moment. But in the absence of it, how are you going to keep people watching? Well, you have to in some ways Impose kind of a contrived urgency or a fear. And it's nothing new. It's just a question of degrees. How many times, you know, in the olden days of Raja Mudd and Eyewitness News, it was, you know, do you have children? Well, you won't believe the dangers in your bathroom. And you're like, well, I would. I shit there. Like, I. I would think it's probably not hygienic, but it's always been about how do we keep the eyeballs Right. I'm going to use. Can. May I use a not safe for work and somewhat a tawdry example here.

[Ezra Klein]

Ezra, before now, this has all been safe for work. This has been. This has been your version of pj.

[Jon Stewart]

This is a classy program.

[Ezra Klein]

So I don't. You.

[Jon Stewart]

You.

[Ezra Klein]

You do what you need to do, Ezra.

[Jon Stewart]

You're a good man. Thank you. When I was A young man, 13, 14 years old, if I got a hold of a Sears catalog and there was a picture of a woman in a bra in it, I was like, this is the most sexually exciting and arousing image. And as you get older, you get to, like, that doesn't work on you anymore. And you get to that point where you're like three people, a goat and someone's singing Pavarotti. You're like, you know, that is. You have to keep stimulating people further and further to different extremities to get that same hit of dopamine. And those apps and that media, especially now, are scientifically designed purposefully. Like the woman who was blowing the whistle on Facebook. Like, our food is designed to escape that part of your brain that says, I should stop eating right now. Like, this is purposeful the way that we are divided as people. Some of it is political and weaponized by political actors, but the majority of it is capitalism. Capitalism with the idea of how do I generate the most income out of engagement? And it turns out, fear and anger and hate and outrage pay huge. I'm not suggesting that a monkey washing a cat is in a tremendous video and that we'll also get clicks, but that's not a business model. The business model is creating an atmosphere of outrage and anger. And so when you ask, does that have an effect, it absolutely does. And I think it does rewire the brains of the users.

[Ezra Klein]

When I was on your show, we were talking about a piece of this, actually, which is the way that you were saying, you know, there was AM radio, and then there was Fox News. And one thing that has happened in. I mean, in My lifetime, right. Which is. And I'm 40, is this tremendous segmentation. The media broke into these, like, little competitive slices. And competition can be great in the sense that it creates a lot of innovation. And if the innovation is how to get your little slice away from everybody else, sometimes the competition can become warping. And one of the things I always think people get really wrong about the media is they think that it is stronger and more self directed than it is when. Particularly when it has gotten very, very competitive. And it has.

[Jon Stewart]

When you say self directed, what do you mean by that?

[Ezra Klein]

I've been involved in lots of different media over the years, and I think something that has surprised me from going from somebody who reads it to somebody who makes it is watching the way the media comes to reflect its audience, unless a tremendous amount of editorial strength is applied in the opposite direction. So the sense of the media is just driving the audience bars is not quite right.

[Jon Stewart]

You just named. You named the game. You know, then I think we talked about this. A lie travels eight times faster than the truth, but that means that the truth has to work nine or ten times harder than a lie. And lies are the thing that are most weaponized. The truth is rarely weaponized, but the lies sure as shit are, because that's what propaganda is. And so the thing that you just said about the media not being self directed, I think is probably putting your finger on, in my mind exactly what is troubling that they themselves are victims of the incentivized algorithm that they're trying to compete with, as opposed to viewing it as part of an ongoing battle to combat lies.

[Ezra Klein]

Your show has existed in two forms over time, right? There's the form on Comedy Central and then the chopped up form that goes on YouTube.

[Jon Stewart]

Right.

[Ezra Klein]

Does YouTube change it at all? Do you understand the YouTube difference's audience? And do you think that the fact that it has this other life has shifted the way in its earlier incarnation or in its current one, the show gets made or what gets on it?

[Jon Stewart]

It hasn't changed the way we make it. I don't know if chopping it up changes the way people experience it. I would guess it does. You mean in like. Because people get shorter and shorter. Like it lasts.

[Ezra Klein]

Not only do they get shorter and shorter, but in an episode. I think about this all the time in my work. Right. When I was running Vox, when I was at the Post, it used to be that you got. You bought the paper as a whole, right? Or the magazine. I was at the American Prospect. You got the thing as and so as an editor at one of those places, you would balance things out. The stuff that was really appealing with the stuff that was maybe a bit more vegetables, the stuff that was a little bit more right, and the stuff that was a little bit more left across the bundle that you were offering people. But when the way things worked was they grabbed one article and shared it around. And that article was then how people understood you. Your ability to exercise editorial control over the whole of the thing went away. And so maybe you do an episode that has different things in it for different people, or as a whole, it exists in some way. But then the fact that each segment has its own life, if I'm watching it on YouTube, which is often where I watch it, that sort of control, that ability to give you the balanced diet, it's actually just not in your control any longer.

[Jon Stewart]

Yeah, I mean, boy, that's a good one. Because it's, you know, television is so different than, you know, I think your background is probably more in writing and how people consume, but reading is such a more active process than viewership. And so I think because I have always been in standup or television, I assume a more passive audience. And so I never think quite about did they get the whole thing? Because I just always assume they're doing something else. Like, especially, you know, it's 11 at night, it's 11:30 at night. I just always assumed that I was a mild form of foreplay that just kind of. So I think the interesting thing about our process that's maybe different than what you're describing is how little we think about who might watch it and how they might watch it. And someone asked me this once, you know, they said, has the social media or any of those other things changed the way people consume your show? And I was like, I don't know. I don't know them. I know this. It hasn't changed the way we make it, which is probably stupid. It has changed the way we try to publicize it. Like, we will send out, like, if there's a good joke chunk, we'll send that out there. And maybe people consume that as a way to maybe entice them. But the other part of it is you're looking at the totality of analysis and news that makes up writing a considered art form, that you're really able to express a variety of different elements, and you need the totality of that to, you know, actualize your. Your readers. The Daily show really was like one op ed. And then, you know, it became the evolution of The Daily show wasn't. We became, you know, a series of monologue jokes that became slightly more essayistic, but it was always just one essay. So the burden of carrying that larger information world, I think we never felt, if that makes sense. And because we were steeped in television, you don't think of it in the same intellectual way that you might as you're building Vox or as you're thinking about the New York Times.

[Ezra Klein]

Yeah. The other thing that makes me think about, which is more private thought I've had over the years, is one of the dangerous things as media went online, you always want to be selling something that isn't the politics as your service to the audience, which is to say, you were selling jokes as your first service to the audience, and there was politics and analysis alongside that. But they could come for the jokes. They didn't have to agree with the politics. The New York Times, that's reporting, right. You might hate what you understand to be the New York Times politics, but there's a ton of international reporting, and we have people all over the New Yorker. It's the narrative journalism, right. There's a politics to the New Yorker, but you can come for the stories first. And when you just sell in the politics, when you sort of distill it down to that, I mean, you were sort of making this about lies and truths. But I think once it just becomes a politics, what you can really like, you have to be in agreement. If you're a highly ideological organization and you have an audience, you have to be in agreement with the audience, or they have to be in agreement with you or you're going to die. And the way that the Internet unbundled everything, you couldn't just be coming for the sports. It made that much more intense.

[Jon Stewart]

So, again, that's when we talk about weaponization. So it's this idea it depends on, I would say, rather than lies and truth. Maybe the binary that I would talk about is good faith, bad faith. Are you a purely political actor, or do you believe there's utility in information or utility in good faith argumentation? I would say that a lot of the media is not good faith argumentation. It's political actors weaponizing forms of communication for the desired goal of shifting a political conversation towards one side. You know, and there's different parameters to that. You can do that by heightening your side's political thing. You can do that by demonizing the other side's political thing. You can do that by undercutting. You can do that by warping. But that's the real difference. I think. Media doesn't know how to deal with bad actors and bad faith actors that have weaponized it and so they're forced to. It reminds me of every Supreme Court confirmation hearing where the person that has achieved this level of accolade as a lawyer or as a judge or whatever it is, sits there and they say, what do you think about this? And they go, I am an umpire and I would call balls and strikes and I would star decisis the precedent. It's what I and then they get on the court and they're like, I hate women and I'm going to do. You know, it's all a show. That's bad faith.

[Ezra Klein]

You're a details person. You read the nutrition facts and you check the footnotes. So when giving to charity, check out GiveWell, a nonprofit that researches and recommends great giving opportunities. Their reports could even satisfy those of you who have read a Terms and conditions agreement. Over 100,000 donors have already used GiveWell's research, collectively saving 200,000 lives and improving millions more. Go to givewell.org select podcast and enter Ezra Klein at checkout to let them know you heard about them from us. This podcast is supported by BetterHelp online therapy what comes to mind when you hear the word gratitude? Maybe it's a daily practice or maybe it feels hard to be grateful right now. Don't forget to give yourself some thanks by investing in your well being. BetterHelp is the largest online therapy provider in the world, connecting you to qualified professionals via phone, video or message chat. Let the gratitude flow. Visit betterhelp.com Ezra to get 10% off your first month. That's BetterHelp. H E L P.com Ezra, you may remember, or actually many people may not remember, there was a show on CNN called Crossfire for a period of time.

[Jon Stewart]

That I'm not familiar with. It sounds fantastic. I like any show that is named after what innocent bystanders get caught in in a, let's say gang violence.

[Ezra Klein]

For somebody who's never seen Crossfire because something happened, it ended up getting taken off of the air due to the actions of a rogue comedian. What was it?

[Jon Stewart]

What it started out as was this idea of good faith argumentation between people of differing political viewpoints. The original premise of that is not by definition a bad thing. I don't necessarily think that the binary of right and left or liberal and conservative is a particularly useful one.

[Ezra Klein]

But and it was Michael Kinsley and Patrick Buchanan the original sanity versus Fear actually yes, that.

[Jon Stewart]

But exactly right. Slate versus Father Coughlin. But what it turned into was, and this is maybe the critique of Crossfire that I think everyone has misunderstood was this idea of. It wasn't. I wasn't calling for civility. I was calling for a non kabuki theater version. That debate, of course, should be robust and at times angry, but it should be in a modicum of good faith. And what it had become was sort of this very weaponized, incentivized theater. So when you ask again, back to the original question, what comes first, the chicken or the egg? Well, what came first was an intention of having really interesting argumentation that could be illuminating and articulate differences. And what the business model of 24 hour cable news turned it into was a perverse exercise in cynical, weaponized, divisive conversation.

[Ezra Klein]

You're going to enjoy this. So I'm going to play. Please. Sorry, this is not. You've done a lot, you've done a lot to deserve this. There's karma. You do this with other people.

[Jon Stewart]

You're. You have listeners out.

[Ezra Klein]

Has this not happened to you?

[Jon Stewart]

No.

[Ezra Klein]

Really?

[Jon Stewart]

No.

[Ezra Klein]

Yeah, unfortunately, I've not had a.

[Jon Stewart]

This is your life like this where you, you play things that, that my wife, After Cross, my wife. And this was before everything became viral and things like that, like that really hadn't happened at that point. This was long time ago. This was like 2000, I don't know what, 4, 6, 8. I have no idea. My wife called me, called me, not texted me on my iPhone, like none of that shit existed. She called me and said, don't you ever do something like that again. And I tried.

[Ezra Klein]

Well, I'm going to play first what you did and then we can talk about it. Sorry, you can cover your ears.

[Jon Stewart]

I'm here to confront you because we need help from the media and they're hurting us. And it's. The idea is. Let me get this straight. If the indictment is. If the indictment is, and I have.

[Ezra Klein]

Seen you say this, that Crossfire reduces.

[Jon Stewart]

Everything, as I said in the intro to Left, right, black, white.

[Ezra Klein]

Yes.

[Jon Stewart]

Well, it's because, see, we're a debate show. It's like single. No, no, no, no.

[Ezra Klein]

That'd be great.

[Jon Stewart]

I would love to see a debate.

[Ezra Klein]

In a 24 hour day where we.

[Jon Stewart]

Have each side on as best. No, no, no, no, no. That would be great.

[Ezra Klein]

And have them fight it out to.

[Jon Stewart]

Do a debate would be great. But that's like saying pro wrestling is a show about athletic competition.

[Ezra Klein]

I think you're a good comedian. I think your lectures Are boring.

[Jon Stewart]

Let me ask you. Let me ask you a question on the news now. This is theater. I mean, it's. It's obvious.

[Ezra Klein]

How old are you? 35.

[Jon Stewart]

And you wear a bow tie. Yeah, I do. I do. So this is.

[Ezra Klein]

I know, I know.

[Jon Stewart]

Let me just go now.

[Ezra Klein]

Come on.

[Jon Stewart]

And listen, I'm not, I not suggesting that you're not a smart guy, because those are not easy to tie. But the thing is that this. You're doing theater when you should be doing debate, which would be great. It's not honest. What you do is honest. What you do is partisan hackery.

[Ezra Klein]

I knew Tucker Carlson in those days, and his signal characteristic to me, the thing I think you were picking up on, particularly about him, is he treated it all as a joke. You can go back and read Tucker Carlson's old magazine journalism and it's great, hilarious magazine journalism. He's a very, very good magazine writer when he was young and he went through all these very quick transformations. He was on MSNBC for a while. People forget that Rachel Maddow's. One of her early breaks was that she was a regular contributor to Tucker Carlson's show on msnbc. He was this kind of good times libertarian type. And he was a guy who treated it all kind of as a game, right above it. I guess what I will say for him now is I don't think it's a joke to him now. Something happened there. I think his politics are much more serious and much more real. And obviously for that, much more dangerous humiliation happened.

[Jon Stewart]

Yeah.

[Ezra Klein]

I'm curious how you understand his. What happened to him psychologically.

[Jon Stewart]

Well, I think, and I hate to do this to you, Ezra, I'm going to describe this to you in professional wrestling terms since that was one of the analogies that I used on there.

[Ezra Klein]

See, this is actually the sport I know.

[Jon Stewart]

Okay then, Ezra, you and I are.

[Ezra Klein]

We're in good shape here. Kayfabe. I got it.

[Jon Stewart]

Beautiful. So what I was complaining about on Crossfire was Kayfabe was this idea that this is just theater and everybody's playing a character and nobody's blah, blah, blah. But the other way to describe it for them is there's an establishment and then there's the anti establishment. Right. The disruptors and the rebels. Tucker Carlson was establishment and he tried to be a face. He was a heel, like. Like Fox News, Megan Kelly, same thing.

[Ezra Klein]

Face being a good guy, heel being a bad guy.

[Jon Stewart]

So she's on the heel network, Fox, but she's kind of the face on Fox. She's the one that, like, every now and again will say something and like, the establishment or liberals will go like, wow, she actually. That's empathy. That's like. That's interesting. Oh, she's not towing a dogmatic party line. Right? So they decide like, oh, I will live amongst the faces. I will join them. I will be a part of the establishment. And the establishment and the faces reject them. They feel wrongly and with a dogmatic litmus test, and it's never good enough. And it's their intolerance that put them in that position. So they tried to live amongst the normies, right? And when that blows up and creates humiliation and returns them to, I think, their truer selves, I prefer them the way they are right now. I kind of dig it. It is like, explain. I'd rather someone not pretend to be Barbie and just be who she is, which is, I think, Ursula from the Little Mermaid. See, I went from pro wrestling to the Little Mermaid. You know, in many ways, Ezra, I am still stuck in the same entertainment options that I was using when my kids were little. I am frozen in that time. But do you get my point about what happened is they view and Donald Trump in the same way he views that there's this world that is excluding them, and they are excluding them purely for dogmatic. And they think they're better than me and they hold these views that they think their shit doesn't stink. And I stepped into that world and tried to, you know, be amongst them and they rejected that because they're assholes. And now I can just be in my own world and be as angry and as vicious as I think I was treated. And I think that's kind of the way it goes.

[Ezra Klein]

I think it's so interesting. I don't know Megyn Kelly's story as well as I know or watched Carlson and tried.

[Jon Stewart]

I think it's a very. I think it's very similar.

[Ezra Klein]

Yeah, I'm just.

[Jon Stewart]

Her moment was the. I joined NBC this morning is the.

[Ezra Klein]

Launch of Megyn Kelly today just about six minutes from now.

[Jon Stewart]

Megan, good morning. Good morning. I can't hear anything you guys are saying, but I am excited and we're excited for the show didn't go that well. And by the way, in both instances.

[Ezra Klein]

And this is after being run out of Fox News, by the way, because she asked hard questions of Donald Trump at the first debate. Right. She was rejected by the right first because she was not sufficiently pro Trump and he came after her and within a year she was out.

[Jon Stewart]

Right. And that's why I was seeing. That's what I meant by she was a face. She became a face. So if you think about it, both Tucker Carlson and Megyn Kelly were rejected. And the reasoning behind their rejection, I think is still misunderstood. I didn't get Crossfire canceled. Crossfire's ratings sucked and CNN looked for a way out. And that was a convenient flash point. And by the way, none of that had much to do, you know, with Tucker Carlson. Anyway. Person I really didn't like there was Novak, but he just wasn't on the show that day. But. And Megyn Kelly in the same thing. Her show just wasn't connecting on NBC. And I want to begin with two words. I'm sorry, you may have heard that.

[Ezra Klein]

Yesterday we had a discussion here about.

[Jon Stewart]

Political correctness and Halloween costumes. And then she had that moment of it was a blackface, I think, comment about the thing.

[Ezra Klein]

I defended the idea, saying as long as it was respectful and part of.

[Jon Stewart]

A Halloween costume, it seemed okay. Well, I was wrong and I am sorry. If her show was killing it, they'd have found a way to forgive it. They'd have found a way to keep her on there. They'd have found. But they used it as a convenient excuse.

[Ezra Klein]

After public outcry stemming from controversial comments she made this week, all eyes are on what happens next for the anchor as her time with the Today show.

[Jon Stewart]

Comes to an end.

[Ezra Klein]

The move comes four days after her blackface comments that provoked a firestorm leading to a tearful apology.

[Jon Stewart]

The chairman of NBC News condemned Kelly's remarks during a staff town hall, according to Variety, saying, there is no place on our air or in this workplace for them. But I'm sure for her, it was incredibly painful and felt like a canceled because of my viewpoints. But the truth of the matter is NBC executives and CNN executives, they aren't woke. They aren't any of those things. They're fucking desperately trying to hold onto their jobs by generating ad revenue by whatever means necessary. And so that's what they got caught up on. And by the way, though, the way that it happened attacked them at a core level. And that's what's created that. Like, I've been canceled a shit ton of times, but the only reason I was canceled is like, the network executives just were like, yeah, this show sucks, but they didn't say, like, you're a bad person. And that's why we're canceling the show. And that's what they did to them, the industry, rather than standing up for what was really going on there, which is you're not generating enough revenue and interest to justify your large contract or whatever it is they turned it into. We're getting rid of you for a moral failing or lapse. And that was wrong. And that's not. Listen, I. I don't care for what they do. I don't care for their opinions, but what happened to them was wrong.

[Ezra Klein]

The executives are interesting here. I was thinking about this when you were relaying that story about Roger Ailes.

[Jon Stewart]

Yes.

[Ezra Klein]

There was a period of time in my life I did a lot of MSNBC and was a guest host on a lot of the primetime programs there. And so I knew the people who ran it pretty well. And what I would say about the people who ran MSNBC was they were fundamentally not that ideological. They were television executives, what they cared about. And that's why Tucker Carlson had a show and why they were so excited about Joe Scarborough and still are. Why recently they tried to hire Ronna McDaniel, the RNC chair, sort of disgraced RNC chair that didn't end up working out due to a revolt by people at the network with morals. Roger Ailes is honestly ideological.

[Jon Stewart]

Right.

[Ezra Klein]

He had, as he's put it, he had a vision.

[Jon Stewart]

Right.

[Ezra Klein]

He had a view about how things should be. He wanted to be successful, but he also actually knew what he was trying to achieve in the world. Those NBC executives who brought on Megyn Kelly, it was obvious to me that that show wasn't going to work. But they wanted the look of bringing on Megyn Kelly because they are not ideological and particularly don't want to be seen as.

[Jon Stewart]

But they're lying to themselves because they place things in a moral universe when they really are just crass executives who are trying to sell. Like, that's the part where I think the critique, if there's one critique of the media from the right that I do agree with is the moralizing nature. I don't know that there is, you know, the idea that these media executives moralize their position like, there may be no greater disparity between reality and whatever idealized moral image you have them yourselves than the Washington Post putting on their masthead, democracy dies in darkness. Like, who the fuck do you think you are? You have a board up in your room that shows, like, who's getting what clicks where. Like, that's just nonsense. I mean, I would almost welcome maybe not necessarily a more moral component, but a component of the news media that is more forceful editorially. Like Ailes greatest trick was delegitimizing the idea of editorial authority while exercising almost complete editorial authority, but doing it a way that was really smart. Like, there is no condescension and moralizing on fox. It's people on a couch asking questions. Do you think there's just, you know, are you worried about how many terrorists are coming in on the border? Do you ever worry about that? Whereas if you turn on msc, sometimes you're like, it's like birds descending, you know, at sea on a tuna boat going, that's factually incorrect, incorrect, not correct incorrect. And you're just like, ah, I can't listen to this. But that's the brilliance of it. So when I say, like, Megyn Kelly's right, like I do believe she's right, they pretended that they had to get rid of her out of some moral obligation to enlightened racism sensibility. Like, fuck you. That is so not what you did. If they're making money, they're making money. And they'll let you get away with anything. Anything as we see. But when you ain't making money anymore and they don't for some reason have the temerity to just go, yeah, you're not making us any money, they find some pretense of your moral failing and yank you. And so I get where some of that anger comes from. From those folks don't have a ton of sympathy because I've been fired a bunch of times too, but for the old fashioned reasons of sucking.

[Ezra Klein]

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[Jon Stewart]

See the research and a treasure trove.

[Ezra Klein]

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[Jon Stewart]

When I.

[Ezra Klein]

Think of Tucker Carlson now, I miss the triviality. I miss the that there was enough agreed upon that you could have the theater, the kabuki. And now it feels like we slipped down in this place where it's like, will we be a white ethnonationalist state? That's harder to have like a funny debate over.

[Jon Stewart]

But you always have to caution yourself against a nostalgia about this other time that existed because, you know, William Hearst and yellow journalism and you know, remember the main can be just as damaging even though it's newspaper. Or think about, you know, radio in Rwanda, or think about, you know, propaganda that was piped into soldiers ears during, you know, different times on the radio. But again, media has to continue to raise the bar in terms of the circadian rhythm of it, the cadence of it. It has to happen faster now, it happens more. And the difficulty is for the parts of media that we look at as utility, right, Think about the checks and balances of the government. This is going to be a segue that doesn't make any sense. But think about in the way that they describe the House of Representatives in the Senate. Somebody's got to be the Senate, not the Senate as it's presently constituted, but the normal Senate before it was an assisted living facility. So you know, it has to be the saucer that cools the milk or whatever the fuck they want to describe it as. And that's what we're missing because what's happening is everybody's chasing that most dopamine addled, you know, cocaine hamster, sitting in a cage, tapping the bar. Like whatever makes content, right, Becomes kind of fodder for all the other outlets that make their bones on content. So like, I don't know what will be clipped from this? Generally something will be clipped. Generally it's something that will reflect very little context about what we're talking about, but could be considered the most divisive or confrontational or provocative or partisan moment. Right? I did an interview with Tim Walls yesterday. What will get clipped out of that is I had a moment where I was like, do we need the Cheneys? Can we get rid of the Cheneys? We don't need the Cheneys. And that's the moment that will be grabbed. Because how do those other outlets make their money? They don't make their money by going, oh, I saw this interview and it had blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. They make their money by getting people to click. So rather than cooling it or debating it in good faith or looking at the issues, they look for a moment that they can exploit. And I don't look back with fond nostalgia. Over the early 2000s, even the new York Times credulously published something and Dick Cheney and his friends Got to go on all the Sunday shows the next day and go. Even the New York Times says Saddam Hussein is trying to make a nuclear weapon with these tubes that can only enrich uranium. Like, I have no nostalgia that somehow this form of media can be more dangerous or like it can all be very dangerous. And that's why we have to, in whatever moment we're living in, fight like fucking hell to take the danger out of it and to get better understanding into it. And we have the mechanisms and we have the talent and we have the people. We just need the will. Roger Ailes built Fox News media out of tenacity and will and skill as a producer. We have to match that with the same intentionality that he brought to it. I sat in his office one day and we yelled at each other for an hour. But my takeaway from it was that empire was built out of the back of his head purposefully with an idea to delegitimize any media that may take away from his vision of what the world should be.

[Ezra Klein]

God, there's so much there when you were talking about nostalgia. I will die on the hill of fighting the George W. Bush revisionist nostalgia. Donald Trump is the fault of Dick Cheney. We would not have Donald Trump if we had not had Dick Cheney end the Iraq war. End a delegitimization of the entire upper echelons of the Republican Party that came out of that much failure.

[Jon Stewart]

Right.

[Ezra Klein]

So something about seeing Dick Cheney, who now endorsing Harris and Liz Cheney, who, to be fair, I do admire that Liz Cheney was willing to lose her seat to oppose Donald Trump's anti democratic movements.

[Jon Stewart]

Think about the bar that sets though, Ezra, that's. I applaud the courage of someone who recognizes a coup and decides to say something about it.

[Ezra Klein]

Yeah, but how many of the others didn't?

[Jon Stewart]

No, that's what I'm saying. Like that is the lowest bar.

[Ezra Klein]

But there is this way. It's like between recognizing there's something important there and the like the genuine absence of accountability. Right. I mean there is something.

[Jon Stewart]

Oh, I think other people recognize there's something important. I just think they put the project over the principle.

[Ezra Klein]

Yes.

[Jon Stewart]

Look, we're in a different world now, man. Like the old world communism versus capitalism moment is over. And by the way, it was a fight that had more death and destruction in it than I think was probably ever necessary. All that really. I think this country needed to fend off communism. And socialism is a decent social safety net, which I think was demonstrated. But now we're in A different world where the alignment is, I think, woke versus Unwoke. And the interesting thing is the Unwoke people think they're the defenders of classic liberalism when all of their allies in it like Orban and Putin and that, that's the new alignment of the world. Woke versus Unwoke. And the classic defenders, the people in the media and in government who say I'm the defenders of the Constitution and free speech and would like to align myself with Orban and Putin, like the cognitive dissonance that occurs there is mind blowing.

[Ezra Klein]

I remember when Elon Musk took over Twitter to protect free speech and make sure Twitter was politically neutral. And now here we are.

[Jon Stewart]

But no, it's. And, but, but it's in many ways a cynical exercise. And you can say to them, Donald Trump is threatening broadcast license because he doesn't like that they're critical of him. Or Donald Trump is calling people the enemy within and not migrant gangs. He's talking about Nancy Pelosi. And you say, so how are you the defender of the First Amendment? And that's the guy you're throwing. Well, that's just bluster. Oh, he doesn't mean that he does a thing. You know, none of this particularly makes any sense. And if you want to talk about cancel culture, there is no greater cancel culture than being a Republican and speaking out, even in the mildest forms against Donald Trump. Where's the free speech in any of this? It does. None of this makes any fucking sense. Ezra, make sense of it. Ezra, you're very smart. Please help me.

[Ezra Klein]

I think that I like the cut you're making. Like I do think there's something to the woke. Non woke. I think that people, I mean, we were talking about this when I was on your show. It's funny because we're circling some of the same topics here, right. It is one of the oldest findings in political science that people are not that ideological, that the people who have.

[Jon Stewart]

This, I definitely agree with that have.

[Ezra Klein]

This like, who experience politics as this well connected sense of this web of policies that all go together. And if you pick the liberal web or the conservative Web, that's like 10% of the population. Most people are just not how they experience politics or the world. And one of the things that bugs me is the endless. At this point, I don't think people should still be saying, should still be surprised that Donald Trump has appeal. We've seen Donald Trump figures in too many other countries. The fact that he doesn't appeal to you. But if you believe Donald Trump should be losing this election by 60, you know, 65, 35. And it's just like a failure of political strategy on Kamala Harris part. Like, I think you've missed the boat. You missed the actual, like, appeal of strongman politics, which have been there forever. You've missed the appeal of people who say, preach. I don't like how all this is changing. And I wanted to stop. There are people I love who support Donald Trump, and it's one of the best things in my politics that I have them in my life because, like, one, it's, it keeps my sense of people's complexity alive. But two, one thing you hear is just people saying, I don't know, everything's different now and I don't feel like I have a place in it. And on some level, Donald Trump agrees with them. It was better before Make America Great Again. And that's a politics that sometimes gets policies attached to it. But it's not really a politics that is about policies or even about any one thing. I mean, vibes, a sense of, do you fit in the world and where it's going? Do you have status in the world and where it's going? I think I try to.

[Jon Stewart]

I'm a strong man as long as it's my strongman, as long as it's following along to that point. Ezra, I mean, you know, look, I'm not in a swing state, so I don't know exactly, but we still have down ballot races that are being, you know, communicated all the time. The big clamoring about Kamala Harris was she has to define who she is through a series of policy things that appeal to the American people and that will help them get comfortable with her as a leader and da da da da da da. Every commercial that I see on my television, there's only two arguments the Republicans are making. Republican candidates are making two arguments. We're all going to die because of people coming over from the border. And Kamala Harris is for they them. Donald Trump is for you. Those are the only two commercials. Trans people and migration. That's it. And they all talk about trans people shouldn't be in sports as though like that is the dominant theme of like high school athletics now is like, my kids were high school aged a couple years ago. I don't recall there ever being a trans person playing the sport or dominates or having any consequential action on that. But I will tell you this. If you're concerned about competition and fairness, I've seen a lot of parents who reclass their Kids to drop them down a grade. Not because they can't handle the social aspect of it, not because they can't handle the academics, but because it will make them a more appealing athletic prospect. So 19 year olds are beating the shit out of 14 year olds in high school sports. You want to do something about competition, do that. But what they've done is they've taken a kind of non problem and blown it into a catastrophic emblem of a society in decline.

[Ezra Klein]

But emblem is such an important, I think word there because the thing, the reason there is strength to what they're doing. Cause. Yeah, it's not. Look, if we could, I am fully happy to say if we could agree on giving people rights and protection from discrimination, we can then have some conversations about the right way to manage swimming at the NCAA level. I think a society could say sports are arbitrary. We're gonna figure something out. But it's a, it's all a signal like of they are turning society into something you don't understand anymore. It's not a policy.

[Jon Stewart]

They're taking it though, and they're like. What they do though is. And they blow it out anecdotally through like these social media apps with their algorithms and incentives. That is the whole point as we circle back to the thing is they are able to take those uncomfortable feelings of change and create an urgency. You know, there's something very like I have anxiety and insomnia, had it my whole life. What it does is actually physical. Like your mind will take you to places that you believe in your body are now happening, cortisol is flowing and you feel an urgency and an almost a fear and a panic. Whether or not what you're experiencing is real, imminent, impossible, it doesn't matter. And what the algorithms do that is so destructive and brilliant is what people in white lab coats do to lay's potato chips. They design it in a way. The algorithm finds a way to take a piece of information and put it into your body in a way that drags you into a rabbit hole and creates in your body that sense of panic and fear. They physicalize it in a way that a newspaper never could. And that's the danger here. And always, by the way, the most vulnerable populations, you notice that it's not anybody but like the people with the fewest defenders.

[Ezra Klein]

Always, always, I want to end on not how everybody else changed, but how you did. And when I go back to old Jon Stewart, I'm not going to play anything at you. You're safe now.

[Jon Stewart]

Please.

[Ezra Klein]

There was this sort of sanity. We can all be, you know, let's have some common sense here, like let's not be idiots. You have this great long traffic analogy in your sanity speech about us all on the road together. And I listened to you now listen to the podcast, got to appear on it, which was a thrill. And there's a. You're more of a populist now, like left populist. But it feels to me like this.

[Jon Stewart]

Sense that politically, I think I've always been. That's I think politically.

[Ezra Klein]

But there's a sense that I did not used to get from you, that I would describe your politics much more now, not as technocratic, but as power concedes nothing without a fight that I completely agree with.

[Jon Stewart]

I think the difference is in the populations that I'm talking about. I think I've always separated. You know, the idea has always been, you know, 80 to 90% of the people can find some ability to work together in common ground and move forward in a productive fashion. And the other 10 to 15% of those people run the place. And that has always been my position. And I think some of it has been informed by having to go down to Washington to try and accomplish something not in the media world, but in the real world and the realities of what it takes to move a machine that is built for the status quo and built for the disconnect between their power structure and the needs of the people that they purport to represent. So there is certainly a more sober view of what it takes to move that machine. But I have never thought there was anything other than the people and the machine. And what's so frustrating about that is we the people, by the people, for the people, of the people. And what is it about that process that removes us from them? That's the part that I think is so difficult. So now when I think of solutions, I think less of those processes and changing it in more fundamental ways. I think less of, we got to get more unionizing, got to get more people and think like, no, the whole fucking structure has to change. They need to be able to participate in the investment and shareholder economy at that table. Whatever feast is being had, there must be had here. Poor people shouldn't have to get better lobbyists. Veterans who are struggling with toxic exposure shouldn't have to find public figures. You know, none of this shit should be the way that you permeate that bubble. But I don't think the fundamental truth that people inherently in day to day lives have an ability to be with each other, healthily that hasn't changed for me.

[Ezra Klein]

I don't think that's a great place to end. Always. Our final question, what are three books you'd recommend to the audience?

[Jon Stewart]

Let's see. I Shouldn't be Telling you this by Chelsea Devontas. That's what I have there.

[Ezra Klein]

Oh, that sounded like you were telling me a secret. No, the book is called I Shouldn't Be Telling youg this.

[Jon Stewart]

Oh, yes. I chose. Yeah, I just. She's a friend of mine who is a wonderful comedian and a writer and her memoir she just written, I think, a few months ago, and it's absolutely wonderful.

[Ezra Klein]

Chelsea Devontas was her name.

[Jon Stewart]

Chelsea Devontas, Yeah. Fabulous comedian. You know, whenever I recommend books, I always go back to the books of my youth. And so it's always Vonnegut. Get your hands on Vonnegut. If there was anyone that I think more impressed my worldview, it was. It was Vonnegut. This idea of a guy who had been through World War II in Dresden and yet still maintained a hopeful, humanistic approach, even tinged with the cynicism that obviously comes through people like Carlin and any book by Carlin or Vonnegut, and I know those sound disparate.

[Ezra Klein]

Where do you start? Give me a. Give me a Vonnegut. For.

[Jon Stewart]

I would start Breakfast of Champions with Vonnegut. Or maybe Player Piano. You know, boy, you just can't go wrong Cat's Cradle. You can't go wrong Slaughterhouse Five. Whatever you want to do. God bless you, Mr. Rosewood. Whatever, whatever you want. It just doesn't matter because you'll dive in and you'll be transported to that. To that world of a hopeful, heartbroken man writing about what he thinks people could be. It's that, you know, it's the William Shatner blue origin moment where he goes up in space and he looks down on the Earth and goes, how are we blowing this? How the. In this dark expanse of nothingness, we have the one. It's like the same thing, I think, when they always say, like, we're going to Mars, and you're like, but the water and the food is here. Why. Why don't we just stay here and make this work? What's wrong with that?

[Ezra Klein]

A hopeful, heartbroken man. Jon Stewart. Thank you very much.

[Jon Stewart]

All.

[Ezra Klein]

This episode of the Ezra Klein show is produced by Elias Isquith. Fact checking by Michelle Harris. Our senior engineer is Jeff Geld, with additional mixing by Amin Sahuta. Our supervising editor is Claire Gordon. The show's production team also includes Andy Galvin, Roland Hu, and Kristen Lin. Original Music by Pat McCusker. Audience Strategy by Christina Nassemie Luski and Shannon Busta. The executive producer of New York Times Opinion Audio is Annie Rose Strasser.

[Jon Stewart]

Ezra, that was fun.

[Ezra Klein]

Super fun, man. Thank you.

[Jon Stewart]

Oh good. I'm glad.

[Ezra Klein]

I've wanted to have you on the show since I started it. That was all I hoped for.

[Jon Stewart]

I'm delighted and I hope to have disappointed you and your production team.

[Ezra Klein]

That's in all the right ways.

[Jon Stewart]

The kind of burgers you get today.

[Ezra Klein]

Tells you a lot about yourself.

[Jon Stewart]

You're either someone who settles for sad, same old, same old burgers or you're at a Carl's Jr obsessed with a tangy OG Western bacon cheeseburger, demanding a.

[Ezra Klein]

House made guacamole loaded guac bacon fired.

[Jon Stewart]

Up for the insanely hot El Diablo.

[Ezra Klein]

Or craving a classic Charbon Famous star.

[Jon Stewart]

Give into your flavored cravings. Get your mouth to Carl's Jr. Good Burger.