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- [00:02]
A
Hello and welcome to the vergecast, the flagship podcast of long form text. I'm Jake Castronakis and today we're talking to the Atlantic staff writer Rose Horowitz. Rose just wrote a story with a very bold title, the End of Reading is Here. And in it she shares some pretty alarming statistics. She writes that fewer than half of all adults reported having read a book of any kind in 2022. She shares that the proportion of Americans who read for pleasure on any given day, few fell to just 16% in 2023, and that gambling has now become a more common leisure activity than reading a book. This is all intimately intertwined with technology. Phones, notifications, devices in schools, TikTok, of course, and what that is all doing to our free time and our ability to pay attention to pretty much anything for an extended period of time. This is all stuff we cover closely at the Verge. So I really wanted to talk to Rose about how real these concerns are and how much we need thinking about what comes next. But first, here's what's happening on the Verge today. This is 90 seconds on the Verge for Thursday, July 23, 2026. Today in Rampocalypse, Framework is reducing the RAM in laptops that it already took pre orders on. This is happening both because it couldn't get enough units and because the RAM became way too expensive. Framework writes that its latest RAM modules were delivered at a price that quote goes far beyond anything we had predicted and anything we're able to absorb without placing our ability to operate at real financial risk. Instead, Framework is lowering the RAM quantities on many pre orders and raising the price on RAM upgrades. One laptop config went up by $800. Rampocalypse has hit everyone hard, and it has clearly been particularly tough on small companies like Framework. Next up, the European Commission is fining Google $1 billion for violating its Digital Markets Law. The commission said that Google has given preferential treatment to its own services within search. That included things like placing Google's own hotel and sports results at the top of the search page. The commission also said that Google was too controlling over apps within the Play Store and that it should not have stopped developers from telling users about cheaper ways to make purchases. Google has to make changes within 60 days or face more fines. Finally, Lego has turned the original Donkey Kong arcade machine into a functional Lego set. This is cool. I'm sorry, I'm into it. It's $200. You can actually jump the barrels, roll down, and automatically load back up to the top of the machine. It's very clever. It comes out next week. You can read more@theverge.com that's 90 seconds on the verge for Thursday, July 23, 2026.
- [02:48]
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Support for the show comes from ServiceNow. AI is moving fast across the enterprise. It's just chaos. Different tools, different models, different teams using AI in completely different ways. ServiceNow turns that chaos into control. With the AI control tower. You see all your AI across the business in one place, what it's doing, what it's done and what it's about to do. So you stay in control. To put AI to work for people, visit servicenow.com Support for the show comes from MongoDB. AI assisted in AgentIC coding is helping you build faster than ever. But if your data layer is still a bottleneck, what's the point? Instead of wrestling with rigid schemas or translating data formats, MongoDB's native data model mirrors the language LLMs already speak. It ships at the speed of AI, is ACID compliant, and scales to handle massive Fortune 500 workloads. Developers have a word for that kind of reliability, actually. Five words. It's a great freaking database. Start building@mongodb.com AI
- [04:03]
A
Rose Horwich, thanks so much for joining us.
- [04:06]
C
Thank you for having me.
- [04:07]
A
So, Rose, your story is called the End of Reading is here. You spoke to a bunch of professors, media experts, researchers about the state of literacy in 2026. For those who, you know, haven't read it yet, tell us a little bit about what you found.
- [04:23]
C
So what I found was that, you know, in the data, there was this very convincing decline in reading in America. You know, the share of Americans who read a book or an article on any given day has declined by 40% over the past two decades. And as of 2022, which is the last year that we have this really good data for, you know, fewer than half of all Americans read a any kind in the year. And so, you know, I just took that data, you know, to be very convincing and then was kind of trying to look at, okay, what are the implications? What happened when literacy first appeared in society 6,000 years ago? And how, you know, are people or these experts kind of thinking about what's happening to us now as it goes away?
- [05:09]
A
When I told people about this article, I kept hearing everyone say, you know, people are always declaring that reading is dead. My wife sent me a blue sky thread of like a dozen newspaper articles going back a century declaring reading dead. So I'm curious, after all this research, how convinced are you? How convinced are you that there's a real problem here and that reading is actually disappearing this time?
- [05:31]
C
No, it's so funny because in this story, I quote a bunch of these examples and, you know, I. I quote Marshall McLuhan, who wrote in 1962 that we were entering an age of post literacy where the electronic media would, you know, replace the written word. And then, you know, Neil Postman said the same thing in 1980. And so I think a lot of people look at those and say, okay, people have warned about this for a long time, and, you know, it wasn't the apocalypse. We didn't see reading rates go down to zero. You know, we didn't even see maybe, you know, drops of like 10% in a year or something. And so that means that it's not real, the fact that people have been warning about it for so long. And, you know, I find that argument somewhat convincing. But what I tried to raise in the piece is an alternative argument is that, you know, people have been warning about this, and in a way they've been right. Like, reading rates have been declining, and so it's just been a slower and slower transition, I think, than some of these people predicted a while ago. But that doesn't mean that it's not happening. It just means that it's more gradual than we think, but that the trend lines and the direction are very clear. So I found that to be a sort of convincing way to understand the evidence and data that, you know, was before me.
- [06:50]
A
And I do think that's really interesting because, you know, for. For very obvious reasons. Right. The spread of alternate forms of media reading has just been declining for decades at this point. And so when you're looking at, I think, some of the most recent declines, they're. They might seem large, but they're. They're large declines on what is already a diminished reading population. And so the numbers are maybe getting smaller and smaller. What are the demographics where this change is being seen? Is, is it just among the youth where you're seeing, you know, where, where you're hearing about this, you know, apparent death of reading, or is this kind of across the board?
- [07:29]
C
Yeah, it's definitely not just among the youth. You know, I note in the piece that even the groups that have kind of historically read the most, which are, you know, retirees and older people, you know, college graduates and women, that they've also collapse in reading. So it's something that really cuts across demographics, and in a way, it would almost be comforting if it was confined just to one, but it is you know, a real kind of wide, widespread shift.
- [07:59]
A
There's this very interesting caveat that you have in your story where you write, and I'm quoting here, strangely, Americans are probably reading more words than ever before. People are bombarded with emails, text messages, X posts, Reddit threads, Instagram captions. So tell me how you're thinking about this, because you have this bold claim the end of reading is here, but you also acknowledge like, pretty pretty much right away in the piece that in some ways we're reading more than ever. So how are you making that distinction in saying we're seeing more texts than ever? We're communicating by text nonstop, but also there's this end to reading happening.
- [08:37]
C
Yeah, I'm so glad that you brought that up because I think it's a really important point that, you know, when you look around and think about how many emails you probably get for work every day or texts from your friends and everything, it's really hard to say that reading is over. And so I think it's important to think about what we are defining as reading when we're talking about it. And you know, what I was arguing was that we are bombarded with so much text that it's. What's that's taking away from is almost the. Our kind of time and ability to really focus in on a rich and complex text and kind of read it for a sustained period of time and deeply. So I argued that that's kind of the type of reading that we're losing and that that's what I meant by saying that we're post literate. It's not that we're illiterate, like people still know how to read. But it's a real change in what I think we mean when we talk about reading now.
- [09:32]
A
Well, that's one of the things that I found so interesting about this piece. In some ways, obviously it is very much about people not reading deep, complex texts. But I think just as much the story is about the end of attention spans. And one of the reasons I wanted to talk with you is that this phenomenon seems to be so deeply intertwined with technology and how tech is changing our habits. So this is a big question. You obviously have an entire article answering this, but what is your takeaway about the biggest drivers of reading's death? Is it phones? Is it TikTok? You know, what. What is contributing to our inability to pay attention?
- [10:14]
C
Yeah. So I think, you know, it is really multicausal. But when I was kind of looking and trying to trace, you know, the times the timing of this decline, I think it really starts, you know, with, with television. We start to see it and television just crowds out the time that people might have previous spend reading. You know, by 1985, I think the average American household was watching seven hours of TV a day. So that just takes away a lot of time that you might previously have spent reading because you didn't have other sources of entertainment. And then, you know, we see with streaming and smartphones and, and broadband Internet, that just sort of makes it so much easier to not read. Like they're, you know, they never stop. Everything kind of, you know, moves into the next show or you can just keep scrolling, you know, until infinity. And so, you know, we see it really, I guess, get supercharged kind of with, you know, these new technologies. And, you know, when I was speaking with cognitive scientists, they were saying, you know, there's nothing in our brain where that's like fundamentally changed to where we can no longer pay attention, but what we do is what we become accustomed to. And so the more we become used to kind of using these alternate forms of media to immediately switching, you know, away from something, if it doesn't grab our attention, attention in the first 15 seconds, the harder it feels to pay attention to anything. And I think we do see that in the data. You know, I spoke with a researcher who found that 20 years ago, the average attention span on a screen was two and a half minutes. And five years ago that had dropped to 47 seconds. So we just see that we become accustomed to having things change really quickly and to, you know, moving away from something that doesn't or that doesn't immediately grab our attention.
- [12:02]
A
It's so funny you say that like, as I was writing down questions that I wanted to ask you and reading this article, tweets kept flying in on my second monitor and I kept getting distracted. And it like, of course this happens. There are so many things that we have to monitor at any given moment right now. And our devices are really designed to put all this stuff in front of us. You know, it's interesting to change the subject just slightly for a second. You actually had another story in January about how this, this attention span issue is showing up in some really odd ways. You talk to a bunch of film professors who were saying that feature length movies are now too long for students. There's this part where you say, students arriving in college today have no memory of a world before the infinite scroll. As teenagers, they spent nearly five hours a day on social media, with much of that time used for flicking from one short form video to the next. I'm interested in this thing where it's almost like this is not just the death of reading that you've kind of been circling around. It seems to be sort of anything that is, is meaty and requires a devoted attention span.
- [13:07]
C
So I think there is a real change in kind of the way we relate to media. And you know, that shows up in movies, in books as well, that people are just so much more used to kind of. Yeah. Shifting their attention all the time. You know, Netflix reportedly tells directors to kind of constantly have people repe the action that's happening or saying it again so that, you know, if someone's not paying attention, they still get what's going on. And you know, one, one researcher who I spoke to compared us to like lab rats who, you know, get a hit of cocaine when we press a button. And so, yeah, I think we do, we do find that, that we're just always switching between things and it makes it hard to do anything for a sustained period of time.
- [13:54]
A
Are you a phone in hand while watching tv person?
- [13:57]
D
Yes.
- [13:58]
A
Yeah, see, I know.
- [14:01]
C
I.
- [14:01]
A
This is like sacrilegious to me. I, I like am like if I'm watching a movie, I'm like, lights off, phone away. But it's hard, it's hard. Like it keeps buzzing.
- [14:10]
C
I know. No, I, I mean, as I tried to make clear in this article, I was like trying to be very transparent about the ways that I've fallen victim to a lot of these things. And I certainly am always like, you know, cleaning while I'm watching TV or cooking while I'm watching tv. And I often have my phone next to me while I'm reading and I like check my. Not every couple pages. So it's a really difficult, I think like habit to resist. Falling into
- [14:38]
B
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- [15:43]
A
bloomington, Indiana has always been a town of lifelong learners. Lectures that run long, dinner table debates that run longer. We're always studying something, but this year the syllabus changed. We learned about blitzes and blocks, pick sixes and play action, and what the inside of that outside stadium looks like on a sunny Saturday afternoon. We may not always understand the whole thing, but man, if it isn't fun to learn, visit Bloomington. Learn something new. Hey, it's Ryan Reynolds here from Mint Mobile. Now I was looking for fun ways to tell you that Mint's offer of unlimited Premium Wireless for $15 a month is back. So I thought it would be fun if we made $15 bills, but it turns out that's very illegal. So there goes my big idea for the commercial. Give it a try@mintmobile.com switch upfront payment
- [16:35]
C
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- [16:43]
D
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- [17:23]
A
I want to make sure I talk about the education side of this too, because you are an education reporter. That's what your primary beat at the Atlantic and your story kind of gets into the fact that yes, there's technology, but there's also education is morphing around short form too. Can you tell me a little bit about that? And I'm curious, is that a cause or an effect of what we're seeing here?
- [17:45]
C
Yeah, so it's a couple years ago I had written this piece about students arriving to universities, even, you know, the top universities in the country, kind of unprepared to read full books. And what I Found really interesting about that was that it didn't just seem like it was, you know, an issue of phones or something, as people often talk about. You know, what we were finding was that curricula had really changed in middle and high school. And so people were unprepared to read full books because they hadn't been asked to before. And so, you know, I think what I tried to then kind of follow up with here was looking at, okay, what is happening in elementary, middle and high schools. And I think what we see is that kind of successive waves of education reform, even when they were very well meaning, have just over time, led teachers to assign a lot fewer full books. You know, a survey from last year found that most middle and high school teachers assign between zero and four books a year. And, you know, instead there's a lot more focus on excerpts and kind of doing reading comprehension drills to prepare for. For standardized tests. And so that is just a fundamentally different kind of way of teaching because school is usually where kind of kids were forced to read. Obviously, you know, there has also been, you know, a decline in interest in pleasure reading among young people. But it's really, you know, I focus on researchers who were like, when did kids ever really come home and, like, you know, crack open a book? Or when did the majority of kids ever do that? But they would have been expected to do that in school.
- [19:16]
D
School.
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C
And now that's a real change. I think something else that's really interesting that's happening in schools is that, you know, we are seeing that as books have left the classroom, we're seeing a lot more like tablets and chromebooks. And I think a lot of that can be sort of, you know, related to a Covid phenomenon. But, you know, in. In a recent survey, like, 80% of elementary school teachers said that students receive a digital device from school before kindergarten. So again, that's just a really fundamentally different way of. Of teaching and learning. And it makes sense that that would change our habits and interests.
- [19:50]
A
That's so interesting. And it really sounds to me like these are. Are sort of two separate things that are happening at the same time, where technology exists outside of schools in a way that is perhaps hurting our ability to pay attention to one thing for a long time. And then in schools, they are separately deciding to optimize around short form. You kind of said it yourself like kids were forced to read these long books. And it's not necessarily, you know, that that is a way that you. You instill those abilities. It is interesting, though, you know, I think Back to my time in college and you know, I, I, I didn't always read all of the books. I'm curious, you spoke to a bunch of professors for these stories and, and a lot seems to be pointed at the state of college students and these anecdotes about inattentive students. I'm curious what you're hear. The professors are kind of assessing the distinction from the days of kids who would just read spark notes to today where, you know, theoretically they can't get through a, you know, four page paper.
- [20:59]
C
Yeah, no, and, and definitely in these pieces, you know, one thing that's come up is that, you know, oftentimes college students kind of have a changed relationship to university than they used to. You know, we know that they're spending a lot more time in extracurriculars. And so certainly that can be kind of cutting into time that might have spent reading or like pretending to do the reading in the past. But at the same time, you know, the professors that I spoke with, they were aware of all of this. They were aware that everyone, you know, professors have been complaining about kids not reading for a really long time, and yet they were still saying that there is really a fundamental change in the way students are relating to text. You know, I spoke with one professor at Brown who was saying that, you know, he's always had to, of course, you know, talk to students about the content of what they were reading, but now he really has to, he and his colleagues really have to teach them how they expect them to read and help them like, identify, okay, what's the metaphor here? How do I approach this? You know, where's the author using irony and that they have to kind of figure out how to read, how to think before they can even get the content. And another thing that I found really interesting as I was speaking to, you know, an administrative staff member at Harvard who, you know, supports the humanities and social sciences, she was saying that there's really a changed relationship to tech text among a lot of the students that she works with. Where, you know, students kind of see reading as a kind of arbitrarily difficult way to get information and think that, you know, when professors are assigning them reading, they're kind of hiding something from them. And it's like, why can't you just give me the chatgpt, you know, cut down version, our Claude cut down version? Why are you like making me get it through this hard medium? And so that is a real shift, I think, in relationship to text just being. Because there weren't other alternatives before you could read Spark Notes, but it wasn't going to be like, as tailored to exactly what you wanted. Any question you would ask.
- [23:00]
A
I mean, that's fascinating. And again, I think it just goes back to how much technology is shifting what is possible for our attention spans and for our ability to read and how. Right. It's interesting. SparkNotes is itself reading, even if it is simpler reading. I want to ask, and this is a very dumb question, but why is this a problem? Right? Like intuitively reading. Being dead feels very, very bad. But, you know, you can argue, okay, you can listen to fascinating conversations on podcasts. You can see world class film from home. You can discover new cultures and perspectives with endless swipes on TikTok. So. So what, what is the argument for why reading is inherently better?
- [23:45]
C
So I think that's a great question. And, you know, it's interesting because definitely there is, you know, no problem with getting information from podcasts and you can learn a ton.
- [23:53]
A
Thank you. Thank you.
- [23:54]
C
Yes. It's important to note right now, but I think that what I was trying to argue in this piece was not that it was inherently a negative, but that this is a real shift that the medium that we use to communicate with one another shapes the world that we live in. It shapes the way we think in our politics and our culture. And so as we see, you know, not just on a day to day level or minute by minute level, that people are picking a podcast instead of picking up Dickens or something, but that we're seeing like a real shift in from text and the written word to these more oral forms of communication. I was arguing that that will fundamentally change society and it will change kind of of our consciousness, you know, the candidates that we elect and how we choose them and what our culture values. And so that was really the case that I was trying to make that. Yeah. That this will. Will just be a fundamental shift.
- [24:51]
A
Speaking of fundamental shifts, there's this, this very funny moment, I think, like 2/3 of the way into the piece, where you go, I haven't even mentioned AI yet. What are you looking at? As AI proliferates in schools and world workplaces, you know, what is the concern about what happens next?
- [25:10]
C
Yeah, yeah. So I think AI is really interesting because, you know, we've talked, you know, of course, about a lot of different technologies that have affected reading. But, you know, I talk about in the piece how AI is the first that can really, you know, write for you, and it's the first to kind of affect writing. And I think the challenge with that is that, you know, writing is not just. Just transcribing what you already thought. And the reason that writing is really difficult is because oftentimes you think you know what you're going to say, and then writing actually helps you figure out that you had no idea what you were going to say, and writing helps you figure out what you think. And so I think the concern with AI is just that if we become over reliant on AI to kind of write for us, we won't go through the process of really deciding what we think and figuring out what arguments are convincing to us. And I think something that's really interesting here is that it was kind of ironic to talk about how AI is threatening writing and reading when so much of its output, at least currently, is in text form. So, you know, one thing that I was thinking about there was kind of that AI as it gives us so much, you know, polished, kind of convincing text that, you know, studies show is really pleasing to people to read, that, you know, we will need our powers of discernment and comprehension even more to figure out what's right. Where did the AI potentially make a mistake within this kind of, you know, beautifully polished essay, Is there something that's inaccurate or misleading? And the challenge is that those are the very skills that AI threatens to erode as we're using it.
- [26:50]
A
And I think this is one of the most fascinating tensions of your piece, which is, again, there is so much more text in the world, so much more text being put in front of us. And what is perhaps breaking down is not necessarily all reading. It is that ability to critically read everything that is put in front of us, or even the ability to pay attention long enough to do that. Critical reading, I was gonna say, yeah,
- [27:14]
C
it's so interesting, you know, on Amazon, since ChatGPT was released in 2022, there's been like a threefold increase in the number of books that are released every month. And, you know, we see more, like, scientific papers published, you know, and a lot more that have hallucinated references. There's just going to be like, so much more text around us that we will have to figure out, okay, how do we sift through this? What do we pay attention to? You know, what do we believe? And, you know, I think that reading and writing is really, like, fundamental in honing those skills.
- [27:47]
A
You talk to a lot of people who are concerned about this. What do they think should be done? Is there a path to restoring reading or critical reading or attention spans or what have you? Is that even possible nowadays when video and distractions are everywhere.
- [28:06]
C
Yeah. So I think, you know, most of the people that I spoke with, they did not think that we were gonna go back to a world that was really premised on, you know, reading and move away from videos. It seems that that was unlikely. And so I think what they were more thinking about was how do we preserve what really matters to us and what we believe is important. You know, if these are some of the things that reading has kind of inculcated in us. And so, you know, we, that, you know, nearly two dozen states have banned cell phones in school and that when Texas did that, you know, this Dallas school district saw 200,000 more library books checked out in the year after they. The ban went into effect compared to the year before. So, you know, there certainly are, I guess, people in places that are thinking about, okay, where is it really important that people do read and we preserve that and those abilities and what, you know, where can we kind of embrace video? And it might not be such a bad. But in terms of a society wide sort of shift, I think this is all kind of an act of will. You know, as, as we just discussed, we all know how to read, we all can read. And so I think it's more about us just deciding that it is important. And there are things that reading has brought us that we don't want to lose and making the decision to read, and that's something that, you know, everyone can do every day, but obviously there's no sort of simple solution, unfortunately.
- [29:34]
A
I think that's very encouraging though, right there. There are ways that we can emphasize what we value here. And you know, I think the, the phone bans are, are clearly an obvious step for some of this stuff when it comes to education. I think, you know, we're both in New York and I've heard from teacher friends of mine that there has been a big change in, in the attitudes of students as a result of this. And it's, it's very exciting to hear that that actually, actually, you know, drives people back to books. Rose, I want to end with hopefully a not hard question. What are you reading right now?
- [30:08]
C
So I am reading say Nothing by Patrick Raden Keefe, which I just started and am liking a lot. So yes, I know writing this has made me want to read more. As I talk about at the end of the piece, the habit has sort of slipped away from me a little bit, but trying to get back into it. What about you?
- [30:28]
A
I am rereading east of Eden, which is one of my favorite books of all time. The sad thing is I'm rereading it now because the Netflix show is coming out in a few months.
- [30:39]
C
I do not think that's sad. That is very impressive, honestly.
- [30:43]
A
I appreciate that. I appreciate that. Well, highly recommend it. It's a great book. Rose. Thank you so much for joining us. The piece is called the End of Reading is Here. It's in the Atlantic. I highly encourage everyone to check it out and obviously read it.
- [30:58]
C
Thank you so much for having me.
- [31:00]
A
If you want to get back into reading, check out Rose over at the Atlantic and check out the verge@theverge.com subscribe where you can sign up to get ad free podcasts, exclusive newsletters, and complete access to all the amazing journalism we publish every single day. The Vergecast is produced by Josh Kahas, Brandon Kiefer, Eric Gomez, and Travis Larson. Chuck, thanks so much for tuning in. We'll see you tomorrow.
- [31:28]
D
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