B (2:50)

Delighted to be here.

C (2:51)

Like me, I know you're fascinated by fear and its impact. As we all know, communicating in front of others in high stakes situations can certainly involve fear from a neurologic point of view, what's going on? What happens to our voice, our speech and our hand movements when we get nervous?

B (3:08)

So when we get nervous, we are entering a state which is perfectly natural, but reflects one station along what's called the autonomic continuum. And really, the autonomic continuum can be conceptualized as a continuum between states of very high alertness, think maximum excitement, or fear, all the way down to deep sleep. So our states of mind and body are not discrete entities. They are along this continuum, this autonomic continuum. So when we are excited or we are nervous, we have a number of physiological responses that are purely autonomic, meaning they're purely automatic. The most important thing to realize is that it is a continuum and that there's no difference between the physiological response to something that you're excited about and something that you're nervous about or that you're dreading. And so there's an additional component there that we need to consider. But the most important thing above all, and I guess if people are going to take away anything from our conversation today, it's that despite these responses being automatic, there are direct control points through which we can control the autonomic nervous system, meaning that we can dial down the level of alertness or increase the level of calmness. Those actually turn out to be two different things. So while it's called the autonomic nervous system and the autonomic continuum, it's a bit of a misnomer because there are two specific levers or entry points that we all have from birth that require essentially no learning. You have to know what they are, but that will allow people to control voice, level of alertness, level of shaking in their hands. So it's a quite remarkable system in that it has this asymmetry autonomic on the one hand, but with very powerful entry points for control on the other.

C (4:58)

I want to get back to the notion that you brought up about how we experience the physiological arousal that we get. You said in some cases it's due to anxiety and fear, in other cases it's due to excitement. Part of that, I think, has to do with how we label what we're experiencing. And I know that there's some research from my academic field that says one way to help manage anxiety is just to work on how you perceive the Physiological symptoms that you're having. So if you say, hey, even though my heart rate's going up, I'm getting a little sweaty and shaky, it's because I'm excited to share the information I'm sharing versus, oh, my goodness, everybody's looking at me and I'm feeling nervous. So part of it, I think, has to do with how we frame the situation. Does that ring true?

B (5:40)

Absolutely. When we are in a state of alertness, whether because of excitement or fear, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, let's just call it the alertness system, deploys a hormone from our adrenal glands, adrenaline, and it deploys the equivalent chemical in the brain, where it's called epinephrine. The same chemically identical structure, but called two different things, because neuroscientists and physiologists like to make things complicated. The role of adrenaline, slash epinephrine, is to create agitation in the body and to create focus in the mind. And this is an important concept because that agitation makes it harder to be still, which is sort of a duh. That's the definition of agitation. But it was designed to move us, to physically move us, so that we would be biased toward ambulation or biased toward shifting what, from one position to a new one. And so one of the toughest things for many people is to tolerate that level of adrenaline or alertness when they have to be still. The simplest example I can give of this that I think most people will be familiar with is if in the days where we congregated in person, there's this traditional practice of going around the room and introducing yourself and saying something about what you do. And most people actually find that to be very stressful, especially if they sit toward the end of the line. Now, why would that be right? Most people know their name and can say their name. Most people know what they do and can say that it's anything but a high stress circumstance. And occasionally there's some social pressure where if someone's very funny before us or they say something in a particularly nice way, then we feel like some additional pressure to do that as well. But it really has more to do with the fact that we. When we're in a room listening to somebody, we can. We're comfortable with the fact that we're not going to speak or walk or do much, and we could just sit there and write or listen or text or whatever it is we have to do as we are called on to say something. The reason that it's easier to do early in the line is because we are holding on to a reverberatory circuit. There are circuits in our brain that anticipate action and prepare us for action. And the longer we keep that in check, the more challenging it becomes when we are trying to withhold action, but we're preparing for action. There's a lot of reverberatory activity in our nervous system, and it feels like stress. Getting ready to go up to the podium is tough. When we get up to the podium, many people, including myself, find that if we rock back and forth a little bit or we can engage some movement in our body, suddenly we start to relax. And that's because adrenaline slash epinephrine was designed to move us, and it wasn't designed to move us in response to incoming large predators. It was, but that's not its primary function. Its primary function was to move us from whatever position we're into. A new position, sometimes towards things, sometimes away from things, Depending on whether or not we want the experience or we want to avoid the experience. But the actual inner experience, what we call interoception, our perception of our internal landscape is identical for something that we want to approach versus we want to move away from. Absolutely identical. From the neck down.

C (8:47)

That is really interesting. So if you can reframe the physiological response, you can see it very differently. And I find fascinating that when we see somebody who is nervous moving one way versus the other way, as an audience member, we have very different perceptions. So if somebody steps up on a stage and then takes a step back as they're starting to speak, it looks like they're retreating and therefore maybe nervous or shy. But if somebody actually steps forward, we have a perception that they're confident in stepping into the challenging situation. So it's not only what we perceive, it's how the audience perceives it as well.

B (9:23)

It might be useful for people to think about the fact that there's only three responses we can have to any circumstance. One is to stay still, one is to move forward, or one is to move back. Back. In 2018, a graduate student in the neurosciences program did her thesis with me. Lindsay Soleil and I published a paper in the journal Nature. Lindsay discovered a brain circuit that controls the movement toward threat. Now, this isn't the kind of movement that will get you killed. This is the kind of movement toward, in an intelligent way, in an adaptive way, towards something that, in this case, an animal or a person wants to do, but feels a tremendous amount of autonomic arousal of stress and nervousness about and the take home message is the following. Forward movement under conditions of anxiety or high levels of alertness, AKA stress, triggers the activation of a circuit deep in the brain that releases the neurochemical dopamine. Dopamine, of course, is a molecule that is most commonly associated with a sensation of reward. And it is released when we achieve something that we want to achieve. But the other very interesting function of dopamine is to increase the probability that we will move toward similar types of goals in the future. So dopamine is not just the molecule reward, it's the molecule of motivation and drive. And so Lindsay's results have a number of different implications. But I think if people can just conceptualize that the anxiety or stress response is the same as the excitement response, they feel different because of some top down perception or verbiage that we introduce to it, but they're actually identical physiologically. And that forward movement, provided it's adaptive toward a goal, triggers the activation of chemicals in the brain and body that will make the subsequent pursuit of those same or similar goals more likely and more pleasurable.

C (11:12)

That's really cool. So learning to take the stage and step forward, leaning in when you're virtual, can help. And I believe in some of the work of yours that I read, you don't actually have to even physically move. If you simulate movement with your eyes, you can have a similar effect. And I'd like for you to talk about that.

B (11:28)

Back in the early 80s, someone actually in Palo Alto, a woman by the name of Francine Shapiro, is a psychologist, developed a technique for. It was actually developed for trauma treatment. She was a psychologist, did some work at Stanford, but also at a nearby clinic. And essentially she had found that taking walks was helpful for her anxiety and stress. Something that everyone now I think says, okay, duh, but we always thought that it was because of movement of the body. But she wanted to import some of that self induced relaxation to her clinic. And she was clever enough to create this thing that they call emdr, Eye movement desensitization reprocessing, which simply involves moving the eyes from side to side. It looks a little goofy if you see someone do it, but moving the eyes from side to side, not up or down, but side to side, eye movement actually triggers, we now know, suppression of the amygdala, this fear center in the brain. And for years people would ask me about EMDR because I'm a vision scientist and I work on stress. And I thought it was totally kooky and crazy and I didn't believe Any of it. My response was, in my mind anyway, was sort of like, okay, take your EMDR and your magic carpet and head down to Big Sur and let's talk later. Do you want to talk science? But I was really quite wrong because a couple years ago there were no fewer than five papers published in very high quality journals, including Nature, in mice, non human primates and humans, showing that these lateralized eye movements lead to suppression of this fear center in the brain. So it's a quite long lasting effect. I should just mention, if people are going to use it to deal with actual trauma, that should be done with a real trauma. Sure. It works best for specific circumstances like public speaking. It's not great for sort of reducing your stress about your entire childhood or your entire divorce or your entire 2020. It's best geared toward specific circumstances. But here's how it works. You move your eyes from side to side for about 30 seconds, which is actually quite a long time. You don't do this during the event, Right? But that creates a state of reduced alertness, AKA stress, not so much. You fall asleep in your system and then you're able to better approach things with more ease and with less alertness.

C (13:33)

I've heard you mention on your podcast that there are two approaches to addressing stress. Can you share those with us?

B (13:40)

The two approaches are you can either reduce your stress in real time, Things like this, eye movements right before you go into a stressful event like up on stage or hard conversation, or even if you're just experiencing anxiety, there's a breathing tool I'll share with you in a moment that's grounded deeply in physiology as well. Or you can raise your stress threshold. So things like ice baths, running up steep mountains, exposure therapy, those are actually designed to increase your tolerance, your cognitive tolerance for high levels of agitation in your body, increasing the probability that you will stay still, not say the wrong thing, not strike anyone, not lose your cool. So it's learning to be calm in storm, or what is sometimes referred to as being comfortable, being uncomfortable. That is a distinctly different set of practices than things like the eye movements I described. Or the second thing, which is a real time tool for calming oneself that my laboratory is working closely on with David Spiegel's laboratory in the Department of Psychiatry, which is we ask the question, what breathing approach is the best to calm oneself in real time? Because meditation is wonderful. TM is wonderful if you're of drinking age and you can tolerate it without going into excess. A nice glass of wine is also another way to Activate the peritoneal system. So is a massage, so is it a dip in the hot tub or a sauna?

C (15:04)

Sounds like you're describing a nice date.

B (15:07)

Exactly. Or remember it's called the rest and digest system for a reason. One of the most powerful ways to shift your autonomic nervous system to one of more calm is to fill your gut food. That then the distension of your gut sends signals through the vagus nerve to a little clap set of neurons right behind your ear called the nodos ganglia, which projects into your brain, gives you a little bit of a dopamine hit. This is well established as well as activating areas of the brain that are involved in calming you down. And there are a lot of ways to control the autonomic nervous system slowly and indirectly. Massage, hot tub, big meal, et cetera. We're talking about real time control fast. So the best way that we know, and this is work that's still in progress, is to use what are called physiological sighs. So these were discovered back in the 30s. Turns out that when you are stressed, you are breathing less deeply. The most common advice is to take a deep breath. Turns out that's exactly the wrong advice.

C (16:01)

Oh no.

B (16:02)

The exhale. Emphasized breathing leads to much more rapid activation of the calming arm of the nervous system. And it turns out you don't just want to exhale, you want to do a double inhale. So inhale twice through the nose. So inhale through the nose and then before you exhale, sneak in a little bit more air and then do a long exhale. And you do this just one to three times. So it's inhale again. Even if you just sneak the tiniest bit of air. Ideally the inhales are done through the nose and then exhale through the mouth. Now why does this work? Turns out that your lungs are not just two big bags of air. They are billions of little tiny sacs called the alveoli of the lungs.

C (16:41)

Right?

B (16:41)

Those little sacs are contiguous more or less with the vasculature, with the blood supply. So when you exhale, you offload carbon dioxide. And a lot of the stress response is due to elevated carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. If you've ever been to a kids party and you're asked to blow up a balloon, and you blow on the balloon, sometimes it inflates right away, but if it doesn't, you give two hard pushes with air. One, two. And the same thing happens with the alveoli of the lungs. As we get stressed, they start to collapse. They flatten out and to reinflate them, the double inhale brings maximal air into the Apollo of your lungs, and then you offload the maximum amount of carbon dioxide when you exhale. So this is very simple, very fast. You can actually do it during exercise as well. So if you ever find that your heart is pounding and you want to calm down, first thing is exhale. Then maybe try the double inhale and then exhale to follow. Usually, at least what we find in our studies is that within just one to three of those cycles, meaning within about five seconds, autonomic nervous system starts to shift more towards calmness. And then, if you like, you can start using your eye movements or whatever, cognitive reframing. But one of the things that I think will resonate with people, and I hope it does, is that it is very hard to control the mind. With the mind, when you're stepping up to the podium and you are nervous, you can say, oh, yeah, that nervousness is actually excitement. And I think, you know, and this is, I must be really agitated because I really want to do this. And. But in that moment of stress, it's very hard to control what's going on. So under conditions where your mind is not where you want it, use the body to control the mind.

C (18:16)

So you've just shared techniques for what we can do when we're directly experiencing anxiety. What can we do to prepare for anxiety in advance?

B (18:26)

The other thing to do is the stuff that you do away from the podium, away from the big event or the hard conversation. And that involves deliberately taking yourself into states of heightened alertness. As my colleague David Spiegel likes to say, it's not just about the state you find yourself in, it's how you got there and whether or not you had anything to do with it. And what he's really saying is that when you drive your nervous system into a state of high alertness and you learn to be calm there, you achieve a certain kind of superpower, such that when real life puts you into those states without any warning and very fast, it's like driving in fog. The first time you do it, it's scary as heck. The fifth time you do it, it's still scary. But you've been there before, and so you're now a good driver. So the way you do this can be of different, you know, practices, but one of the best ones is a very cold shower and trying to stay calm for one to three minutes in a very cold shower. Not something that I like. And there you use a protocol of Breathing that involves taking 25 to 30 deep inhales. For reasons that now should be obvious. Increase your heart rate and then big exhales, hyperventilating like you're hyperventilating. And by the 25th one, you will be very stressed. Now, I want to say that if people are panic attack prone or anxiety attack prone, this is going to. I do not recommend this very uncomfortable. But then what you do at the end of that 25 breaths is you offload all your air, you empty your lungs, and then you sit for about 15 to. Some people can go longer, 60 seconds or so, the lungs empty and you try and feel peaceful with that heightened level of adrenaline in your body. Now, never do this near water. I want to be really clear because there is this thing called shallow water. Don't even do it in a puddle because I don't want anyone injuring themselves or worse. But if you repeat that for two or three cycles, what you will find it's pretty remarkable. There's some nuance to these practices, but they all kind of start and end with vision or breathing.

C (20:19)

And I love how you make them simple for us to understand. So they're the things we can do in the moment or right before the moment of the anxiety. And then there are things we can do to, in essence, desensitize ourselves in advance. Now we are all communicating in this virtual world these days. Is there anything from your experience of how eyes work that would indicate what we should do? For example, people often say, you need to look at the camera so it looks like you're looking at the person on the other end. Any insight you have about this virtual communication we all do.

B (20:50)

First of all, it's a very unnatural time because we are not used to seeing a little picture of ourselves moving while we look at other people. Everyone's carrying a little mirror around on their shoulder for us now in the same world. So turn that off or get it out of the way because it will interfere with your presence to the conversation and other people's perception of how present you are. The other thing that's really important is that there's a lot of research on gaze and eye contact and frequency of blinking. The most powerful way to connect with somebody through zoom or just in person is actually not to stare directly at them the whole time is a combination of direct gaze, averting gaze, and closing one's eyes. A real conversation involves moments where we are looking away, trying to. Like I'm doing right now. I'm trying to, you know, grab a concept and say it in a way that makes sense, but then also where we re engage. And so a conversation is actually a process of looking directly at the other person and then breaking gaze and then coming back again. The other thing that works quite well if people are experiencing eye fatigue from looking at screens up close and there's a whole other conversation, is one thing that works well is to see someone's face at the beginning. Say hello. Because faces are a powerful you know, they collects a lot of context for the brain. Saying hello, but then going into pure audio and then going back to visual before you part ways. That may actually be a more effective form of zoom communication than pretending we're all in the same room and trying to stare at one another the entire time and sometimes see that reflection of ourselves.

C (22:21)

That's advice that others on this podcast have given that you don't have to show your video the whole time.

A (22:26)

We'll be right back to finish our conversation, but first we're going to take a quick break for a message from our sponsors. These sponsorships support the cost of making our show, allowing us to bring it to you free of charge. Hi Matt here. I strongly believe in helping people and making impact in people's lives. Think Fast Talk Smart is driven by this value. But how do you measure success, especially when donating to nonprofits? This is where GiveWell comes in. GiveWell has spent 18 years researching global health and poverty alleviation and only directs funding to the highest impact opportunities they've found. Over 150,000 donors have trusted GiveWell to direct more than $2.5 billion, and rigorous evidence suggests those donations have saved over 300,000 lives and improved millions more. You can find all of GiveWell's research and recommendations for free@givewell.org they don't take a cut from your tax deductible donation, thanks to donors who sponsor their research. If this is your first gift through GiveWell, you can have your donation matched up to $100 before the end of the year, or as long as matching funds last. To claim your match, go to givewell.org pick podcast and enter Think Fast Talk Smart Communication Techniques at checkout. Make sure they know that you heard about GiveWell from Think Fast Talk Smart to get your donation matched again. That's givewell.org, code thinkfast talksmart communication techniques to donate or find out more.

C (23:53)

So before we end, Andrew, I'd like to ask you the same three questions I ask everybody who joins me on this podcast. Are you up for that?

A (23:59)

Definitely.

C (24:00)

If you were to Capture the best communication advice you've ever received as a five to seven word presentation slide title.

B (24:07)

What would that be? Speak to, inform and teach, not impress.

C (24:14)

Oh, I like that. So it's about getting the information across and you are certainly a master at that. And I encourage everybody to search out some of the work you've done. Your podcast is fantastic because you do such a nice job of something we talked about on an earlier podcast, how to make complex information accessible. You do a great job of that. You certainly don't dumb it down, but you make it accessible as you've done for us today. Let me ask question number two. Who is a communication that you admire and why?

B (24:42)

There are two forms of communication that really appeal to me and they will seem at odds with one another. I love poetry because really great poetry doesn't really make sense at a cognitive level. It gets to a kind of what probably is some sort of deeper universal meaning. It probably is tapping into brain circuits that are more on a emotional level or that reside in the brain body connection. I really believe that. So that speaks to some sort of quote unquote truth. So I love poetry and I'm a big Wendell Berry fan. I'm also a big Joe Strummer fan. You know, most famous for being the singer of the Clash, for the things he said not while he was on stage is brilliant in terms of his offstage speech. I'd encourage people to check out some of the things that Joe said later in his life were really remarkable insights into human beings and humanity. There's some real core truth there and in the world of science. Claude Desplan is a biology professor at NYU who studies insect vision. And the only word that I can use to describe what it is to hear one of Claude's lectures, whether or not you're familiar with biology or not is pure enchantment. He transports you into a world where, frankly, I don't really care about dragonfly vision on a regular basis. But when I listen to Claude speak, I think about human vision. I think about love. He talks about the love spots of the dragonfly eyes that for pursuing mates and food. And it's just remarkable. And anyone that can do that is incredible. But Claude is the world heavyweight champion of making biology fascinating and delightful.

C (26:27)

I'm going to check his lectures out for sure. Last question for you. What are the first three ingredients that go into a successful communication recipe?

B (26:36)

Passion. The speaker has to love the topic. An organizational logic. There has to be a structure to the information. It just can't be bullet points and beginning, middle, end kind of thing and clarity. If people walk away understanding more than they did at the beginning, then you won. Gets back to the most important thing to do is to teach your audience. Educate them.

C (27:02)

Passion, structure and clarity. Psc. We're going to add that as another acronym to your list of many acronyms I've heard you talk about. Andrew, it was fantastic to have you here. I'm taking a deep breath to calm myself down from all the exciting information that you shared. Thank you so much. It is my true hope that all of us listening in can apply some of these tools and hacks to optimize our communication. Thank you.

B (27:25)

Thanks so much for having me.

A (27:29)

Thank you for joining us for a special Rethinks episode of Think Fast Talk Smart the Podcast. This episode was produced by Kathryn Reed, Ryan Campos and me, Matt Abrahams. Our music is from Floyd Wonder with special thanks to Podium podcast company. Please find us on YouTube and wherever.

C (27:46)

You get your podcasts.

A (27:47)

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