Podcast Summary: The Rest Is History - Episode 557: "1066: The Norman Conquest (Part 4)"

Introduction

In Episode 557 of The Rest Is History, hosted by Dominic Sandbrook and Tom Holland, the discussion delves deep into the tumultuous events following the Battle of Hastings in 1066, focusing on the profound impact of the Norman Conquest on England. This installment explores the immediate aftermath of the battle, the consolidation of Norman power, the symbolic coronation of William the Conqueror, and the extensive societal transformations that ensued two decades later.

Edward A. Freeman's Perspective on the Norman Conquest

The episode opens with a reflection on historian Edward A. Freeman's depiction of the Norman Conquest as a catastrophic event for England. Freeman, a renowned Regis Professor of History at Oxford, authoritatively characterized the Normans as the "absolute filth of Europe," asserting that their takeover extinguished England's Teutonic traditions of freedom and democracy. Freeman emphasized the pivotal role of Harold Godwinson, stating, "the one man who could have guarded and saved England was taken from her." [02:00]

The Aftermath of the Battle of Hastings

Sandbrook and Holland recount the grim scenes post-Hastings, describing the battlefield strewn with the dead and the relentless Norman cavalry pursuing fleeing English forces. A notable moment discussed is the death of Harold Godwinson, where William's mate, Bologne, deals the fatal blow that leads to Harold's demise: "He received a blow between his shoulders that led to blood gushing out from his nose and mouth in a great fountain." [07:23]

The conversation highlights the chaotic and bloody aftermath, referencing the Malfoss ditch—a tragic site filled with Norman casualties—and the extensive devastation inflicted upon the English populace.

William's Strategic Consolidation of Power

Following Hastings, William's strategic maneuvers to secure his dominance are examined. William secures key locations such as Dover, Canterbury, and Winchester, establishing fortified strongholds essential for maintaining control over England. The hosts discuss William's ability to instill fear and his tactical approach to governance, noting his ruthless efficiency in suppressing resistance.

The Coronation of William the Conqueror

A significant portion of the episode is dedicated to William's coronation in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1066. Sandbrook and Holland describe the dramatic scene where William is crowned amidst chaos and flames engulfing the nearby areas. They emphasize the dual symbolism of the coronation—representing both continuity and rupture in English history.

Tom Holland articulates, "He is being crowned as the heir of Edward the Confessor... he is being crowned as king of the Anglo Saxons of England." [28:21] This duality underscores William's attempt to legitimize his rule by aligning himself with the established traditions of the English monarchy, despite his foreign origins.

Transition Two Decades Later: The Doomsday Book and Societal Transformation

Advancing two decades post-Conquest, the hosts explore the comprehensive societal changes solidified under Norman rule. The creation of the Doomsday Book is highlighted as a monumental feat of administrative prowess, meticulously recording land ownership to enforce Norman dominance. Dominic Sandbrook explains, "The Doomsday Book... marks William out not just as someone who is a conqueror, but also as someone who is exploiting the resources of his kingdom far more ably than Aethelred or the Confessor had been able to do." [51:29]

Decimation of the English Aristocracy

The episode details the near annihilation of the English aristocracy, with Norman landowners replacing native nobles. By 1086, only 13 out of 1,000 richest landowners in England remained English, signifying a near-total Norman takeover. Historical accounts are cited, such as Henry of Huntingdon's assertion that "there was scarcely a noble of English descent in England" [34:29], though Sandbrook acknowledges this may be an exaggeration.

The Harrying of the North and Its Impact

One of the most harrowing aspects discussed is the Harrying of the North (1069-70), a brutal campaign of destruction and famine orchestrated by William to quell rebellions. Sandbrook cites Aldrich Vitalis's condemnation: "for this act which condemned the innocent and guilty alike to die by slow starvation, I cannot commend him." [40:28] The episode underscores the devastating human cost of William's efforts to secure his reign.

Transformation of the English Church

The Norman Conquest also revolutionized the English Church. The appointment of Lanfranc, an Italian monk, as Archbishop of Canterbury replaced the corrupt figure of Stigand, symbolizing a broader ecclesiastical reform aligned with Norman standards. Sandbrook notes, "the Norman cathedrals... establish an imprint on the country that was designed to last." [45:00] The construction of grand cathedrals and the decline of slavery further illustrate the deep cultural and societal shifts imposed by Norman rule.

Concluding Reflections: Continuity Amidst Change

In concluding their discussion, Sandbrook and Holland reflect on the complexity of William's legacy. While acknowledging the brutality and disruption caused by the Norman Conquest, they also recognize the administrative and structural advancements that William introduced, which would shape England's future. Sandbrook asserts, "the Norman Conquest does end up bringing an end to many of the tribulations and evils... It is the first great abolitionist in English history." [55:21]

Looking Ahead

The episode wraps up with a preview of future discussions, including William's death, the ensuing civil wars, and the broader implications of Norman influence in Europe. The hosts emphasize that the Norman Conquest was not merely an act of invasion but a catalyst for enduring transformation in English society, governance, and culture.

Notable Quotes and Timestamps

• [02:05] "Harold had fallen as his valiant brothers had fallen before him." – Tom Holland reflecting on Harold Godwinson's demise.

• [07:23] "He received a blow between his shoulders that led to blood gushing out from his nose and mouth in a great fountain." – Description of Harold's death.

• [28:21] "He is being crowned as the heir of Edward the Confessor... he is being crowned as king of the Anglo Saxons of England." – Tom Holland on William's coronation.

• [34:29] "There was scarcely a noble of English descent in England." – Henry of Huntingdon on the decline of the English aristocracy.

• [40:28] "For this act which condemned the innocent and guilty alike to die by slow starvation, I cannot commend him." – Aldrich Vitalis condemning the Harrying of the North.

• [45:00] "They establish an imprint on the country that was designed to last." – Dominic Sandbrook on Norman cathedrals.

• [51:29] "The Doomsday Book... marks William out not just as someone who is a conqueror, but also as someone who is exploiting the resources of his kingdom." – Sandbrook on William's administrative efficiency.

• [55:21] "William is being summoned as the first great abolitionist in English history." – Sandbrook on William's stance against slavery.

Conclusion

Episode 557 of The Rest Is History offers a comprehensive and nuanced examination of the Norman Conquest's aftermath, highlighting both the devastating impacts and the transformative changes that reshaped England. Through engaging dialogue and insightful analysis, Dominic Sandbrook and Tom Holland provide listeners with a deeper understanding of this pivotal moment in history, emphasizing the interplay between destruction and development that defined William the Conqueror's reign.