Bishop Robert Barron (2:57)

Yeah, good. I'm happy to talk about these kind of edgier sides of Christmas because the constant temptation, of course the danger is we turn Christmas into a kind of harmless mid winter festival. And in fact, it's about something. And Balthazar got this. I mean, earth shattering. One way to look at it is Advent. We look back, we look around and we look forward. So the Adventus, the coming of Christ, it happened 2,000 years ago. We remember that also. It's happening now because at the heart of Christian spirituality is Christ being born in us. You know, when Paul says, it's no longer I who live, it's Christ who lives in me. Or think of the little flower in that wonderful little scene in her book, her autobiography, when on Christmas Eve the Lord is born in her in this decisive way. So that appeals to anyone, any Christian now. But then also we look forward, as you suggest, to the second coming when Christ, the Adventus definitivus, you know, when he will come definitively at the end of time. So all three are part of a healthy Christian spirituality. You know, all three are a little bit unnerving too. When he came 2,000 years ago, it said herod tried to murder him and all Jerusalem trembled. See, we overlook that in our sentimentalized Christmas. Christmas is a pretty dire business, you know, the new king has come. What did CS Lewis say? Slipping clandestinely behind enemy lines. Right, because the enemy was poised. Think of that scene from the twelfth chapter of Revelation when the woman is in labor. And they said, there's a dragon, a red dragon right there, whose purpose is to devour the child. Well, that's the prince of the dark powers, whose minions include people like Herod the Great, who were trying to kill the baby. So there's a dire aspect to it long ago. Go a dire aspect to it now. You bet. I mean, say, oh, Christ will be born in me. What a nice thing. Well, this sinner doesn't like that. I mean, sin in me rebels against Christ coming to be born in me. You mean, if he's born in me, I got to stop doing all these things I've been doing and I got to change my whole life. I don't want that. So I resist him. And then the second coming, the ultimate coming. No, no. The sinful world kind of likes the structures the way they are, and they don't want the things summed up now in the risen Christ. So there's a dark edge to all of it. We want him to come, and we don't want him to come. And to be honest about it, that's reflected in the scriptural texts, reflected in our own spirituality. Advent's a great time to look hard at that fact. Yes, I do want the Lord to come, and I don't want him to come. And to come to terms with that. Resistance is part of the meaning of Advent, I think.

Michael Knowles (5:53)

You know, one of my social media staffers here had a Advent picture that he was gonna put on social media, and he. He was writing what he thought were the four traditional themes of Advent. Hope, joy, I don't know, whatever the other two are. And I said, well, you know, in my understanding, the four traditional themes of Advent are the four last things, which are death, judgment, heaven, and hell. These are sort of laughed about. That seems like it's kind of the opposite, though, really. They're not opposites. They actually go together. But this idea that, yeah, it's the middle of the night and there's this baby who is born in a cave, placed in a manger. You have foreigners coming who are following a star, who are probably Zoroastrian or something like that. And they're there because they know they pass by Herod. They see that Herod means harm, they leave by another way so significant that they encounter Christ and they go back by another way. And to your point, your excellency, we want the Incarnation, but we kind of don't. And it seems to me we want the Incarnation on our terms, on our personal terms. But what the Incarnation is, as what the second coming is, is a global event, and the earth itself will shake.

Bishop Robert Barron (7:12)

Yeah, I mean, you're saying a lot there. And it's all right. You know, even like Luke's famous account, which is in the minds of most people when you think about Christmas. But the church fathers saw has this very dark edge to it. Why are Mary and Joseph going to Bethlehem? Well, they're being compelled to go there by this great imperial act of Caesar Augustus calling for a census of the whole world. Well, that was seen in the Bible always as an aggressive act. To take a census meant you could control, manipulate, draft your people. So this little couple is being kind of pushed around by this great power, the wood of the crib, the father is long associated with the wood of the cross, the swaddling clothes they associate with the burial bands around the body of the Lord. He's placed in a manger where the animals eat, because at the culmination of his life, he's going to give his body and blood as food for the world, Even the shepherds and the angels. I made this point. An angel in the Bible is a fearsome creature. It's a high creature from a higher ontological plane. And so when one angel breaks through, it's always a source of fear. But then we hear in that account that there's an army of angels appear. Well, you're meant to remember at that point. Oh, we began the story with Caesar Augustus, who had the biggest army in the ancient world. But the baby king has a bigger army and it's signaling there's going to be a conflict. The story of this child is going to be one of grace and redemption, all that. Yes, but that involves conflict. There's going to be a battle, a spiritual battle. It'll culminate on the cross. Very important for us to see that dimension of Christmas, I think, lest we devolve into sentimentalism about it, the fact that Herod and all Jerusalem are trembling with anxiety, that's a very telling thing. Our resistance to Christ and all of us sinners have it, we all feel it. If I'm really serious about Jesus becoming the Lord of my life, that's a fearsome business. That means a lot of rearranging has to be done inside of me. You know, the good news this is. Dorothy Day had this great insight that the messy, stable, stinky, smelly, full of animals and stuff. How wonderful, she said, because it means that Christ can be born even in a messy soul like mine. Right, quite right. But once he's born in us, he wants to clean things up. He's the Lord Jesus, not a nice exemplar from long ago. He's an active spiritual presence who's rearranging me from the inside out. Well, that's a. That's a fearsome prospect. And then we say, may the same Lord Jesus be the Lord of culture and of society and of politics and everything else. That's a little unnerving. And we're meant to. The Christmas stories themselves convey it, even like the wise men you mentioned, the magi, the beautiful quest to find Christ. Yes, and it's an all science, all philosophy is looking for Christ ultimately. But you know T.S. eliot's famous line, a hardcoming we had of it, the difficulty of crossing the desert to get there and then Herod, who's trying to kill the baby and trying to deceive them, they open the treasures of their hearts before the Lord. But then, as you say, they go back by a different route. Fulton Sheen said that no one comes to Christ and goes back the same way he came. So it's always a change. It's something even wrenching about it. The Christmas stories are beautifully clear on all that and they resist sentimental interpretation.

Michael Knowles (11:07)

Right now, go to hallow.comknowles this episode is sponsored by Hallow. With the holidays in full swing, I'm sure you've been in a frenzy of last minute, shopping, party prepping, pageant attending all these last few weeks. Prayer and quiet are probably the last things on your mind. Well, don't let the next few days pass by. Don't get swept up in the consumerism, commercialism, secularism. Spend time in prayer on Hallow. Join Hallow's O Come, O Come Emmanuel challenge voiced by Grammy Award winning artist Lauren Daigle, television host Mario Lopez and actor Michael Iskender who portrays King David in the Amazon series House of David. They will be walking through the powerful hymn O Come, O Come Emmanuel that invites us to cry out to God just like the Israelites did so long ago. You will not want to miss this powerful way to find a bit more peace in the craziness of the season. Right now, download Hallow for free@halloween.com knowles to your point on Christ as the Lord of Politics too, you know, ultimately, obviously there are principalities and powers and spiritual wickedness in high places, but ultimately, you know, Christ is in command of everything. And you see politics play such a role in the Christmas Story. I'm not the first to observe that at the time that you have Caesar Augustus on the the Prince of Peace on the throne in Rome, you have the true Prince of Peace being born within the Roman Empire. You have Caesar Augustus being called Filius son of the Divine because of the comet that heralded the death of Julius Caesar. And you have Filius DEI born in Judea. All of these parallels, even the fact that Caesar Augustus claims authority over the whole world because he can institute this tax, same with Christ. And so I wonder how we make sense of the role of the Christian in in this polity, knowing that the political forces are so evil so often and are so often arrayed against the truth. I think there's an impulse to just run away to the desert and go be hermits or something. But I don't think that's exactly what we're called to. How do we think about it?

Bishop Robert Barron (13:10)

No, you're raising a really good and complex question, but you can see the seeds of the answer in the Scriptures themselves. So, yes, the wickedness of Rome, and there's no question in their minds about that. And from Caesar Augustus to Pontius Pilate, I mean, they notice that, to be sure, the same time the Church fathers and Paul himself noticed something that is precisely the orderliness and the relative peacefulness of that Augustan period, this sort of Pax Romana that was beginning at that time, and the technological advances of Rome, most importantly the Roman road system, all of that made the spread of Christianity possible. If we were back in the chaotic time with Mark Anthony and Octavian fighting and Cleopatra and the Battle of Actium, if that, that was the period, it would have been chaotic. But at the time there was the beginning of this Roman peace, however corrupt it was. And yes, indeed it was. But there was a relative peace that enabled the Christian message to get out. Moreover, that it happened, as you say, in a corner of the Roman Empire. But to say Roman Empire was, to say much of the known world in the west at the time, which enabled Paul, once he sees the risen Lord, to go from Damascus to Jerusalem back to Tarsus and then all through Asia Minor and then finally to Greece and then finally to Rome itself. What enabled that? Well, the fact that it was all part of one great empire. The Acts of the Apostles ends with Paul under arrest in Rome, kind of a house arrest, but yet declaring the kingdom of God to everybody. Well, see, to say Rome would say the center of civilization at the time, and that's where the Christian faith was planted. So that's the positive side of it, that they took advantage of the sophistication of ancient Rome and of the relative peace of ancient Rome to propagate the Gospel, even as they were intensely aware of how corrupt Rome was. Now, fast forward a couple centuries and you've got Augustine's great City of God. And it's a similar dynamic, right? Augustine is a Roman really to his bones. He's born in a Roman culture, loves it, laments in many ways the fall of Rome. Of course he does. At the same time noticing, well, you know, the reason you fell, it wasn't because of Christianity, was because of all kinds of vices that were grounded in the false worship of ancient Rome. So Augustine has that typical sort of love, hate, reverencing what was worth reverencing in Rome even as he was critical of it, and calling for Christ, indeed to be the Lord of the political arrangement. Which is not to say theocracy. We can have a long discussion about that.

Michael Knowles (15:54)

Yeah, yeah.

Bishop Robert Barron (15:55)

Those are the things that morally and spiritually there's a lordship of Jesus over every aspect of life. And Augustine would have called that the city of God. Right. But it's that point about the ambiguity, the good and the bad within the Roman polity.

Michael Knowles (16:10)

Yeah, I love the distinction you make too. Cause today people who don't know any better, or maybe they do know better, and they're just being cynical, they'll say that any government that is in any way infused with religious principles is a theocracy. Theocracy is government by clerics like hierocrats. And a government that is infused with religious principles is just known as a government. That's just what all governments do, whether they're religious or irreligious. Very important point on, especially for our own day, where so many people, we love our country instinctively. We currently, those of us in America are living in the global empire. There's certainly a big parallel to Rome, goes all the way back to the Federalist Papers. That was kind of the point. And yet we recognize this manifest corruption all around us. I think it leads some people to say, well, if I'm going to be a true Christian, I need to get out of politics. I need to get out of history and the particulars. And yet I can't help but notice particularity entering into history and even into political society is at the very heart of the Incarnation story.

Bishop Robert Barron (17:17)

Right. And there are some people throughout our history who are called to that kind of hermetical life and radically away from society. Think in the 4th century, and I include Augustine here in his younger days. Almost every great figure in the 4th century wanted to get out of town and go to the hills. And this is Jerome, this is John Chrysostom in his early days. Augustine, certainly many were inspired by Anthony of the Desert, because the biography written by St. Anthony by St. Athanasius had just come out. So there are people called to that. In fact, the whole monastic tradition way enshrines that move. But that's not everyone. Not everyone's called to that. In fact, most people are called to an active involvement in the world. I think, Michael, I'll speak as an American and as a Catholic bishop. The genius of the First Amendment, I think, is it holds that tension very creatively. We don't want an established religion. So the anti establishment clause. Right. That Congress shall make no law regarding an establishment of religion. That would be a sort of theocracy or a sacred public square. As Richard John Newhouse, you know, he didn't want the naked public square, which means a public square denuded of religion. But at the same time, he said, I don't want a sacred public square, either one. That's just, you know, where, as you said, the clerics are running things, or an officially Catholic country or Jewish country or whatever. No, we don't want that. But at the same time, the First Amendment. But the free exercise of religion, which doesn't just mean private worship, it means a public exercise of religion where I can preach and teach, seek to influence, influence society on the basis of my religious convictions. Right. That's not a violation of the Establishment Clause. On the contrary, that's an enactment of the free exercise clause. And I think part of. We'll give Madison credit there. The great genius of that First Amendment is that it holds that together very creatively. Now in our history, in our jurisprudence, we often get that wrong. We'll oscillate between those two things. In my lifetime, we oscillated away from free exercise, it seems to me, toward an overreading of the non establishment clause. So I'd say let's go back to the First Amendment and all of its healthy tension. That's a good space to be in. And the roots of that are indeed in the Bible and the church fathers.

Michael Knowles (19:39)

Yeah. So much of, I don't know, modern life, I guess, seeks to just get rid of that tension. Maybe it's not modern. Maybe it's just an impulse in fallen man. Generally, I notice it's more prominent in women. My wife and I talk about this a lot, this desire to resolve kind of apprehension and tension. But men have it too. And yet we have the story. We know how the story begins. We know the turning of the story, which is in the Incarnation. We even know how the story ends. And yet we're in this suspended time of history where we're supposed to do something and we're trying to figure out precisely what to do. So then, for the people who are considering Advent to be penitential, they're considering death, judgment, heaven and hell. You know, they're taking this time seriously and they're looking ahead to the second coming, which will come sooner than some people think, probably. You know, we don't know the day or the hour. It can come by surprise. Not even the Son, but only the Father knows. What should we be doing, you know, in this. As the hours of Advent wane into the Christmas season, which is a day it's not a season. What. What actively should we be doing to prepare ourselves?

Bishop Robert Barron (20:49)

We should live as the Church. So Jesus says, you know, you're Peter, upon this rock I will build my church. The gates of hell will not prevail against it. The Church represents the sort of planting of the seed of the Christ life in the world. So Christ comes, the Incarnation. By the Incarnation, we're saved. I'll say that now as a Catholic, not just the cross, that's the culmination of it in a way, but by the whole of the Incarnation we're saved. What's the perpetuation of the Incarnation across space and time? Again, this is a Catholic perspective. It's called the Church. So it's through the official teaching of the Church, through the sacraments of the Church, especially the Eucharist, through apostolic authority, and all these through the great saints, the Christ life is perpetuated. Go back to the Acts of the apostles, the ascended Christ who ascends, not to go away, up, up and away. Goodbye Jesus. It's not that. It's more like a general taking a point advantage on the heights so we can survey the whole field of battle. The ascended Christ sending his Spirit into the Church now to remake the world. See, the Incarnation is all about God's remaking of his creation. We don't play a Platonic game. Christians are not Platonists who would say, oh, the fallen world, or Gnostics, just bad matter is bad. It's a mess. Let's get away from it as quickly as we can. That is not biblical spirituality at all. Biblical spirituality is the God of creation has never given up on his world and he wants to save it, he wants to heal it, he wants to restore it, and then to raise it to the highest pitch of perfection. The Incarnation is the means by which God is affecting this great healing of the universe. The Church, the mystical body of Jesus, now continuing that work in the world. Now, as we wait for the final culmination, we call that the second Coming, that lovely Greek term, Saint Paul, but fathers loved it. Anacephaliosis, kephale means.

Michael Knowles (22:55)

Rolls right off the tongue.

Bishop Robert Barron (22:56)

It does. It's a lovely word, anacephaliosis. And that's why it's rendered in Latin as recapitulatio caput head. Right? So what, what sums everything up under the headship of Jesus? That's anacephaliosis, that's recapitulatio recapitulation. St. Irenaeus loved that idea, but it's right in Paul aquinas loved it, too. That's the second coming, if you want, is this moment of all things coming together in their healed, redeemed form under the headship of Jesus. So to your question, what do we do in the meantime? Well, we live as the Church. We live as the city of God, operative in the world, waiting for Him. We're not going to make this happen, but we, under the prompting of His Spirit, live according to his purposes. That's what we do in the meantime.

Michael Knowles (23:48)

One last question on this point, because you make a great observation about the new age Gnostic religions that are some way like the old age Gnostic religions, you know, that say matter is bad, the physical world is bad, time and history are bad. And so we just have to. To get away from the ick, you know, and abstract ourselves into the ether or something. And that's certainly not Christian. It's entirely contrary to the Incarnation. But what about the tension also between universality and particularity? Because I think there's also this desire especially in the modern world, to universalize everything and say that particularity, particular nations, particular individuals, particular religions, particular anything is an error, you know, and everything just has to be kind of universal and gray, you know, whether we're talking about sex or peoples or ideas or anything like that. And in Christ, we have the universal king of everything and a particular man. How do we make sense of that?

Bishop Robert Barron (24:50)

Yeah, it's one of the great philosophical questions, and they call it the scandal of particularity. The more recent forms go back to the Enlightenment. And to be fair, you know, the wars of religion ravaged Europe, 17th century, most of the great thinkers, and it's Kant, Hegel, it's Schleiermacher, it's Leibniz, it's Spinoza. Most of those great people wanted to deal with that problem and they, okay, look, the religions are fighting and, you know, this, this particular form of Protestantism against another form of Protestantism. They're all against Catholicism and blah, blah, blah. We're all fighting, fighting, fighting. Can't we find. Read Rousseau on this too. Can't we find some universal form of religiosity that goes beyond the particular battles and that can all bring us together. That whole idea of can't we come together? They did it through an appeal to the universal. So look, in someone like Schleiermacher, who's the founder of modern liberal Protestantism, it's the feeling of absolute dependency. I don't care whether you're Buddhist, Hindu, Christian, Jew, non believers, we've all got that don't we? Or in Kant, it's the categorical imperative, it's the great moral imperative. Don't we all have that in common? No matter what our background? Look, in the 20th century, theologians, people like Paul Tillich is the breakthrough of the unconditioned, that no matter where you are, everyone experiences something like that. So that's the great fantasy, in a way of liberalism, is to find this universal experience. But see, here's the paradox. I think truth, yes, Is always universal. I can't have Michael Knowles truth and Bishop Barron's truth. Truth is truth. Truth is universal. Two plus two equals four for everybody, okay? So truth is always universal. However, access to truth is often particular. And the modern mistake, I think the Enlightenment mistake, was to say the route of access to truth has to be as universal as truth itself. So let's find it in this one great experience of absolute dependency or something where in fact, it's often the particular that is the route of access to truth. So I would say Jesus of Nazareth, this very particular first century Jew who led a very peculiar life. It ended in the most horrific way imaginable. And then a claim is made that is practically impossible to believe. Okay? That's the particularity of Christianity. But we say the word, the word capital W became flesh. The universal was given. We were given access to it by means of this very particular fact. Right? That's the paradox. And we try to resolve it. But you say quite correctly, when you try to resolve it too universally, it becomes this bland, gray religiosity. Or to give it the contemporary, I'm not religious, I'm spiritual. See, that's an appeal to the bland. No, no, you're as particular as the bloody cross of Jesus on that grubby hill outside of Jerusalem in the year 30 AD. Whereas particular is that. Whereas particular is we ate and drank with him after his resurrection from the dead. You know that, I think, breathtaking line from Acts chapter 10, when St. Peter, you know, blithely telling the story of Jesus and then, oh, you know, we ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead. He's not talking about some myth or some grand universal thing. He's talking about this guy that we knew this Jesus from, you know, Nazareth, you know, up in Galilee. That's how particular he is. Right? But he knows that's the way into the most universal truth. Christians have to keep insisting upon that.

Michael Knowles (28:47)

Yes, even when I think about eating and drinking with him, you know, he broils the fish and I think, you know, in one of Their bites of fish there was probably like a little bone and in one of their bites it was a little like it was. The particularity goes even down that far. Like when you remember a good meal, though there was more that was memorable about the meal than the fish. And our access to Truth even coming by way of a particular teacher. It's not just that teachers give us insight, it's Mr. So and so from the 11th grade, the idea that we get access through a particular YouTube video even. I'm not even being glib. Or where do we first get our access to learning and truth? It's the particular mother who bore us. How fitting then that Truth himself would be born of a mother, right?

Bishop Robert Barron (29:33)

Remember in the letter, first letter of John, where he says, I want to talk to you about the Word of Life, okay? The word of life. Boy, this guy is the highest philosophical level. Then he says, which we looked upon with our eyes and our hands have touched. Now there's the Christian difference. The word of life became available to them in this most particular way, this word made flesh, right? Whom they could see and touch. Well, see, look at the church. That's why we worry about like building beautiful churches and why we have sacraments that you can see and you can taste and touch. And they're grubby and there's oil. I think that after a confirmation when they have to bring lemon over to me so I can wipe the oil off my hands and I've been smearing that on the kids foreheads, that's the sacramental life of the church. It's grubby in particular, you know, but that tension is super important. And there's always the gnostic temptation to resolve that problem, to flee from it, to flee from particularity.

Michael Knowles (30:34)

We often want to flee from it, especially in our sort of scandalized modern world. And yet there it is, there's the Christmas manger. Nevertheless, we're confronted with this undeniable fact of the pivot on which the world turns. Your Excellency, that clears it. That makes me a little less scared, though perhaps even more in awe of the end of the world as we look ahead to it at the Incarnation. Hope you've had a blessed Advent. I'm sure you have and Merry Christmas.

Bishop Robert Barron (31:05)

I know it's always a busy time for a bishop. You're running all over the place to liturgies and I was at a women's prison about a week ago doing a Guadalupe ceremony for the women there. So yeah, it's an interesting time of the year.

Michael Knowles (31:18)

You know, I'M a mere layman. I'm not even a bishop and I'm already exhausted by Advent. All I'm doing is stuffing my face with cookies and wine, so that's.

Bishop Robert Barron (31:27)

Well, let's talk to your spiritual director about that.

Michael Knowles (31:31)

Bishop Barron, thank you for being here. Wonderful to see you. Wonderful to see all of you. We'll catch you next time.

Bishop Robert Barron (31:37)

God bless you. Thanks, Michael.

Marlon (31:40)

What was it like, Marlon, to be alone with God? Is that who you think I was alone with? Maradin? I knew your father. I am yet convinced that he was not of this world.

Bishop Robert Barron (32:03)

All men know of the great Taliesin.

Michael Knowles (32:06)

Who are my father.

Marlon (32:07)

That the gods should war for my soul. Princess Garrus, Saint saviour of our people. I know what the Bull God offered you. I was offered the same. And there is a new pirate work in the world. I've seen it. A God who sacrifices what he loves for us.

Bishop Robert Barron (32:29)

We are each given only one life.

Michael Knowles (32:30)

Singer. No.

Marlon (32:33)

We're given another. I learned of using and I have become his follower.

Bishop Robert Barron (32:41)

He's waiting on a miracle. And I think you can give him one.

Marlon (32:44)

Trust in Yael. He is the only hope for men like us. Fate of Britain never rests in the hands of the great light.

Mistress of Lies (32:52)

Great light. Great darkness. Such things mattered to me then.

Marlon (32:57)

What matters to you now? Mistress of lies.

Mistress of Lies (33:01)

You, nephew. The sword of a high king. How many lives must be lost before you accept the power you were born to wield? So, clinging to the promises of a God who has abandoned you.

Marlon (33:20)

I cannot take up that sword again.

Mistress of Lies (33:23)

You know what you must do.

Marlon (33:27)

Great light, forgive me. The time has come to be reborn.