The Great Books Podcast: Episode 353 – 'Ajax' by Sophocles

Host: John J. Miller
Guest: James Brandon, Professor of Theater at Hillsdale College
Release Date: December 17, 2024

Introduction

In Episode 353 of The Great Books Podcast, host John J. Miller welcomes James Brandon, a theater professor from Hillsdale College, to delve into Sophocles' ancient tragedy, Ajax. Brandon, who has previously discussed plays like Oedipus Rex, Mother Courage, and The Seagull, brings his academic and directorial insights to explore the intricacies of this classic work. Recording from Hillsdale College's WRFH station in Michigan, their conversation promises a rich exploration of Ajax’s themes, characters, and enduring relevance.

Why 'Ajax' is a Great Book

James Brandon opens by highlighting the uniqueness of Ajax within the Greek tragedy genre. Unlike traditional tragedies where the protagonist's fall is central, Ajax subverts expectations by featuring the hero’s on-stage suicide midway through the play. Brandon remarks, “Ajax actually talks more about the legacy of the hero than about the fall of the hero. And I find that to be remarkable” ([00:50]). This bold narrative choice sets Ajax apart, offering a fresh perspective on the tragic condition and resisting the formulaic patterns often associated with tragedy.

Plot Overview of 'Ajax'

Brandon provides a comprehensive overview of the play, situating it post-Iliad during the prolonged Trojan War. The play begins with Odysseus investigating the mysterious slaughter of Greek livestock, leading him to suspect Ajax. Brandon explains, “Athena is the root cause of everything... the judges decide to award Achilles golden armor to Odysseus, and this enrages Ajax” ([03:04]). Ajax’s subsequent descent into madness, fueled by the perceived injustice and influenced by Athena’s intervention, drives him to commit acts of violence against the Greek camp’s livestock, mistaking them for his enemies.

Directing 'Ajax' at Hillsdale College

Discussing his recent staging of Ajax, Brandon reveals his directorial choices aimed at emphasizing the play’s macabre elements without resorting to graphic gore. “[...] we created. We turned the hut into a kleclima on its own” ([06:04]). This innovative approach visually represents Ajax’s inner turmoil and the chaos he unleashes. By using members of the chorus to portray the slaughtered animals and incorporating stark imagery, Brandon successfully conveys the horror of Ajax’s actions, leaving a lasting impression on the audience.

Ajax's Realization and Aftermath

Brandon describes the pivotal moment when Ajax confronts his deeds and seeks solace, highlighting his interactions with Tecmessa, his mistress. “[...] he is horrified, and I think most importantly, he's ashamed at what he's done” ([08:43]). This confrontation underscores Ajax’s profound sense of shame and his quest for redemption. The strained relationship between Ajax and Tecmessa adds depth to his character, portraying the complexities of honor and personal relationships in the face of tragedy.

The Chorus and Elements of Greek Drama

A significant portion of the discussion focuses on the role of the Greek chorus in Ajax. Brandon elucidates, “A Greek chorus is like a professional audience... they ask the questions that we are thinking about in our own heads” ([11:09]). The chorus serves both as a commentator and as a bridge between the audience and the unfolding drama, providing intellectual context and emotional resonance. This dual function distinguishes Greek drama from contemporary forms, where the chorus’s presence is absent.

Themes of Fate and Heroism in Greek Drama

Brandon delves into the intrinsic themes of fate and hubris in Greek tragedy, emphasizing how characters like Ajax navigate predestined outcomes. “[...] how Ajax responds when he's dealt a setback... there’s a lot in Greek drama about the needs of the many versus the needs of the one” ([12:56]). The inevitability of fate and the struggle between personal honor and collective responsibility are central to understanding Greek dramatic tradition and Ajax’s tragic arc.

The Concept of Suicide in 'Ajax'

The conversation turns to the portrayal of suicide, a contentious theme in Ajax. Brandon explains, “The Greeks would have seen it as an honorable way out” ([14:27]). For Ajax, suicide represents a dignified escape from disgrace, aligning with ancient Greek values that prioritize honor and legacy. This perspective contrasts with modern views on suicide, adding layers to Ajax’s characterization and the play’s moral dilemmas.

Handling Ajax's Legacy and Burial

Post-suicide, the play shifts focus to the aftermath of Ajax’s death, particularly the contentious debate over his burial. Brandon notes, “[...] Burial is a way to remember Ajax” ([17:32]). This conflict mirrors themes from Sophocles’ Antigone, exploring the tension between divine law and human authority. The struggle to honor Ajax’s legacy against political expediency highlights the enduring human concern with memory, honor, and respect for the deceased.

Sophocles' Legacy in Greek Drama

Brandon situates Sophocles within the broader context of Greek playwrights, distinguishing his contributions from those of Aeschylus and Euripides. “[...] Sophocles had a better publicist than Aeschylus or Euripides” ([27:54]). His works, particularly Oedipus Rex, were celebrated by Aristotle as exemplars of Greek tragedy, cementing Sophocles’ influence on Western dramatic tradition. This legacy underscores the enduring relevance and studied prominence of Sophocles’ plays.

Relevance of 'Ajax' Today

Addressing contemporary relevance, Brandon draws parallels between Ajax’s struggles and the experiences of modern veterans dealing with PTSD and shame. “[...] there has been an attack, an attack on the Greek herds. All of the livestock that they've captured from the Trojans... And he ends up killing sheep and cows” ([05:51]). He emphasizes that the emotional and psychological battles faced by Ajax resonate with today’s society, particularly in the context of ongoing conflicts and their impact on soldiers’ mental health. This timeless exploration of trauma and honor makes Ajax a poignant reflection on the human condition.

Conclusion

In this insightful episode, James Brandon offers a profound analysis of Sophocles’ Ajax, blending scholarly interpretation with practical directorial experience. From dissecting the play’s unique structure and thematic depth to drawing connections with modern societal issues, Brandon illuminates why Ajax remains a compelling and relevant work. Listeners gain a comprehensive understanding of the play’s enduring significance within both the ancient and modern contexts, reaffirming the timeless power of Greek tragedy.

Notable Quotes:

• James Brandon: “Ajax actually talks more about the legacy of the hero than about the fall of the hero. And I find that to be remarkable.” ([00:50])

• James Brandon: “A Greek chorus is like a professional audience... they ask the questions that we are thinking about in our own heads.” ([11:09])

• James Brandon: “The Greeks would have seen it as an honorable way out.” ([14:27])

• James Brandon: “Sophocles had a better publicist than Aeschylus or Euripides.” ([27:54])

Further Engagement

Listeners are encouraged to subscribe to The Great Books Podcast, leave reviews, and share ideas for future episodes. For more information or to reach out, visit heyman heymiller.com or follow on Twitter @heymiller.