Fed’s Path Uncertain as Key Data Lags

Summary

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Thoughts on the Market – Fed’s Path Uncertain as Key Data Lags

Date: November 7, 2025
Hosts: Matthew Hornbach (Global Head of MacroStrategy), Michael Gapen (Chief U.S. Economist)

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Overview

This episode zeroes in on the Federal Reserve's recent October 2025 meeting, the surprising lack of consensus within the FOMC, and the pressing issue of lagging economic data due to an extended government shutdown. Matthew Hornbach and Michael Gapen dig into what the Fed's actions (and divisions) signal for monetary policy, the U.S. economy, and investor expectations as markets look ahead to 2026.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. October FOMC Meeting Outcomes

• Quarter-Percent Rate Cut, Not Unanimous:
  • The Fed delivered a 25 bps rate cut as expected, but the decision revealed a split within the committee.
  • Notably, there were dissenters for both a larger cut (50 bps) and no cut at all.

    “There was a dissent in favor of a 50 basis point cut, there was a dissent in favor of no cut. And that foreshadowed the press conference where really the conversation was about, I think, a divided committee…” — Michael Gapen [00:43]

• Balance Sheet Policy:
  • The Fed will cease reducing its balance sheet earlier than anticipated (now stopping December 1).
  • While this was a surprise in timing, it is not seen as macro-critical at this stage.

2. Fed’s Policy Guidance: No Preset Path Forward

• Powell’s Shift in Tone:
  • Chairman Powell emphasized the Fed’s path isn’t predetermined—future moves will be highly data-dependent.

    “…policy's not on a preset path from here or cut in December is maybe not decidedly part of the baseline or certainly is not a foregone conclusion.” — Michael Gapen [01:22]

• Division within the Committee:
  • One “hawkish” group points to robust economic activity (especially AI investment and upper-income consumer strength).
  • “Dovish” members, including Powell, are concerned with weakening labor market signals and slowing growth.

    “I think the dissents…reflect the tension in the underlying data.” — Michael Gapen [02:47]

3. Data Lags: The Government Shutdown Effect

• Critical Data Unavailable:
  • Key government economic reports are delayed due to a record-long shutdown, impairing Fed and market decision-making.
• Impact on December Meeting:
  • If the shutdown ends before Thanksgiving, enough data may become available for an informed December decision.
  • If the shutdown persists into December, the Fed may act (“lean in the direction of taking one more step”) based on inference that the ongoing shutdown is unlikely to signal a robust economy.

    “…if the government is still shut down in December, I can't imagine the economy is getting better. So I think the Fed could lean in the direction of taking one more step.” — Michael Gapen [04:54]

4. Implications for Markets and 2026 Outlook

• Last Meeting of the Year: Pivotal for 2026
  • Market pricing for 2026 Fed policy hinges on the December meeting’s outcome.
    • If a rate cut occurs: focus shifts to timing of future cuts.
    • If no rate cut: debate pivots to whether further cuts are off the table—or even if a hike could occur later in 2026.
  • The outcome will heavily influence the U.S. Treasury market and investor decision-making.

    “…has that type of importance for markets pricing the path of Fed policy and the path of the economy into 2026.” — Matthew Hornbach [05:22]

• Baseline Economic Outlook:
  • Expect continued private sector pass-through of tariffs keeping inflation sticky in early 2026, with weak labor demand pushing unemployment toward 4.6-4.7%.

    “…demand for labor in the hiring rate will remain low…unemployment rate moving to more like 4.6, maybe 4.7. And that underpins our expectation the Fed will be reducing rates in 2026.” — Michael Gapen [06:34]

  • But, an “Animal Spirits Driven 2026” (momentum, AI spending, fiscal stimulus) could flip this narrative, raising the specter of rate hikes in late 2026 or 2027.

    "...if that is happening, it's not far-fetched to think, well, if the Fed put in risk management insurance cuts, perhaps they need to take those out..." — Michael Gapen [07:36]

5. Investor Sentiment: Glass Half Full or Half Empty?

• Market Conversations Shift:
  • Investor sentiment has turned more optimistic (“glass half full” now vs. “half empty” mid-year).

    “…investors want to see the glass as half full today versus in the middle of this year the glass was looking half empty. And of course as we head into the holiday season, the glass will be filled with something perhaps a bit tastier than water.” — Matthew Hornbach [08:18]

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• On Policy Uncertainty:

  “…the key points, the policy's not on a preset path from here…future cuts are probably more data dependent…”
  — Michael Gapen [01:25]

• On FOMC Division:

  “I think there's one group that's hawkish, one group that's dovish, and I think it reflects the division and the tension that we have in the economic data.”
  — Michael Gapen [01:58]

• On Data Delays:

  “If the government shutdown is ended in the next few weeks…then I think the Fed will have the bulk of the data…If the government is still shut down in December, I can't imagine the economy is getting better.”
  — Michael Gapen [03:49, 04:54]

• On Glass Half Full:

  “As we head into the holiday season, the glass will be filled with something perhaps a bit tastier than water. And so fill my glass please. Indeed.”
  — Matthew Hornbach [08:28]

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• FOMC Meeting Recap & Committee Division: [00:08]–[02:47]
• Data Dependency & Shutdown Impact: [03:23]–[05:13]
• December Meeting’s Market Importance: [05:13]–[06:25]
• Rate Path Scenarios for 2026: [06:25]–[08:18]
• Investor Sentiment Reflections: [08:18]–end

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Conclusion

This episode adeptly surfaces the immense uncertainty facing Fed policymakers and markets as 2025 closes, largely due to both committee divisions and the lack of fresh economic data caused by the government shutdown. The December FOMC meeting emerges as a decisive moment for U.S. monetary policy and the global investment community as they look to 2026. Panelists encourage listeners to stay nimble and open-minded, as both the economic trajectory and the Fed’s response remain highly data—and shutdown—dependent.

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Transcript

[A]

Welcome to Thoughts on the Market. I'm Matthew Hornbach, global head of MacroStrategy.

[B]

And I'm Michael Gapen, Morgan Stanley's chief U.S. economist.

[A]

The October FOMC meeting delivered a quarter percent rate cut as widely expected. But things are more complicated and policy is not on a preset path from here. It's Friday, November 7th at 10:00am in New York. So Mike, the Fed did cut by 25 basis points in October, but it was not a unanimous decision. And the Federal Open Market Committee decided to end the reduction of its balance sheet on December 1, earlier than we expected. How did things unfold and does this change your outlook in any way?

[B]

Yeah, Matt, it was a surprise to me, not so much the statement or the decision, but there were dissents. There was a dissent in favor of a 50 basis point cut, there was a dissent in favor of no cut. And that foreshadowed the press conference where really the conversation was about, I think, a divided committee and a committee that didn't have a lot of consensus on what would come next. The balance sheet discussion, which we can get into, it came a little sooner than we thought, but it was largely in line with our view. And I'm not sure it's a macro critical decision right now, but I do think it was a surprise to markets and it was certainly a surprise to me how much Powell's tone shifted between September and October in terms of what the market could expect from the Fed going forward. So what he said, in essence, the key points, the policy's not on a preset path from here or cut in December is maybe not decidedly part of the baseline or certainly is not a foregone conclusion. And I think what that reflects is a couple of things. One is that they're recalibrating policy based on a risk management view so you can cut almost independent of the data, at least in the beginning. And so now I think Powell's saying, well, at least from here, future cuts are probably more data dependent than those initial cuts. But second, and I think most importantly is the division that appeared within the Fed. I think there's one group that's hawkish, one group that's dovish, and I think it reflects the division and the tension that we have in the economic data. So I think the hawkish crowd is looking at strong activity data, strong AI spending, an upper income consumer that seems to be doing just fine. And they're saying why are we cutting? Financial conditions for the business community is pretty easy. Maybe the neutral rate of interest is higher. We're probably less restrictive than you think. And then I think the other side of the committee, which I believe still that Chair Powell is in, is looking at a market slowdown in hiring a weak labor market, what that means for growth in real income for those households that depend on labor market income to consume. There was probably some front running of autos that artificially boosted growth in the third quarter. So I think the dissents, or I should say the division within the fomc, I think reflects the tension in the underlying data. So to know which way monetary policy evolves, Matt, it's essentially trying to decide does the labor market rebound towards the activity data or does the activity data decelerate at least temporarily to the labor market?

[A]

Mike, you talked a lot about data just now and we're not exactly getting a lot of government data at the moment. How are you thinking about the path for the data in terms of its availability between now and the December FOMC meeting? And how do you think that may affect the Fed's willingness to move forward with another rate cut in the cycle?

[B]

Right. So that's key and critical to understanding. We're operating under the assumption, of course, the federal government shutdown is going to end at some point. We're going to get all this back data released and we can assess where the economy is or has been. I think the way markets should think about this is if the government shutdown is ended in the next few weeks, say before Thanksgiving, then I think we markets the Fed will have the bulk of the data in front of them and available to assess the economy at the December FOMC meeting. They may not have it all, but they should get at least some of that data released. We can assess it. If the economy has moderated and weakened a bit, the labor market has continued to cool, the Fed can cut. If it shows maybe the labor market rebounding, downside risk to employment being diminished, maybe the Fed doesn't cut. So that's a world. And it is our expectation the shutdown should end in the next few weeks. We're already at the longest shutdown on record, so we will get some data in hand to make the decision for December. Perhaps that's wishful thinking, Matt, and maybe we go beyond Thanksgiving and the shutdown extends into December. My suspicion though is if the government is still shut down in December, I can't imagine the economy is getting better. So I think the Fed could lean in the direction of taking one more step.

[A]

This is going to be very critical for how the markets think about the outlook in 2020. 6 and price. The outlook for 2026, the last FOMC meeting of the year, has that type of importance for markets pricing the path of Fed policy and the path of the economy into 2026. Because if we end up receiving a rate cut from the Fed, the dialogue in the investment community will be focused on when might the next cut arrive versus if we don't get that rate cut in December, the dialogue will focus on maybe we will never see another rate cut in the cycle. And what if we see a rate hike as we make our way through the second half of 2026. So that can have a dramatic impact on the US treasury market and how investors think about the outlook for policy and the economy.

[B]

So I think that's right. And as you know, our baseline outlook is at least through the first quarter, if not into the second quarter. The private sector will still be attempting to pass through tariffs into, into prices. And I think in the meantime, demand for labor in the hiring rate will remain low. And so we look for additional labor market slack to build. Not, not a lot, but the unemployment rate moving to more like 4.6, maybe 4.7. And that underpins our expectation the Fed will be reducing rates in 2026. But I think as you note and as I mentioned earlier, there is this tension in the data and it's not inconceivable that the labor market accelerates and you get kind of an Animal Spirits Driven 2026, where a combination of momentum in the data, AI related business spending, wealth effects for upper income consumers and maybe a larger fiscal stimulus from the one big Beautiful Bill act lead the economy to outperform. And to your point, if that is happening, it's not far fetched to think, well, if the Fed put in risk management insurance cuts, perhaps they need to take those out and that could build in a way where that expectation looks say towards the second half or the fourth quarter, maybe of 2026, maybe it takes into 2027. But I agree with you that if the Fed can't cut in December because the economy is doing well, well, and the data show that, and we learn more of that in 2026, you're right. So, and maybe to put it more simply, the more the Fed cuts, the more you need to open both sides of the rate path distribution. Right. The deeper they cut, the greater the probability over time they're going to have to raise those rates. And so if, if the Fed is forced to stop in December. Yeah, you can make that argument.

[A]

Indeed. A lot of the factors that you mentioned are things factors that are coming up in investor conversations increasingly. The way I've been framing it in my discussions is that investors want to see the glass as half full today versus in the middle of this year the glass was looking half empty. And of course as we head into the holiday season, the glass will be filled with something perhaps a bit tastier than water. And so fill my glass please. Indeed. So I do think that and we could be setting up for a bright 2026 ahead. And so with that, Mike, look forward to seeing you again in December with a glass of eggnog, perhaps, and a decision in hand for the meeting that the Fed holds then. Thanks for taking the time to talk. Great speaking with you, Matt, and thanks for listening. If you enjoy thoughts on the market, please leave us a review wherever you listen and share the podcast with a friend or colleague today. The proceeding content is informational only and based on information available when created. It is not an offer or solicitation, nor is it tax or legal advice. It does not consider your financial circumstances and objectives and may not be suitable for you.