Throughline: A History of Hezbollah (Throwback) – Detailed Summary

Release Date: September 26, 2024
Hosts: Rund Abdelfatah and Ramtin Arablouei
Produced by NPR

Introduction

In the episode titled "A History of Hezbollah," NPR's Throughline delves deep into the origins, evolution, and current state of Hezbollah, a pivotal and often controversial player in Middle Eastern politics. Hosted by Rund Abdelfatah and Ramtin Arablouei, the episode traverses through historical events, ideological shifts, and geopolitical maneuvers that have shaped Hezbollah's role both within Lebanon and on the global stage.

The Genesis of Hezbollah

Early Catalysts

The seeds of Hezbollah were sown during Lebanon's tumultuous civil war, which erupted in 1975. The conflict was ignited by the killing of 27 people in an ambush by the Falangist Christian militia on a Palestinian bus, an event that served as the proverbial "match thrown onto a powder keg of ethnic and religious tension" (Ramtin Arablouei, 12:50).

Religious and Ethnic Complexities

Lebanon's diverse tapestry, comprising 18 officially recognized religious sects, set the stage for deep-seated friction. The Maronite Christians, Sunni Muslims, and Shi'a Muslims were the predominant groups, each with historical grievances and aspirations. The introduction of Palestinian refugees and militants added another layer of complexity, disrupting the fragile balance maintained by the Lebanese quota system established during independence in 1943. Notably, the Shia Muslim population felt increasingly marginalized, fueling discontent and the desire for empowerment (Ramtin Arablouei, 10:06; Kim Qatas, 11:01).

Foreign Involvement

The Lebanese Civil War quickly transformed into a proxy battleground for regional and international powers. Iran, under the newly established Islamic Republic led by Ayatollah Khomeini, sought to export its Islamic revolution. Concurrently, Israel intervened militarily, supporting Christian militias like the Falangists to combat the PLO and later Hezbollah (Orli Daher, 25:30; Sergeant Stephen Russell, 22:03).

Formation and Rise of Hezbollah

Iranian Influence and Military Training

In response to Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, Iran dispatched Iranian Revolutionary Guards to support Lebanese Shia clerics. This collaboration led to the formation of the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon (IRL), which later evolved into Hezbollah. The group's initial objectives were threefold: disseminate their ideology, recruit members, and provide social welfare to affected civilians (Orli Daher, 26:36; Sergeant Stephen Russell, 27:05).

Building a Support Base

Hezbollah's strategy extended beyond military engagement. By establishing a network of civilian institutions, including social welfare, religious, educational, and medical services, Hezbollah positioned itself as both a resistance force and a provider for the Shia community. This dual role facilitated recruitment and garnered support, portraying Hezbollah as defenders of Lebanon against external threats (Help Me Voice, 27:20; Orli Daher, 27:38).

First Major Attacks and International Attention

Hezbollah's first significant military action against Israel occurred in November 1982 with a suicide bombing targeting Israeli headquarters in Tyre. This act marked Hezbollah's growing sophistication and commitment to opposing Israeli occupation, setting the stage for further high-profile attacks, including the infamous 1983 bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut (Kim Qatas, 30:07; Sergeant Stephen Russell, 30:20).

Political Integration and Consolidation of Power

Entering the Political Sphere

Despite being a militant organization, Hezbollah began to engage in Lebanese politics in the early 2000s. By contesting elections and securing parliamentary seats, Hezbollah integrated itself into the Lebanese political system while maintaining its independent military wing. This dual presence allowed Hezbollah to influence national policies while safeguarding its armed capabilities (Help Me Voice, 40:47; Ramtin Arablouei, 41:04).

Assassinations and Retaliations

Hezbollah's ascent was marred by violent confrontations with political opponents. The assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri in 2005, widely attributed to Hezbollah members, underscored the group's willingness to eliminate threats to its power and agenda. These actions not only eliminated political rivals but also instilled fear, consolidating Hezbollah's dominance within Lebanon (Sergeant Stephen Russell, 43:47; Help Me Voice, 44:09).

Hezbollah's Stance During the Arab Spring

The Arab Spring presented new challenges and opportunities for Hezbollah. While many Arab nations experienced uprisings seeking democratic reforms, Hezbollah remained loyal to the Assad regime in Syria, aligning with Iran's strategic interests. This allegiance strained Hezbollah's image as a defender of the Lebanese people, especially among Sunni-majority regions, and led to internal conflicts within the organization (Orli Daher, 46:57; Kim Qatas, 48:00).

Recent Developments and Current Status

Economic and Social Challenges in Lebanon

Lebanon's economic collapse and pervasive corruption have placed Hezbollah in a precarious position. While the group continues to wield significant influence, it must navigate the country's dire economic situation and mounting public discontent. Hezbollah's ability to provide social services remains a critical factor in maintaining its support base amidst widespread hardship (Ramtin Arablouei, 48:49; Narrator, 49:12).

Conflict with Israel Post-October 7

Following the Hamas-led attack on October 7, Hezbollah found itself drawn back into active conflict with Israel. Their recent exchanges represent the most significant escalation on the Israeli-Lebanese border in over a year. Balancing military engagement with domestic stability, Hezbollah seeks to uphold its resistance narrative while preventing further destabilization of Lebanon's already fragile state (Sergeant Stephen Russell, 49:31; Orli Daher, 49:41).

Hezbollah and Iran's Partnership

Hezbollah's relationship with Iran remains pivotal. While often portrayed as being under Iran's control, the partnership is characterized by shared strategic objectives rather than hierarchical dominance. Both entities aim to undermine Israeli and American influence in the region, driven by a common ideology rooted in Shia Islam and resistance against perceived Western hegemony (Narrator, 50:24; Sergeant Stephen Russell, 50:28).

Cultural and Social Influence

Hezbollah's endeavors extend into shaping Lebanon's cultural landscape. Through initiatives like the Mahdi Scouts and control over media outlets, Hezbollah promotes its narrative of resistance and social welfare. However, this influence has also led to increased religious conservatism, evidenced by the imposition of Islamic norms in previously cosmopolitan areas of Beirut, thereby narrowing the group's appeal across Lebanon's diverse population (Kim Qatas, 39:37; Help Me Voice, 40:22).

Conclusion

Hezbollah's trajectory from a grassroots resistance movement to a formidable political and military force underscores the intricate interplay of religion, politics, and foreign intervention in the Middle East. Rooted in Lebanon's sectarian dynamics and bolstered by Iranian support, Hezbollah has navigated numerous challenges to maintain its relevance and authority. As Lebanon grapples with economic turmoil and regional tensions escalate, Hezbollah's role remains both influential and contentious, embodying the enduring complexities of Middle Eastern geopolitics.

Notable Quotes

• Sergeant Stephen Russell (00:35): "I blame myself for what happened. A truck containing explosives was driven into the Marine headquarters building just before dawn, Beirut time today."

• Ramtin Arablouei (03:28): "The seeds of Hezbollah were sown during Lebanon's civil war and bloomed during Israel's 1982 invasion of the country."

• Kim Qatas (07:20): "In essence, that war, if we really want to simplify it, was about a right wing nationalism of Christian parties and pan Arab support for the Palestinian cause."

• Help Me Voice (20:10): "The Shia Islamic revolution in Iran was never intended to end at the borders of Iran. And so they immediately created departments and agencies whose sole purpose was to export that revolution."

• Orli Daher (26:36): "The IRL will feel the need to add to that military structure a whole network of civilian institutions."

• Matthew Levitt (20:17): "The Shia Islamic revolution in Iran was never intended to end at the borders of Iran."

This summary captures the essence of the "A History of Hezbollah" episode, highlighting key events, ideological shifts, and the intricate relationships that have shaped Hezbollah's evolution.