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David Leonhardt on How Universities Can Stop Trump’s ‘Destroying Agenda’
00:30:31
And what will be lost if higher education fails to fight back.
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- [00:01]
Unknown Host
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- [00:47]
Patrick Healy
I'm Patrick Healy, deputy editor of New York Times Opinion, and this is the First Hundred Days, a weekly series examining President Trump's use of power and his drive to change America. A really important way to understand Trump's approach to power is through the domino theory. Trump makes an example out of one person or institution to send a message, and he'll push till that one falls over and then others fall in line. He did this in business and lawsuits for years. Now we're seeing it in his presidency and nowhere more than higher education. Take Columbia University. Trump threatened the school with $400 million in funding cuts if they didn't agree to a series of demands. Now Columbia is trying to make a deal with them. So who is next, and what do Trump's attacks on higher education mean for these institutions over the long term and for the rest of us? My colleague David Leonhart has been writing about universities for decades. For the last five years, he wrote the morning newsletter for the Times, and he now oversees our editorials at Times Opinion, including a recent one on higher welcome, David.
- [02:02]
David Leonhardt
Thank you, Patrick. It's great to be here.
- [02:04]
Patrick Healy
So, David, I want to start with what you were thinking as you started to see Trump target universities. What do you think he was really up to here?
- [02:15]
David Leonhardt
Trump has been quite clear that he admires authoritarians in other countries, the way he talks about Putin, the way he talks about Xi Jinping in China, the way he talks about Viktor Orban in Hungary. And if you look at the leaders of countries who have taken over over what at the beginning at least, were democracies or somewhat democracies, and moved them toward more authoritarian forms of government. That includes Hungary, certainly. It includes Narendra Modi in India, it includes Erdogan in Turkey, and obviously it includes Putin. They've seen higher education as a threat. They've seen it as something that tends to come from intellectuals and come from the left, and these leaders come from the political right. And they've seen it as a source of empirical truth that can threaten these leaders, attempts to essentially control truth. And so they've shut universities, they've put themselves in control of them. And Trump hasn't gone that far yet. But the way he is going after higher education has a lot of echoes of that, and it really is worrisomely authoritarian.
- [03:19]
Patrick Healy
It's so true. The way that Trump looks at freedom, at independence, freedom of thought, freedom of speech, freedom of inquiry, these things are dangers to authoritarians. Institutions that remain independent are threats to an autocratic approach. I want to add something to your point, because I come at this a little bit differently. I see evidence of two things. I see Trump's vindictiveness agenda and his domination agenda. He attacks anyone or anything that opposes or disrespects him. The Ivy League, liberal professors, student protesters, DEI offices, lawyers who defend free speech, even New York City. And he seeks to dominate anyone or anything to accrue more power, money deals, more cards in his hands, as he likes to say. I just see no evidence for a vision of higher education. I see no deep thinking about antisemitism. It feels like it's about inflicting maximum pressure and pain. In the ways that you highlighted the way that Putin and Orban and these other authoritarians have done, do you think it is about making an example out of some of these institutions, or do you think he actually wants to break them down and kind of rebuild them in his image or take them in a different direction?
- [04:53]
David Leonhardt
I think it might be worth distinguishing a little bit between him, Trump, the president, and some of the people around him. So I think you're right. For Trump, this is really more about destruction than it is about rebuilding. And you can see that also with Elon Musk and Doge, that there is a way in which you could go in and you could say, we're going to cut government spending, we're going to build up usaid, we're going to take out stuff that feels liberal, and we're going to really emphasize a smaller, more moderate, more conservative version of USAID reform agenda.
- [05:24]
Patrick Healy
That can be very popular.
- [05:25]
David Leonhardt
Yeah. And even. Even if there would be many people who wouldn't agree with that, that that would still be one way to go about it. That's not what they're doing, right. Destroying. And I think there's a version of that with higher education as well. Now, that said, there are people around Trump, who do have more of a theory of this. And actually our colleague Ross Douth, that interviewed Christopher Rufo, who has been the kind of leading conservative intellectual taking on liberal intellectuals. And in that interview, which I recommend to people, Rufo is very clear, like, what I want to do is I want to take this sector of American society that I think is overwhelmingly liberal, and I want to shrink it and allow a less liberal, liberal version of it to grow up. And then I think it's more competition, and Christopher Ruffo uses that term, more competition. So I think it's the idea that not everybody aspires to go to the University of Michigan or Harvard. More people aspire to instead go into more working class jobs or more people aspire to go into AI while getting a certificate rather than a college degree. I mean, it's inchoate. But I think that's roughly what the vision looks like when you're treating it in the most generous terms. And I'm not saying that some more conservative version of higher education is going to grow out of this, but there are people close to Trump who do have at least a partial vision for what they want to see replace what they are attacking.
- [06:45]
Patrick Healy
David, as leaders like Trump and as people like Rufo gain more power and exercise more power, the opposition matters even more. I mean, you and I are journalists. We've watched and we've covered Trump over the years, and he is on the attack using these tactics like the domino theory out of the old Roy Cohn playbook. One falls, then more fall. And I think it's a manifestation of Trump's campaign line. I am your retribution taking aim at the elites who criticized MAGA voters and calling them deplorables. And I think we're on track at a lot of universities and also law firms and other institutions that you've written about, where people are going to say, well, can I make a deal with Trump or can I keep my head down and stay out of the line of fire? Maybe not appreciate appreciating that this guy and the people around him, like Chris Rufo, are on a war footing? Do you think they realize the seriousness of this and if I'm being alarmist, you know, push back on me, or are you seeing signs of resistance, that they're fighting back?
- [08:00]
David Leonhardt
So you asked two questions there, Patrick, and I actually, I'll answer them. I think differently. Right.
- [08:05]
Patrick Healy
Please.
- [08:05]
David Leonhardt
Do university leaders realize the seriousness of Trump's campaign against them? I actually think many of them do. Right. I can't speak for all of them. Yeah, but I talk to university leaders regularly, and I think many of them understand that, that. Look, he's talking about reducing scientific funding by reducing the amount that universities get to pay to keep their labs heated and to keep the lights on and to pay for getting rid of hazardous waste. It's called overhead spending. He's talking about cutting that for some universities by tens or hundreds of millions of dol. He's talking about increasing a tax on their endowment that could cost even more for the richest universities than the scientific funding cuts. So, I mean, when you look at some of the biggest universities, we're potentially talking about something like a 10% reduction, maybe more in their annual budgets. That's even before we get to the targeted efforts against places like Columbia. And so I think many of them understand the seriousness of it. You also asked, what are they doing about it? And I think the answer to that is very little. They're sort of hoping that what he's doing is going to pass their own institution by. They are anxious that they don't exactly know what to do, and they're in a really tough spot. I don't want to suggest otherwise, but I actually do think that they could do more than they are doing to try to push back against Trump.
- [09:28]
Patrick Healy
David, I remember one of my first interviews with Trump in 2015, after one of the Republican primary debates. I asked him why, when he started getting criticized on stage, he came back so fiercely and intensely because I wondered, is that really gonna play well, wear well with voters? Do they really want that? And he gave his line, if I get hit in the face, I need to hit back 10 times as hard. And I do find myself, in the context of higher ed, wondering when universities are doing so relatively little to resist, do they understand that the only way to struggle, strike back at Trump, to get his attention, to put him on notice, effectively to hit him back even harder. And I realize I'm not offering solutions on how to do that here, but.
- [10:19]
David Leonhardt
It'S hard because when you take that original example, you're talking about two candidates on a debate stage who, to some extent, are equal in power. Right. And so if you and I are at a political debate and I come after you, you can come right back after me. And to some extent, we're equals. There's a massive imbalance of power between Trump and higher. Trump controls huge amounts of their funding, which they're reliant on. He controls the regulatory state, which can go after them in other ways. Universities don't have a lot of points of leverage against Trump. I mean, they aren't institutions that can necessarily move American swing voters, at least not directly. And so I do think universities are right to try to think about this strategically and even cautiously. But at a certain point, they also have to act. And I think that the most promising route for universities involves two things, which I know we're going to talk about. One is they do need to fight back a little bit and they need to talk about the value of what they do. They need to talk about how many financial aid students some of them now enroll. I've given them a really hard time about that over the years covering higher education. They still don't do well enough, but they do a lot better than they used to. And I also think universities need to be introspective because some of what Trump is pointing out I actually think are real problems, even if his solutions can be really damaging. And so I do think universities need to figure out this mix of, of both fighting back, but also cleaning up their own mess.
- [11:46]
Patrick Healy
It's such a challenge, David, because some faculty members, students, people on campuses, they're so hungry for it. And we're seeing just in the news today, professors from Yale going to the University of Toronto basically saying, I don't have faith and trust that my institution is not just gonna fight the good fight against Trump, but also protect the research dollars that I need to have to do my work. And it's so interesting, David. The targeting of universities can seem like a really narrow line of attack in Trump's larger project to change the country. But these institutions, they do so much research that we all depend on, and I'm thinking of MRNA technology, for example, that helped lead to the COVID Vac. How do you think about the role these elite institutions play in American lives?
- [12:47]
David Leonhardt
American higher education is the strongest higher education sector in the world, and it's not particularly close. You can look at rankings of the world's top universities, many of which are produced by people outside the United States, and US Universities dominate them. You can look at who wins Nobel Prizes. Still, in a typical year, the US Wins twice as many Nobel Prizes as number two on the list. And I should say it's a mix of native born Americans and immigrants who are now Americans working at US Universities. If you don't find Nobel Prizes and rankings persuasive, think about when elite and wealthy people in other countries, when they think about where they want their children to go to college, they often want them to go to college. In the United States, when people get sick and they're facing desperate medical situations. Where do they want to get treatment? People who have all these resources overseas, they often want to come to the United States and go to a US Academic medical center. So do many Republican politicians in the United States. When their relatives get sick, who do they want to treat them? We have developed this incredible system in which the federal government funds research that researchers at universities then do. It leads to cures, it leads to incredible economic benefits. I mean, why is Silicon Valley where it is? Because it's next to Stanford University. That's why it's there. Why has Boston recovered from deindustrialization so much better, better than so many other cities in the Northeast? It's because Boston, as you know, you're a Bostonian, Boston is this hub of research universities. And so, again and again, you see these huge benefits that research universities bring, and they are tangible benefits that really do help many, many Americans. And I think that is absolutely central to the case for universities. And Trump really is going after things that are going to reduce our ability to treatments for things that make our relatives sick and even kill our relatives.
- [14:54]
Patrick Healy
It's so strange, David. We have leaders like Donald Trump who went to Wharton himself and who talks about how, in a strange way, MIT needs to produce more air traffic controllers. That's where we need to get the geniuses for air traffic control. Pete Hegseth went to Princeton. J.D. vance went to Yale Law. These people understand on some level the greatness and the importance of these institutions in our lives. So the question I have, David, is does Trump want to create more thought leaders and a leadership class at these institutions that are more in the conservative space? Is he actually thinking that strategically about this, or is it just more the vindictive agenda, the dominance agenda?
- [15:43]
David Leonhardt
Yes, I think it's much more the destroying agenda than it is the rebuilding agenda agenda. And look, he's going after what we sometimes describe as civil society in all kinds of ways, right? He's going after law firms and judges. He's going after universities. He's going after government employees. He's obviously going after the media, and he's going after them in order to monopolize power. And so I think it's really important to see this campaign against universities as part of that. There's also the difficult conversation of. Universities have made real mistakes, in my view, over the last couple decades, and they really have, in a way that I think is inconsistent with their mission, become on certain issues and in certain ways part of Team Blue. And not just the Democratic Party, but a relatively far left part of the Democratic Party on all kinds of issues. Elite universities, and not just elite universities, the California Community College system has done some of this, really have adopted views that most Americans don't share. And I think that explains some of Trump's campaign against those universities, a kind of vindictiveness against what he calls wokeism. And I also think it explains why universities are so vulnerable, because some of these things that they have done are very difficult for them to defend in public. In fact, if they tried to respond to Trump by defending some of what they've done, they would make themselves less popular, not more.
- [17:15]
Patrick Healy
David, it's so true. I've had conversations recently with pretty liberal progressive professors at Columbia who've told me how for some of their progressive colleagues, denying Israel's right to exist is tantamount to required thought for students. It's like the price of admission about how DEI offices multiplied on campus and were unsympathetic to Jewish students. Evidence of antisemitism. These are parts of universities that clearly need reform, but are also part of what, as you said, made them vulnerable to attack, but also to real critique. You and I both read Frank Foyer's recent piece about Columbia in the Atlantic. That headline said it all. Columbia University's Antisemitism Problem. Why have Columbia and other elite universities, do you think, struggled to deal with some of these vulnerabilities that you identified? The caricature for Trump is that left wing communist faculty run the place. But you and I have both been to Colombia. This is not Moscow on the Hudson. No, it's not. But why is it so hard for them to get right?
- [18:35]
David Leonhardt
So I also encourage people to read that article, and I think it's important to say, look, there are incredibly difficult debates over, over Israel and Palestinian rights that people need to debate. And the idea of criticizing Israel, harshly criticizing Israel, that is not anti Semitic. But one of the reasons why I think it's important to read this article is that it is maybe the best distillation of the evidence, though far from the only that what happened at Columbia and some other campuses crossed well over that line from harsh criticism of Israel that people can debate into something that really is antisemitism at times, right? And so Jewish students at Columbia began hiding visible symbols of their Judaism, stars of David or yarmulkes, because they knew they would be harassed or in some cases, even physically shoved. Those cases are under debate about what exactly happened, but there are certainly cases of it. If you tried to go up to Columbia over the last year, you basically can't enter the campus because the protests have been so tumultuous that the campus is essentially shut down. Students barged into a building, they jostled janitors. The janitors said they did even worse than jostle them. They painted swastikas on walls. And Columbia's reaction to this was so incredibly weak. So what happened at Columbia really was anti Semitism, and the university really did react incredibly weakly to it. And you asked why. That's a really complicated question. I think that there is a version of modern leftism that sees almost everything through the prism of race. And so Israel has become particularly important because in this version of leftism, it is a story of white people oppressing dark skinned people. And I think one of the things that we learned in this last election, Israel and Gaza, was not actually a particularly important issue to most American voters, but this larger notion of seeing the whole world through race, race. Obviously, we're a country with terrible problems of racism.
- [20:44]
Patrick Healy
Yes.
- [20:45]
David Leonhardt
But this notion of seeing the whole world through problems of race is actually a notion that growing numbers of black, Latino and Asian voters reject, which I think is part of the reason that all of those groups have moved away from the Democratic Party and remarkably, toward Donald Trump's Republican Party.
- [21:03]
Patrick Healy
David, I see it a little bit differently, and I want to try this out with you. I think that universities like Columbia look at that cauldron of complicated, fiery issues and that they are in some ways today so led by their general counsel's office, so led by lawyers who are advising the boards of trustees or presidents. Here's what you need to say. Here's what you can't say. Here's how you can enact student discipline. Here's how you can't. Here's how you need to deal with speech around Israel or Gaza or antisemitism. And I think Trump knows this, and he knows that that asymmetrical power that you were talking about earlier, the way a president can put a university on the ropes, especially when it's dealing with such kind of a pinched approach to leadership through lawyering. He knows that he has the upper hand here. And I find myself thinking fundamentally that this is a leadership problem, that this is about universities that have for decades been organized and run in certain ways, that have task forces, that have committees, that have a lot of lawyers kind of advising them, and that Trump is like kind of a bull in the China shop, just sort of like smashing past all of that. I just wonder, how do universities deal with the asymmetry of that?
- [22:31]
David Leonhardt
I partially Agree with that. I guess I would say, to me, it's only part of the story. So I agree. Universities are often really we when it comes to disciplining students, when it comes to taking bold positions. But if we try to figure out when have they been weakest in disciplining students and when have they been willing to do it, yeah, I think it's worth thinking about it. In their weakness in combination with the sort of leftism that has become dominant on these campuses, these schools often were willing to discipline people who did certain things. They just weren't willing to discipline students who intimidated Jewish students. And so to me, yes, I think part of this is the sort of weaker and the fear they have about doing anything, but I really do think part of it is ideological. And what should they do now? Look, by the time Trump comes for your university is probably too late, you face really unpleasant choices. I do think that what universities should do, I think they should get their own house in order. I think they should acknowledge that they've been too weak about disciplining students. I think they should acknowledge that they've allowed students to protest while hiding their identity. The original laws in this country saying that you can't protect protest by hiding your identity were meant to restrict the Ku Klux Klan. So there are a whole set of things that I think universities can do. I mean, Harvard just released a report from its graduating seniors. Only a third of them felt fully comfortable speaking about their honest views in class. And moderate and conservative students were particularly unlikely to feel that way. So I actually do think, even though it will come off as submitting to Trump, and in some ways will in fact be submitting to Trump, these universities have policies that are really hard for them to defend. I think they should fix those, and I think they should simultaneously make a really forthright case for why so much of what they do is valuable to our country.
- [24:25]
Patrick Healy
You know, one of my old newspaper editors, Marty Baron, liked to say when we had errors in his story, if you're wrong, get right as quickly as possible.
- [24:33]
David Leonhardt
Hear, hear.
- [24:34]
Patrick Healy
I think you're right. Universities may worry about the perception or the look that they're bending the KN to Trump and doing deals with Trump. That may be a separate matter. If they know that something is wrong internally, deal with it now. Be reformers. I think there are a lot of voters, a lot of Americans who want institutions reformed in some ways, and there.
- [24:58]
David Leonhardt
Are real world consequences to the narrowness of university ideology. I know there are probably people listening to this who say, I'm making A mountain out of a molehill and who cares? And the universities aren't actually brainwashing. I actually agree with that. I don't think conservatives enter universities conservative and leave liberals. I think people can think for themselves. But I think Covid is an example of how the intellectual narrowness of universities had real world costs. Universities are where we had so many of our epidemiologists and our public health experts. That is one of those fields in which when you survey the people in it, it leans extremely left. And so people in that field field did a series of things during COVID that ended up being quite damaging and wrong. We still don't know where Covid came from, but we certainly shouldn't have been trying to chill debate about whether Covid came from a lab in China. They called for mask mandates, including on their own campuses, but also in wider society. Then it went on for months and months and months. Worst of all, a lot of these epidemiologists argued very strongly for keeping schools closed for months and months and months on end. And they are a large part of the reason reason that schools in democratic run areas remained closed for a year or more in some cases, whereas schools in places like Utah and Nebraska and Mississippi were much more likely to open. And in retrospect, red America got that decision right and blue America got it wrong. And I'd love to see a little bit more self reflection from the epidemiologists at these leading universities who led us down such a wrong path.
- [26:37]
Patrick Healy
There is such power in America when leaders admit that they were wrong about something when they take that reflection. We see it at the times. In the time that I've been in Times opinion, probably the most popular thing that we published was this package by our columnists that had the title I was Wrong. They like people reflecting on and acknowledging things that they didn't get right in part because it suggests that that reflection, that those lessons learned will them in better stead the next time. I'm grappling myself with whether it's too late for some of these institutions to really stay fully out of the line of fire. David, as you look ahead, are we looking at a situation where Chris Ruffo is going to be sitting around going through the course catalogs of every university, looking at titles of classes or titles of departments and saying no, no, no, no. I find myself kind of wondering what universities can do to forestall that, to rebuild trust, to acknowledge they were wrong and rebuild credibility and if there really is the possibility for collective action here when you have so many institutions that are these dominoes, that, yes, they have associations, but they aren't always kind of working together to push back on Trump.
- [28:05]
David Leonhardt
Look, it's important to say that, that a lot of the conservative critics of universities, including Christopher Rufo, they also don't want a fully open debate. They also want to restrict debate in many cases so that it's just their view of the world.
- [28:21]
Patrick Healy
Right.
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David Leonhardt
They want to take books out of schools about LGBT people. And that's really damaging. And so a world in which Donald Trump's ideological enforcers are going through a course catalog or telling schools exactly what their admissions policies need to, rather than letting schools follow the Supreme Court ruling on it, that would be a really damaging world. I think universities are beyond the point where they can follow any strategy that's guaranteed to work. Some of that is their own fault. Much of it is Donald Trump's doing and fault. But I think they have to think about what are the strategies that give them the best chance of winning over people in the middle, what are the best strategies that they can follow for making themselves look valuable and reasonable. And I think that's a mix of broadcasting their strategies, strengths, acknowledging and fixing their weaknesses, and also banding together. I think it would be really good if a bunch of universities came out together and did some sort of, hey, this is what we're changing and this is why we're valuable. And in politics, there really is strength in numbers and there are no guarantees. But I think what the universities have done so far has not been nearly bold enough, either in terms of acknowledging it error or in terms of fighting back.
- [29:35]
Patrick Healy
David, thanks so much for joining me.
- [29:36]
David Leonhardt
Thank you, Patrick.
- [30:08]
Unknown Host
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- [30:51]
Patrick Healy
There.