11.17.25 A religious-freedom violation, the impact of the shutdown, and the 1908 “missing link”

Summary

Podcast Episode Summary: The World and Everything In It — November 17, 2025

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Episode Overview

This episode of The World and Everything In It explores three major topics:

• A Supreme Court case on religious freedom for inmates centered on a Rastafarian prisoner whose dreadlocks were forcibly cut,
• Economic implications of the recent government shutdown and the realities of the current AI investment “bubble,”
• A look back at the infamous 1908 “missing link” hoax and the history of scientific and biblical forgeries.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

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1. Religious Freedom Violation: Landor v. Louisiana

(06:27–14:20)

• Case Summary:
  The Supreme Court hears Landor v. Louisiana, involving Damon Landor, a Rastafarian inmate whose knee-length dreadlocks—central to his faith—were cut by prison officials despite explicit court protections.

• Religious Significance:

  • Rastafarianism, a movement from the 1930s, regards dreadlocks as a key symbol of spiritual devotion, connecting to the “Nazirite vow” in Numbers 6 (Old Testament), where not cutting one's hair is an expression of faith (07:04–08:09).
  • Wayne Rose (Rastafarian chaplain): “Very importantly to Rastafari identity is the wearing of dreadlocks.” (07:24)

• Legal Framework:

  • The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) is at the center; the government admitted a violation occurred when Landor’s locks were cut (08:22–08:47).
  • The issue for SCOTUS: Does RLUIPA allow for damages—specifically monetary compensation—for violations, or merely injunctive relief (getting the hair back, so to speak, not possible here)?

• Supreme Court Debate:

  • Precedent & Statute Differences:

    • “Appropriate relief” language is identical to that in the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), but the statutes stem from different constitutional sources: RFRA (14th Amendment), RLUIPA (Spending Clause) (11:31–11:58).
    • Justice Brett Kavanaugh: “You need a clear statement and ‘appropriate relief,’ you know, it’s not as clear as it could be in encompassing damages.” (12:15)

  • Arguments for Damages:

    • Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson noted that prison employees consent to federal conditions by taking roles in federally-funded institutions:
      “They are thereby consenting to follow those agreements. Is that right?” (12:35–13:16)

  • Government Response & Remedies:

    • State argues Congress, not courts, should clarify and that explicit legislative change is needed (14:08–14:17).

• Memorable Moments:

  • Guard disregarded a court order and “threw the court document in the trash.” (07:30).
  • “Getting his dreads back will take decades, and he’s looking for a more instant remedy, like money damages.” (09:59)

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2. The Impact of the Shutdown & The Monday Money Beat

(15:21–24:35)

• Shutdown Analysis:

  • Host Nick Eicher and financial analyst David Bonson scrutinize the shutdown’s economic effects.

  • Macro vs. Micro Impact:

    • Bonson downplays the macroeconomic significance of even the longest shutdown, though acknowledges personal disruption for affected families (16:35–17:56).
    • “People are going to have a very hard time finding any data that actually indicates it moving any particular needle macroeconomically.” (16:35)

  • Skepticism of CBO Data:

    • Bonson doubts the Congressional Budget Office's claim that shutdown shaved 1–1.5 percentage points off GDP (17:56–18:17):
      • “I have a hard time understanding it…anything that didn’t get paid in the first half…gets paid in the second half.”

• AI Investment: Bubble or Boom?

  • Productive vs. Scarcity Bubbles:

    • Bonson identifies AI as a “productive bubble”—high valuations but potentially society-benefiting long term, akin to the 1990s Internet boom (20:04–22:46).
    • “If the bubble was excessive valuation of something that is productive, then…you end up with a still productive thing…some investors lost a lot of money and other investors got to come in at a better time and a better price.”

  • Historical Lessons:

    • Compares today’s AI hype to the dot-com and housing bubbles—lessons not quickly learned without personal experience (23:02–24:16).
    • “Reading requires reading…But what isn’t doable is managing money now with the experiential essence of having gone through it before.”

• Memorable Exchange:

  • Eicher teases Bonson: “You’re not that old but you were born in your 30s, it seems like.” (24:16)
    • Bonson: “Well, I’ll take that as a compliment.” (24:20)

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3. World History Book: The 1908 “Missing Link” Hoax

(25:14–31:46)

• Piltdown Man: The Ape-Human Hoax

  • Archaeologist Charles Dawson unearths what he claims is the missing link between apes and humans—the Piltdown Man (25:28–28:44).
  • Joseph Weiner: “It was an ape man of a unique kind with a rather thick boned skull and a rather ape like jaw.” (25:47)
  • Scientific skepticism grew but desire for proof of evolution won out. In the 1950s, Weiner and colleagues exposed the skull as a planted forgery: an orangutan jaw, chimpanzee teeth, and a 600-year-old human skull, cleverly disguised.
  • “Dawson used dental putty to put it all together and artificially colored the skull to make it look old.” (28:19)
  • Motivation: Ambition for fame and influence.

• Cardiff Giant: The Petrified Man Biblical Hoax

  • George Hull carves a “Nephilim” giant (inspired by Genesis), buries it, and “discovers” it, fooling both the public and experts in 1869 (29:26–30:51).
  • Michael Tamborino: “He even went through and created pores on its skin…poured acid over his skin to make it look like it was older…” (30:02)
  • Hull profits from the hoax, inspiring rivals like P.T. Barnum.

• Modern Parallels & Lessons

  • Host notes: “In today’s world, fraudsters continue to make money this way...It’s Internet disinformation, clickbait, and scam calls.” (31:05)
  • Carolyn Schindler: “It’s an enormous object lesson for people today not to be too credulous…not just to see what you want to see.” (31:32)
  • Jenny Ruff: “If something is too good to be true, it probably is.” (31:42)

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “They have eliminated…a vow of reverence to the divine, a spiritual vow.” — Wayne Rose (07:55)
• “You need a clear statement and appropriate relief…not as clear as it could be in encompassing damages.” — Justice Kavanaugh (12:15)
• “People are going to have a very hard time finding any data that actually indicates [the shutdown] moving any particular needle macroeconomically.” — David Bonson (16:35)
• “I want this [AI bubble] to be like [the dot-com bubble], where risk takers get profits and rewards, but we don’t end up…asking the government to get super involved...” — David Bonson (22:46)
• “Reading requires reading.” — David Bonson (23:02)
• “It was an ape man of a unique kind with a rather thick boned skull and a rather ape like jaw.” — Joseph Weiner (25:47)
• “[The Cardiff Giant] didn’t just fool the most religious Americans…it also fooled scientists, archaeologists…” — Michael Tamborino (30:02)
• “It’s an enormous object lesson for people today not to be too credulous…” — Carolyn Schindler (31:32)
• “If something is too good to be true, it probably is.” — Jenny Ruff (31:42)

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Timestamps for Important Segments

• [06:27] Legal Docket: Landor v. Louisiana (Rastafarian dreadlocks case)
• [15:21] Monday Money Beat: Shutdown impact & AI investment bubble
• [25:14] World History Book: Piltdown Man & Cardiff Giant hoaxes

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Tone & Style:
The episode is informative, analytical, and sober, with moments of wry humor and strong investigative reporting. The hosts ask probing questions, allowing guests and each other to thoughtfully unpack complex legal, economic, and historical subjects—always seeking truth through a biblically informed lens.

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Useful For:

• Listeners wanting clarity on SCOTUS religious rights cases
• Economic observers tracking the aftershocks of government shutdowns and AI investment hype
• Those interested in the history (and lessons) of scientific fraud and belief

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For tomorrow: Features on baby safe haven laws and efforts against vineyard-killing insects are teased.

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Transcript

[Jenny Ruff]

Good morning. Federal law protects the religious freedom of inmates. But a Rastafarian prisoner says the promise meant nothing when guards strapped him down and cut his dreads. Now he's looking for compensation.

[David Bonson]

Look, the facts of this case are egregious.

[Nick Eicher]

That's a head on legal docket. Also today, the Monday money beat, economist David Bonson standing by. And later the world history book, how one man claimed to find the so called missing link proving human evolution.

[Joseph Weiner]

It was an ape man with a thick boned skull and ape like jaw.

[Jenny Ruff]

It's Monday, November 17th. This is the world and everything in it. From listener supported World Radio, I'm Jenny Ruff.

[Nick Eicher]

And I'm Nick Iger. Good morning.

[Jenny Ruff]

Up next, Kent Covington with today's news on Capitol Hill.

[Kent Covington]

Republicans and Democrats are once again debating health care. That after a small number of Democrats crossed the aisle to help pass a funding bill last week to end the longest ever government shutdown. Virginia Senator Tim Kaine was among them.

[David Bonson]

I was at the table with the Republican senators and I knew if we wanted to get to the health care discussion we had to open up government. And that was a vantage point I had that a lot of folks who are lobbying criticism didn't.

[Kent Covington]

And that discussion has begun anew. But the two sides sharply disagree on the path forward. Democrats are pushing for the extension of Obamacare subsidies. Senator JEANNE SHAHEEN Right now we need.

[Jenny Ruff]

To address what people are facing in terms of those high rate increases because of the threat that these premium tax credits are going to end.

[Kent Covington]

But Republicans say it's time to take another look at alternatives to pouring more money into Obamacare. Senator John Barrasso I'm a doctor.

[David Bonson]

I practice medicine in Wyoming for 24 years.

[Kent Covington]

And I've always wanted people to get the care they need from a doctor.

[David Bonson]

That they choose at a price they can afford.

[Kent Covington]

And Obamacare basically destroyed that possibility. GOP Senator Bill Cassidy, also a physician, is suggesting redirecting subsidies into flexible spending accounts. But Democrats argue there is not enough time to implement that proposal. With the subsidies set to expire at the end of this year. President Trump says his administration could soon open talks with Venezuelan dictator Nicolas Maduro. That comes as the United States has continued a military buildup in the Caribbean near Venezuela that is part of a counter cartel operation that many see as a pressure campaign against the Maduro regime. Trump says Maduro is supporting and fueling drug trafficking and illegal immigration into the US and he wants it to stop.

[David Bonson]

We may be having some discussions with Maduro and we'll see how that Turns out they would like.

[Nick Eicher]

They would like to talk.

[Kent Covington]

The US Military has recently carried out a series of lethal strikes on boats that it says were trafficking illicit drugs across the Caribbean and the Pacific, many of them from Venezuela. And President Trump has reportedly been considering targeted airstrikes against cartel targets within Venezuela, and he has already approved CIA operations there. FBI Director Kash Patel says the bureau is determined to put an end to the fentanyl crisis. He says he believes that the Trump administration is making great strides in curbing the flow of fentanyl precursors across the globe and keeping the deadly synthetic drug out of the US this opioid crisis.

[David Bonson]

Is going to be turned off. Americans are no longer going to lose.

[Michael Tamborino]

Their life to manufactured synthesis opioids like fentanyl.

[Kent Covington]

Patel recently met with officials in Beijing about the fentanyl problem that marked the first time an FBI director has visited China in more than a decade. Beijing has vowed to adopt tighter controls on the export of certain fentanyl precursor chemicals. Ukraine is working to resume prisoner exchanges with Russia that could bring home 1200 Ukrainian prisoners. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said his government is engaged in negotiations mediated by Turkey and the United Arab Emirates. But at the same time, Russian drone and missile strikes damaged energy infrastructure in Ukraine's Odesa region over the weekend. Meantime, the President of Finland, Alexander Stubb, says a ceasefire in Ukraine is, in his view, unlikely before the spring.

[David Bonson]

I'm not very optimistic about achieving a.

[Joseph Weiner]

Ceasefire or the beginning of peace negotiations, at least this year. I mean, perhaps if we get something.

[David Bonson]

Going by February, March, that would be good.

[Kent Covington]

And despite an ongoing corruption scandal in Kyiv, he is urging European allies to hold the line in support of Ukraine. Some Republicans on Capitol Hill say they're taking steps to bolster President Trump's push to protect persecuted Christians in Nigeria. Congressman Riley Moore has introduced a House resolution voicing support for the Trump administration's decision to designate Nigeria as a country of particular concern. And that resolution urges the use of all diplomatic, economic, and security tools to pressure Nigeria to better protect Christians, Moore said on Sunday.

[Nick Eicher]

Tragedy that's going on there, how horrific.

[David Bonson]

This is, these killings of these Christians, our brothers and sisters in Christ.

[Nick Eicher]

But we, and as President Trump has.

[David Bonson]

Stated, we're going to stop this.

[Kent Covington]

The Trump administration has threatened to halt aid, issue sanctions, and potentially even take military action if Nigerian leaders don't step up protections for Christians. A human rights group reports that from January through August of this year, militants killed or kidnapped roughly 15,000 Christian Nigerians. I'm Kent Covington, and coming up Legal docket Money Beat with David Bonson and the World History Book. This is the World and Everything in it.

[Nick Eicher]

It's Monday 17th November. Glad to have you along for today's edition of the World and Everything In It. Good morning, I'm Nick Iger.

[Jenny Ruff]

And I'm Jenny Ruff. Time now for legal docket today. Lander vs. Louisiana, a religious freedom case about drugs, dreadlocks and an inmate named Damon.

[Nick Eicher]

Bob Marley and the Wailers provided the most popular soundtrack for the religion. Damon claims Rastafarianism, a relatively new religious movement from the 1930s. It borrows some Old Testament ideas, including the Nazirite vow, and that's key. But it considers former Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie divine and mixes biblical themes with cultural, political and liberationist ideas.

[Kent Covington]

And now will you see the light?

[David Bonson]

You stand up for your right.

[Jenny Ruff]

Damon Lander asserts his right was to wear knee length dreadlocks while serving a five month prison sentence on a drug possession charge. Wayne Rose is a lecturer at Morgan State University and once worked as a Rastafari chaplain in the New York State prison system.

[Joseph Weiner]

Very importantly to Rastafari identity is the wearing of dreadlocks.

[Nick Eicher]

State prison officials in Louisiana demanded Landor comply with prison grooming standards. Landor even gave the guard a copy of a court opinion that expressly said shaving the dreadlocks of a practicing Rastafari is not permitted. But the guard threw the court document in the trash. Eventually, they would strap him down and shear off the locks that took him 20 years to grow.

[Joseph Weiner]

So when someone violates the expression of your locks linked to the divine, then they have eliminated, if you will, a vow of reverence to the divine, a spiritual vow.

[Nick Eicher]

He refers to the Nazarite vow From Numbers chapter 6 in the old Testament, a vow taken to express devotion to God. The key component here is letting the locks of your hair grow long.

[Jenny Ruff]

At this point, that inquiry no longer matters. All parties agree that what prison officials did is unlawful per federal statute. Lander's rights are clearly spelled out in the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons act, known by the odd acronym erlupa. What's at issue now is Landor's remedy. His rights were violated. So what do the government and possibly government officials owe him now?

[Nick Eicher]

On legal docket, we talk a lot about the free exercise of religion, a fundamental right grounded in the first amend to the US Constitution. What we don't often talk about is rluipa. Nor do we talk about what prompted Congress to approve RLUIPA a 1990 Supreme Court decision, Employment Division versus Smith. Ever since that decision, it's been more difficult to bring a straightforward First Amendment free exercise claim.

[Jenny Ruff]

The reason is Smith held that a neutral law that is generally applicable is okay as long as the law is rationally related to a legitimate government interest. In this case, a prison's grooming policy that says all incoming inmates get a haircut because hair is an easy place to hide contraband.

[Nick Eicher]

But Congress wanted greater protections for religious liberty than that. So as pushback to the Smith case, it enacted not only rluipa, but its forerunner, the Religious Freedom Restoration act, known as rfra.

[Jenny Ruff]

Both statutes say if a law restricts religious freedom, it is subject to strict scrutiny. The government must have a compelling interest and must use the least restrictive means possible to carry out its goal. For example, searching an inmate's hair instead of shaving an inmate's hair.

[Nick Eicher]

But because the government chose to shave, Landor chose to sue. Where he's run into some trouble and why he's at the Supreme Court is whether RLUPA allows the claim he's trying to bring. Getting his dreads back will take decades, and he's looking for a more instant remedy, like money damages.

[Jenny Ruff]

And that's the question in this case. Does the statute, arlupa, allow Landor to do that? Does it allow a damages remedy? But the bad news for Landor is that every circuit court that has considered the question has held money damages are not available under arlupa. Justice Neil Gorsuch brought that up with Landor's attorney, Zachary Tripp.

[Nick Eicher]

As I understand it, the circuits are unanimously against you and have been for many, many, many years.

[Emma Eicher]

That's correct.

[Nick Eicher]

Yeah. Correct. But the good news For Landor, 18 days before guards cut his hair, the US Supreme Court handed down a decision in a RFRA case. And in that case, the court did allow money damages against government officials. The wording in those two sister statutes is precisely the same. Landor's attorney and RLUPA uses identical language. They're like twins separated at birth. They clearly mean the same thing. Both statutes say that a plaintiff is entitled to bring a lawsuit against government officials for, quote, unquote, appropriate relief. So Landor's side argued, because the Supreme Court held appropriate relief includes money in the RFRA case, it ought also to be allowed in the R. Lupa case.

[Jenny Ruff]

But here's the problem. The congressional power to enact those sister statutes came from different places in the constitution. To enact RFRA, Congress exercised its powers under the 14th amendment. But to enact RLUPA. Congress exercised its powers under the spending.

[Nick Eicher]

Clause, and the spending clause operates a bit like a contract. The federal government gives money to the state, and in exchange, the state agrees to comply with certain conditions. In other words, it's a deal.

[Jenny Ruff]

And the deal must be clear. Not only the condition to comply with our LUPA, but also the condition that non compliance could result in money damages. It's known in the law as the clear statement rule. Justice Brett Kavanaugh thought the term appropriate relief sounded a bit too murky.

[Nick Eicher]

The hard part, as I see it.

[David Bonson]

For your case, for me, is that you need a clear statement and appropriate relief.

[Joseph Weiner]

You know, it's not as.

[David Bonson]

As clear as it could be in encompassing damages.

[Nick Eicher]

So how do you deal with that?

[David Bonson]

I don't want to.

[Nick Eicher]

Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson sided with Landor.

[Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson]

We do have both notice and consent under these circumstances, given that these individuals as third parties, are not just people in the world, they are employees of the recipient of federal funds. And so to the extent that the recipient of federal funds has made clear with the federal government that it's going to require its employees to comply with RLUPA and not violate people's rights, then when those employees decide choose consent to accept a job with that employer, they are thereby consenting to follow those agreements. Is that right?

[Nick Eicher]

In other words, they implicitly agreed to the conditions by taking the job. They're acting under the color of state law, and they indirectly received funds as paid employees. Look, the facts of this case are egregious.

[Jenny Ruff]

Justice Amy Coney Barrett was also sympathetic to Landor. She even asked what happened to the guards, putting the question to Louisiana's Solicitor General, Benjamin Oganyaga.

[Nick Eicher]

And then, just out of curiosity, obviously this is beyond the record. I mean, was there disciplinary action here, do you know?

[Kent Covington]

So it is outside the record. Justice Barrett. I can say the warden himself is no longer associated with the Department of Corrections.

[Jenny Ruff]

But Justice Barrett seemed concerned about where the logic would lead if damages were allowed. How would it play out in other circumstances? She worried it might stretch too far. The state agreed, saying the correct solution is Congress to pass new legislation and.

[Kent Covington]

Amend R. LUPA to allow for damages against the states.

[Michael Tamborino]

And then the states can decide, each.

[Kent Covington]

State for itself, whether it accepts that express condition.

[Michael Tamborino]

The answer is across the street, not here.

[Jenny Ruff]

And that's this week's legal docket.

[Kent Covington]

Additional support comes from Boyce College, where truth comes first. Every class begins with scripture and prepares students to live with wisdom, conviction, and Christlike faithfulness. Boycecollege.com from Ridge Haven Camp in North Carolina and Iowa. Winter camp starts December 29th. Registration [e-mail] and from the Brainerd Institute, training pastors and equipping churches to make God's glory visible in rural places. [e-mail].

[Jenny Ruff]

Coming up next on THE WORLD and everything in it, the Monday Money beat.

[Nick Eicher]

Time now to talk business markets and the economy with financial analyst and advisor David Bonson. David heads up the wealth management firm the Bonson Group, and he is here now. Good morning to you, David.

[David Bonson]

Well, good morning, Nick. Good to be with you.

[Nick Eicher]

Well, David, the Wall Street Journal is reporting that the six week government shutdown clearly pinched the economy, missed paychecks, delayed snap benefits, big drops in D.C. restaurant traffic. But the Journal in its story says the real challenge now is the data fog that this all creates. Some of the weakness might just be noise. Some of it might reflect something else. And disentangling the two might take some time. So, David, when you think about and look at the impact of the shutdown and maybe even with the prospect of another one coming at the end of January when this temporary spending bill expires, do you see mostly temporary disruption or does this in your mind expose a softer economy underneath?

[David Bonson]

I don't even agree with the Journal about temporary disruption. I do know what they mean on a micro basis. There's no question. Somebody who doesn't get a paycheck, they were disrupted. I mean, I don't want to minimize the disruption to a human being or a family. But because the context of the question is macroeconomic, this was the longest shutdown in history and people are going to have a very hard time finding any data that actually indicates it moving any particular needle macroeconomically. And that other point they make about the delay of reporting reporting is somewhat ironic because what we had been hearing before the shutdown was a lot of people from the Trump administration saying you can't trust that data anyways. And then other people from the left saying you can't trust the Trump administration with the data anyways. And now people saying, what are we going to do? We don't have this data, but we have continued to get initial claims from states and the private sector numbers. But I don't think that any of us have been sitting around wondering has the job market gotten way worse than we know or has it gotten way better than we know? I think most of us that spend a lot of time inside labor analytics, as I do, have a pretty clear picture of where things are. And it's not Good.

[Nick Eicher]

So also in that Wall Street Journal story, and I hate to keep coming back to it now that we've kind of undone it, but it does quote the cbo, the Congressional Budget Office, saying the shutdown could shave a point to a point and a half off of fourth quarter gdp. Does that not seem credible to you at all?

[David Bonson]

No. Now I really don't think it matters.

[Emma Eicher]

Yeah.

[David Bonson]

Look, I'm not one who always wants to be critical of cbo, but they don't have a way to fully know that. And when they say a quarter, you know that they would mean that annualized. So it would mean a quarter of a point in one quarter. And so even then, it would be what they would be saying it is as a result of certain government checks that didn't get out the door that are in the government expenditure side of gdp. And all that would mean is that there were checks that didn't get mailed one month, that did get mailed the next. I have a hard time understanding it, though, because of the timing of this. That largely was in October into the middle of November shutdown, how it would impact a quarter's data when anything that didn't get paid in the first half of the quarter is going to get paid in the second half of the quarter. So I just am skeptical that that will end up being accurate.

[Nick Eicher]

Well, David, there's another story again, I hesitate to quote the Journal anymore this morning, but, well, the Journal's the best.

[David Bonson]

Newspaper we have out there, so I'm not trying to be critical of the.

[Nick Eicher]

Journal, but this story in the Journal, I think pairs really well with your Dividend Cafe this week. It lays out six charts showing what they call the collision between AI hype and AI reality. Record capital spending, a gold rush of data center plans, but hard physical limits like power shortages, transformers in short supply, permitting delays and so on. Now, David, you've been warning and you warn in your current Dividend Cafe. This is a bubble, maybe a productive bubble, but still a bubble. So talk a little bit about the difference between a productive bubble and a scarcity bubble and where this current AI expenditure fits.

[David Bonson]

Well, you know, because I manage investments for a living and I'm writing to investors in my weekly dividendcafe.com I wanted that distinction to be clear because what I suggest happens when a productive bubble funded by equity goes awry is that individual investors lose money. And that's bad for individual investors and not bad for others. But to the extent that the bubble was excessive valuation of something that is productive, then what you end up with is a still productive thing that is now in different hands, that some investors lost a lot of money and other investors got to come in at a better time and a better price with a productive asset. And right now, that's what I would be labeling the AI moment as is largely equity funded and it's certainly a productive asset. But it's funny that when the journal's charts and our conversation right now we're talking about the kind of positive side of, oh, there is record money being spent on the data centers. Is that really a positive? That's the question I'm asking. There isn't any question that companies like Nvidia and Broadcom are receiving real money from companies like Amazon, Google and Meta that are spending grownup money, hundreds and hundreds of billions of dollars. The question is whether or not what they're spending it on is productive, valuable, and whether or not the amount they're spending will be rational. You could very well end up with a profitable use for AI that doesn't match the amount of money that had to be spent on it. And so there's a lot of complexity to this, Nick. But that, I think is the fundamental argument. When a bunch of companies are increasing the amount they're having to spend to keep up with something that right now has no profits at all, and that the measurement of future profits is totally speculative. And if in the end this goes out like the Internet, that'll be a great thing for society. We all use the Internet every day. You and I are recording using the Internet right now. This podcast exists because of the Internet. It's changed a lot of lives over 25 years. But 25 years ago, a bunch of people overpaid for pets.com and lost all their money. That was sad for them, but it didn't blow up the world. Some people made a big mistake and they moved on. I want this to be like that, where risk takers get profits and rewards, but we don't end up going into a debt field bubble and we don't end up asking the government to get super involved in something that I think ultimately will make it worse and more systemic.

[Nick Eicher]

You know, I did find it interesting, the comment that you made, if I'm quoting accurately, that it's very similar to what happened with the tech bubble early on the early Internet. It's not as though that information isn't available. You can read about it.

[David Bonson]

Well, reading requires reading.

[Nick Eicher]

And I mean, AI can tell you about the tech bubble.

[David Bonson]

Yeah, that's true. There's two things there aren't a lot of people that are doing the reading and the historical analysis, but that's at least doable. But what isn't doable is managing money now with the experiential essence of having gone through it before. And there's just something about the respect for risk and the humility that having gone through certain asset bubbles that burst. So I lived through the productive bubble of the Internet bursting and the scarcity bubble of excessive housing in 2005, six, seven, bursting. And those things gave me a lesson that I couldn't have gotten out of a book. And I think that there are plenty of people professionally managing money now that were managing money in 1999. You know, I'm not that old, but the bulk of people that I meet and talk to that are most enthusiastic about this AI moment, they have less than 25 years experience, which means they weren't there when Pets.com took over all the super bowl commercials.

[Nick Eicher]

Yeah, you're not that old but you were born in your 30s, it seems like.

[David Bonson]

Well, I'll take that as a compliment.

[Nick Eicher]

It's meant that way. David Bonson is founder, managing partner and chief investment officer at the Bonson Group. He writes regularly for us at World opinions [e-mail] David, I hope you have a great week.

[David Bonson]

Thanks so much Nick. Good to be with you.

[Jenny Ruff]

Today is Monday, November 17th. Good morning, this is the world and everything in it from listener supported world radio. I'm Jenny Ruff.

[Nick Eicher]

And I'm Nick Eicher. Next up, the world history book Today, how two discoveries rock the scientific community. Here is world's emma Eicher.

[Emma Eicher]

In 1908, archaeologist Charles Dawson is walking down a gravel road on his farm when he sees some brown shards sticking out of the pebbles. They look like fragments of a fossilized coconut. And it takes Dawson four years to find and assemble what looks like an ancient human skull.

[Joseph Weiner]

It was an ape man of a unique kind with a rather thick boned skull and a rather ape like jaw.

[Emma Eicher]

This audio is from a 1980 lecture about the discovery at the Geological Society of London. Joseph Weiner was a professor of human biology at Oxford University.

[Joseph Weiner]

Charles Dawson wrote to his old friend at the British Museum to say that he'd come across a remarkable new fossil.

[Emma Eicher]

In the early 20th century evolutionary theory is gaining a foothold in Europe and the United States and there's a hunger in the scientific community to find evidence to support it.

[Joseph Weiner]

At that time we have various specimens of Neanderthal men were known. The feeling was that early man had not yet been discovered. The real missing link had not yet appeared.

[Emma Eicher]

Dawson is sure that his discovery is the missing link proving that humans evolved from apes. So in the winter of 1912, he reveals it to the world in a presentation at the Geological Society of London. But scientists are skeptical.

[Joseph Weiner]

And there was a great argument when all this was shown because some of the people there, some of the anatomists, found it difficult to believe at that time that the jaw, which looked rather ape like, really belonged to the bits of the skull which looked much more modern, much more human.

[Emma Eicher]

Still, the appetite for evidence of evolution wins out. The ape human skull becomes known as the Piltdown man, named for where he was dug up. In 1915, Dawson manages to find another Piltdown jawbone in the same gravel area. He dies a year later, but interest in his findings continue. Other archaeologists carry out excavations in the same place, but they don't find any other fossils. And as time goes on, researchers are unsuccessful in verifying the Piltdown Man's authenticity. In the 1950s, Professor Weiner and a few colleagues finally decide to dig into the mystery. With a little more investigation, the towering success of the Piltdown man crumbles to the ground.

[Joseph Weiner]

And so I began to think, well, there is something rather odd about this.

[Emma Eicher]

Whole business because it's not real, it's all a very carefully crafted hoax.

[Joseph Weiner]

I was driven to the conclusion that the only way they could have come together was if somebody deliberately put the things together.

[Emma Eicher]

Weiner discovers that the jawbone of the Piltdown man is just an orangutan mandible. The teeth belong to a chimpanzee, and the human skull is only about 600 years old. Dawson used dental putty to put it all together and artificially colored the skull to make it look old. According to Weiner and his team, the whole scheme was probably Dawson's bid for power and influence.

[Joseph Weiner]

I have very little doubt in my own mind that he had all the necessary ability and experience and interest for him to conceive of this astonishing forgery. But he was really very ambitious.

[Emma Eicher]

So the earliest Englishman was not so early after all. The Piltdown man may be one of the most effective hoaxes in scientific history. But men like Dawson have been deceiving the public in all sorts of ways for years. And Dawson may have taken a leaf out of the book of another trickster named George Hole. Hull also wanted to find a so called missing link, but this time for scripture. This audio is from Eyewitness News.

[Jenny Ruff]

On October 16, 1869, a 10 foot tall petrified man was found buried in the ground on a farm in Cardiff, New York.

[Emma Eicher]

Hole paid for sculptors to carve a 3,000 pound giant out of gypsum, a light colored type of mineral. He was inspired by the Genesis account of Nephilim, the giants of the earth. He himself was an atheist, but he was pretty sure that Bible believers wouldn't question the authenticity of the statue. He buried the giant on a farm where unsuspecting workers would eventually dig it up. Michael Tamborino manages the museum where the Cardiff Giant is now displayed.

[Michael Tamborino]

It didn't just fool the most religious Americans that it was intended to fool. It also fooled scientists, archaeologists because it is so detailed that he even went through and created pores on its skin with hammers and poured acid over his skin to make it look like it was older than it actually was.

[Emma Eicher]

American showman P.T. barnum offered to pay for the petrified man for his circus. But Hull was still cashing in on his creation.

[Michael Tamborino]

People came from all over the country, all over the Northeast to see this. He charged admission of 50 cents. He pitched a big tent, he sold them food, he even had his own taxi service. And he was running people from the train station to his own farm and was paying them to get there. So he was making quite a lot of money from this.

[Emma Eicher]

The giant inspired copycats and about half a dozen petrified Nephilim cropped up around the country. Barnum even made his own statue to show off. But eventually the jig was up. In early 1870, newspapers finagled the truth out of the sculptors who had created Hull's original giant. Still, hull made about $20,000 from the hoax. And in today's world, fraudsters continue to make money this way. Of course, there aren't many fake giants or fossils. Instead, it's Internet disinformation, clickbait and scam calls. Carolyn Schindler is a member of the Geological Society of London and she says you can never be too careful.

[Nick Eicher]

It's an enormous object lesson for people today not to be too credulous to.

[David Bonson]

Examine the evidence, not just to see what you want to see.

[Jenny Ruff]

If something is too good to be true, it probably is.

[Emma Eicher]

That's this week's world history Book. I'm Emma Eicher.

[Jenny Ruff]

Tomorrow, many states have safe havens, laws and judgment free drop zones. But are they successfully protecting babies? We have a report and efforts to fight off an invasive insect that's crippling vineyards across the east coast. That and more tomorrow.

[Nick Eicher]

I'm Jenny Ruff and I'm Nick Eicher. The world and everything in it comes to you from World Radio. World's mission is biblically objective journalism that informs, educates and inspires. The Bible says there is neither Jew nor Greek. There is neither slave nor free. There is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. Verse 28 of Galatians, chapter 3. Go now in grace and peace.