Weapons of mass infection

Summary

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Today, Explained – "Weapons of Mass Infection" (August 3, 2026)

Overview

In this compelling episode, hosts Will King and Noel King interview investigative journalist Annie Jacobson about her latest book, "Biological: A Scenario." The conversation delves into the terrifying plausibility of a large-scale biological attack, the legacy and future threat of weaponized pathogens, and why biosecurity is rapidly becoming a top concern among defense officials and technologists alike. Through a mix of real-world history, informed speculation, and Pentagon wargaming, Jacobson paints a detailed picture of how a biological disaster might unfold and why society remains woefully unprepared.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

Setting the Stage: Annie Jacobson's Research Approach

• Annie Jacobson is known for turning seemingly outlandish topics (like Area 51) into rigorously-researched journalism.
• Following her book on nuclear war scenarios, she turned her focus to biological warfare at the advice of government experts.
• Her methodology: years of interviews with high-level defense officials, intelligence figures, and scientists; grounding her fiction in fact.

"After you look at nuclear, you have to look at bio bio bio warfare." – Unnamed defense source [00:43]

The Scenario: Outbreak at a Russian BSL-4 Lab

• The scenario starts with an accident at Vector, a real BSL-4 lab in Siberia, Russia.
• In Jacobson’s fictional scenario, a deadly, airborne form of pneumonic plague is accidentally released.
• The outbreak quickly overwhelms containment efforts, especially after international hunters encounter an infected scientist and travel globally.

“Once you have escape and you do not have mitigation, which has to happen in the first 24, 48 hours, now you have a situation which is unstoppable.” – Annie Jacobson [03:58]

• The uniqueness of the engineered pathogen: Soviet bioweapons scientists worked to:
  • Insert a "euphoria gene" so victims would socialize, spreading plague faster
  • Make the plague react fatally to antibiotics, leading to encephalitis and psychological despair

“They were working to insert the gene for euphoria into the plague pathogen... which would make you feel terrific, which would make you want to go out and socialize with people.” – Jacobson [06:52]

• Rapid global spread due to modern travel, with only a brief incubation period, and bioengineering further accelerating transmission ([09:10]).

Societal Collapse: From Outbreak to Anarchy

• The book (and Jacobson's Pentagon sources) predicts societal breakdown within six days.
• Key government response:
  • Military enforcement under the Insurrection Act
  • The president isolates in a remote location to avoid infection, illustrating extreme continuity-of-government measures

“In the book, I take readers from outbreak to anarchy in six days.” – Jacobson [09:59]

“Imagine the President sitting alone in a room, a few Secret Service outside the door, the military aid with the nuclear football, and the President alone in a room wearing a gas mask.” – Jacobson [11:19]

• Survival is reduced to those with proper protection (gas masks); the world is depicted as decimated and unrecognizable ([11:44]).

The Legacy and Reality of Bioweapons

• Use of biological weapons dates back millennia; the modern era saw massive, covert programs during the Cold War in the US, USSR, and others ([17:11]).
• The US unilaterally destroyed its arsenal in 1969, but the Soviets secretly expanded theirs despite signing the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention.

“Very mysteriously, in 1969, President Nixon just unilaterally declared that the arsenal was going to be destroyed.” – Jacobson [17:45]

• Soviet bioweapons program remained secret until 1989, when Vladimir Pasechnik defected and revealed its scale ([19:33]).
• The 2001 anthrax attacks in the US marked a major inflection point and justified a global BSL-3/4 lab and vaccine buildup ([20:06]-[21:01]).

Present and Future Threats

• Current threat vectors include:
  • State actors and insufficiently secured labs
  • Accidents and leaks (not just deliberate attacks)
  • Theoretical but increasingly plausible: basement biotechnologists using AI and online resources

“The barriers for entry are getting lower literally by the day. You now can have a situation where someone with very limited knowledge of biology can create a biological weapon in their basement with the use of computational systems, like an AI system, for example.” – Jacobson [23:42]

• Compared to nuclear weapons, bioweapons have a much lower barrier to entry and a vastly higher proliferation risk ([24:59]).

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “The Pentagon has issued 1.7 million gas masks to its military personnel. And that is a spooky thought in and of itself.” – Jacobson [11:54]
• “Unlike the nuclear war scenario... in biological war, nothing has been written on the science record about what it might be after.” – Jacobson [12:26]
• “I didn’t have a terrorist organization using a biological weapon... Rather I had an incident, I had a lab leak. Because I have learned in the decades since that that really is the greatest concern.” – Jacobson [22:35]
• “Everything in the book is based in science, fact... Anything you come upon in the narrative that you wonder, is this her imagination or is this based on an interview…in the notes you can find that answer.” – Jacobson [25:19]
• “Information is king. Once you know things, it gives you a lot of power. Perhaps that’s whistling by the graveyard, but that’s what works for me.” – Jacobson [26:51]
• (On preparations): “Do you have a biohazard system suit?”
  “I do not. I do not. But I do have a few gas masks. I must tell the truth.” – Annie Jacobson [27:09–27:11]

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Timestamps for Key Segments

• 00:43 – Why biological warfare is the new nuclear
• 02:38 – Outbreak scenario: Vector lab, engineered pneumonic plague
• 06:28 – Soviet super-plague, euphoria gene, antibiotic-triggered fatality
• 09:59 – Societal collapse: outbreak to anarchy in six days
• 17:11 – History of biological weapons; Nixon’s surprise destruction order
• 19:33 – Soviet defector exposes massive illegal bioweapons program
• 20:06 – 2001 anthrax attacks and new biosecurity regime
• 22:22 – Lab leaks vs. deliberate attacks; the real-world threat landscape
• 23:25 – Basement bioengineering and proliferation risks
• 25:19 – How factual is the book; notes and documentation
• 26:06 – What should be done to prevent disaster
• 27:09 – Personal coping and preparedness

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Final Thoughts

Annie Jacobson urges vigilance against complacency, emphasizing the critical role of public pressure, biosecurity policy, and broad awareness given the mounting risks of biological disasters. Her book, “Biological: A Scenario,” merges fact and plausible fiction to issue a stark warning—one grounded in history, accelerated by modern technology, and disturbingly possible.

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Recommended for:

• Listeners curious about biosecurity, military planning, and realistic “doomsday” scenarios
• Readers of well-researched speculative non-fiction and thrillers
• Policy makers, scientists, and the general public concerned with existential risks

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Transcript

[A]

The investigative journalist Annie Jacobson made a name for herself writing deeply reported books about things you kind of think are conspiracies. Area 51 esp. And finding they are not entirely conspiracies. In 2024, Jacobson tried something different. She has lots of high level sources in government and she conducted years of interviews asking what would happen in the event of a nuclear war. How would it play out? Her book Nuclear War a Scenario was a work of imagination. It was fiction. But she'd done so much and she talked to so many people that what emerged was a terrifying and realistic look at how things might actually play out. And those people in the know on nukes gave her a piece of advice.

[B]

After you look at nuclear, you have to look at bio bio bio warfare.

[A]

And so Annie is back to terrorize us with a new book coming up on Today explained from Vox in the event of a biological war.

[C]

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[A]

Today Explained. I'm Will King. Andy Jacobson, author of Biological A Scenario. For this book, you talked to dozens of officials at places like the Pentagon. How does your book start?

[B]

The inciting incident in the book is an accident at a biosafety level 4 shorthand BSL4 lab in Siberia in Russia. And it's called Vector. And it's an actual BSL4 lab, the highest classification. And right behind that BSL4SL3, which is also dealing with incredibly dangerous pathogens like anthrax, plague, hantavirus and many others. And there was an actual accident, an explosion there in 2019. In that real life incident, a deadly pathogen was not released that we know of. But of course, in biological war, a scenario, a deadly pathogen is released and it's a form of pneumonic plague, which is is a nightmare pathogen and sits at the top of the tier one select agent list of the cdc. And so in the first act of the book, I show the scrambling of the intelligence community and the Defense Department trying desperately to determine if something got out and what it is that got out. Of course, they reach out to their partners in Moscow, but in this scenario, they nothing comes of that and the release of the pathogen widens. And so once you have escape and you do not have mitigation, which has to happen in the first 24, 48 hours, now you have a situation which is unstoppable.

[A]

The thing that you say this is an unstoppable scenario. Now what is it?

[B]

Plague itself, of course, conjures up images and ideas of the bubonic plague of the 14th century, the Black Death that killed between one half and one third of Europe. The bacteria is called Yersinia pestis. And pneumonic plague is the airborne version of plague. The problem with an airborne pathogen is that because the delivery system is the human lungs, it can move very quickly from a scientist in that lab, who now has Yersinia pestis in his lungs, out to the general public. And that is precisely what happens in the scenario.

[A]

And then how does it spread from there? This city in Russia, where this lab, where this BSL4 lab is, it's not a massive city, Right? It's not Moscow. It could be worse. What happens once it is in the lungs of people who work in that lab? Or the janitor who was cleaning the lab that night.

[B]

That's right. Well, suddenly it's in everyone's lungs and those people go out into their community. And even though Koltsovo, the small science town where Vektor is located, is a small town, it is just 12 miles from Novosibirsk, which is the third largest city in Russia. And also there happens to be in this scenario, a group of international hunter on a hunting trip in that area who come across a dying scientist in the snow. One of them gives him cpr. Being the good Samaritan that he is. And lo and behold, those travelers suddenly are now getting on an airplane in Novosibirsk, flying home to where they reside in five or six of the continents.

[A]

What happens to the people who get infected? What makes this form of plague so novel or so dangerous?

[B]

I pull this information from actual facts of the Soviet Cold War era biological weapons program that we know about from Soviet defectors. And I want you to keep in mind this is 40 years ago, when gene editing was in its infancy. But there are two things specifically that the Soviet bioweapons engineers did to plague. Their idea was to create a super plague weapon. And one of them has never been revealed before. They were working to insert the gene for euphoria into the plague pathogen. And you might say, why on earth would anyone do this? Well, it goes like this. When you get a disease, a pneumonic type disease, pneumonia, tuberculosis, you want to go home and get under the covers because you feel terrible. And when you do that, you're infecting a lot less people than you would if a gene for euphoria had been inserted into the pathogen, which would make you feel terrific, which would make you want to go out and socialize with people, perhaps even go to a crowded disco. And the other thing that the Soviet scientists were working on was a way to. To defeat medical countermeasures, but with an added component of psychological distress. They inserted a gene into the pathogen that would be triggered by the taking of antibiotics. And that second pathogen would give you encephalitis, which is a swelling of the brain. The psychological part of it, according to the Soviet scientists, was this. They said the idea. And this was because during the Cold War, the Russians hated the Americans so much. They wanted the last thought of the person dying of what they thought was pneumonic plague, but would in fact be encephalitis. They wanted their last thought to be. My government and Western medicine has failed me.

[A]

How quickly does this turn from people on planes going to places where we wish to God they would not go, but they're going home into mass panic. I am at home in my house in Washington, D.C. and I am now aware that something is spreading.

[B]

Mother Nature's mnemonic plague has a tiny window of incubation. But in the situation that we are talking about in the 21st century, where Gene editing is possible and other edits to bacteria and viruses that makes them more transmissible or more virulent, that window can be sped up even faster.

[A]

You know, I think often those of us who try to remain optimistic are thinking there's a way to stop it. Like if this were a movie and you remember during, during the COVID pandemic, people would point to movies where there was an outbreak and then the government gets it under control and then, okay, maybe a lot of people die, but we're all. That is not where your book is headed. How does your scenario end?

[B]

So in the book, I take readers from outbreak to anarchy in six days.

[A]

Wow.

[B]

Anarchy is what will happen according to Pentagon wargaming and pandemic planning. And this is because fear of infection becomes a secondary weapon, if you will. People begin to behave like they are about to die, which is most certainly underpinning everyone's mind. And so after those first six days, the principals committee, the president's biodefense committee, must make a decision. The President has to declare the insurrection act, which allows the military to step in as a law enforcement agency. What happens to the President really blew my mind as a reporter. He goes somewhere in the United States, very far away from everyone. Because the idea, the goal, is to make sure that the President doesn't get the airborne pathogen in his lungs. So maybe I'll leave you with an image. Imagine the President sitting alone in a room, a few secret service outside the door, the military aid with the nuclear football, and the President alone in a room wearing a gas mask.

[A]

Yeah. In the book, the people who survive are the ones who have gas masks. And it's like everyone else is gone.

[B]

And look, we hope we never get to that. Yeah, by all means. But yes, the Pentagon has issued 1.7 million gas masks to its military personnel. And that is a spooky thought in and of itself. Coupled with the idea that the military is predominantly male, there's something like 17% women in the military. And so unlike the nuclear war scenario in which I had science based nuclear winter theory to work from in biological war, nothing has been written on the science record about what it might be after. And so the one imaginative part of the book is the very end where I write about biological twilight and I write about who would be left based on the gas mask idea, based on the people that would be qualified, if you will, to survive. Survive anarchy, insurrection. And it is a very, very ugly world.

[A]

Annie Jacobson, her book is biological A scenario when we come back. Biological weapons are planet killers. How and why did we end up making these things? Support for Today Explained comes from Bilt. There's a whole system in your brain that is nicknamed the rewards system, or so they say. Bilt took a page out of the Brain's book and created a reward system for when you make your housing payment. Because why not? BILT started out as a renter rewards program and has extended expanded members now can earn points on mortgage payments too. Every housing payment earns you points that you can use toward flights with top travel partners like United and Hyatt Lyft rides. Amazon purchases so much more. Another benefit of Built membership? Access to what they called a neighborhood concierge. It can make restaurant reservations, book fitness classes and find new local spots, all while rewarding you at more than 45,000 merchant partners. They say it's like having a personal assistant base baked into where you live. It's simple. Being a renter or owning a home can feel a lot better. With Built you can download the Build app and join the membership for where you live at joinbilt.com explained. That is J-O-I-N-B-I-L-T.com explained and please use our link so they know we sent you.

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[A]

It's today explained. I'm Noel King. We're back with Annie Jacobson. She's the author of the terrifying new book Biological A Scenario. Annie, how long have biological weapons been around?

[B]

You know, it's a dark and nefarious and odious subject. They have been around for as long as war has been recorded. If you really consider poisoning, catapulting flea infested bodies over castle walls. In the medieval days and throughout the Cold War, all of the major powers were actively developing biological weapons, including the United States. And of course, biological weapons are living

[A]

weapons, but we did at some point outlaw them, right?

[B]

That's right. Very mysteriously, in 1969, President Nixon just unilaterally declared that the arsenal was going to be destroyed.

[F]

I have decided that the United States of America will renounce the use of any form of deadly biological weapons that either kill or incapacitate. This is the burial ground for the remains of America's germ warfare arsenal. The army claims every last microorganism has been sterilized and scattered in this plot of soil at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas. Within two years, we destroyed all of our seed stocks, we destroyed all of our production material at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and we completely got out of the biological warfare business.

[B]

But at the same time that all of the nations of the world were working to sign this treaty called the Biological Weapons Convention Treaty, the BWC for shorthand, everyone was working to sign it. The Russians, Soviet Russia at the time signed it and with its kind of fingers crossed behind its back, immediately began work on an illegal biological weapons program that was colossal. And this went without notice, without any idea, really, by the CIA and the Pentagon all the way until 1989, when one of the Soviet scientists named Vladimir Peseshnik had a crisis of conscience and he defected. And he told British intelligence all about the program and everyone was shocked. You debriefed him, didn't you?

[A]

Yes, indeed.

[B]

And what were the headlines of his revelations?

[A]

The Soviet Union had a huge, sophisticated,

[D]

expensive, extensive and highly secret biological weapons

[F]

program throughout the entire Soviet Union, which

[A]

had been going on uninterrupted since the early 1970s. And so this is something that is happening even though it is illegal. Where have we seen biological Biological weapons used of late.

[B]

Maybe the most important example of a biological attack in the past, certainly here in the United States, are the anthrax attacks, which occurred right after 9 11. In just a week's time, we have

[A]

had four confirmed cases of anthrax, all

[B]

with media connections and a number of anthrax scares as well.

[F]

The US House of Representatives is closing offices today until Tuesday to allow a

[D]

complete sweep for traces of anthrax.

[B]

Weaponized anthrax was sent through the mail to US Senators and a number of media outlets.

[F]

Anybody who puts poison in mail is a terrorist. Anybody who tries to affect the lives of our good citizen is evil. Another day of germ warfare and still no sign. The worst case of bioterrorism in this country is close to being solved.

[B]

So five people ended up dying, 22 got sick in four states. But that really kicked off what can be considered the biological military industrial complex, if you will, which led to this buildup in biosafety level 4 BSL 4 labs around the world. Today billions have been spent on developing and stockpiling vaccines. But more labs mean more people who could deliver classified information into the wrong hands. There are 110 BSL4 labs around the world. There are more than 3,500 BSL3 labs.

[A]

So those labs exist. They are there. They are, are official. I. E. In your book there is a map of where they exist. I found that weirdly, somewhat comforting mainly because I don't live too near any of them. It makes me wonder if there is a threat that one of these things is going to be released either accidentally or deliberately. Where is the threat coming from? Is it a rogue nation? Are there underground BSL4 labs that I don't know about? Is it terrorists? Is it a government getting angry and doing something, you know, potentially world ending?

[B]

Certainly bad actors. Getting a hold of a biological weapon was the great concern of the post anthrax situation. And that is why so much emphasis was put on bioterrorism. Now I avoided that specifically in the book. In other words, I didn't have a terrorist organization using a biological weapon which many war games game out. And I didn't even have an attack. Rather I had an incident, I had a lab leak. Because I have learned in the decades since that that really is the greatest concern. So many of these BSL 3 and 4 labs are in places without a lot of security, including in countries where there are wars going on.

[A]

Is it possible that somebody is making a biological weapon in a basement somewhere? Like I like knowing where the labs Are. But could there be somebody doing this off books and we don't know about it?

[B]

Absolutely. And another disturbing document I came across, unclassified in the Pentagon was a threat spectrum that showed weapons of mass destruction in terms of destructiveness. And of course, nuclear weapons sit at the far end of the spectrum. They are the most destructive. But very close behind were biological weapons. And even more startling was the notion that biological weapons present the greatest overall threat. That is a quote for precisely the reasons you mention. Nuclear weapons have an extremely high barrier for entry. You have to have fissile material. You have to have weapons grade uranium or plutonium. You have to have a weapons delivery system like an ICBM or a submarine. You have to have a triggering mechanism that creates a situation where most nuclear weapons, all nuclear weapons, if you will, are in the hands of a command and control system within a nation. Biological weapons have no such barriers. In fact, the barriers for entry are getting lower literally by the day. You now can have a situation where someone with very limited knowledge of biology can create a biological weapon in their basement with the use of computational systems, like an AI system, for example.

[A]

Your book reads like a thriller and I am going to recommend it to people and recommend it right now to listeners who are of sound mind, because it is terrifying. I wondered reading it, how much have you exaggerated? How much have you novelized in order to hold our attention?

[B]

Everything in the book is based in science, fact, meaning all of the facts, all of the figures. I write a hundred or so pages of notes in the back of the book for readers to be able to answer the question that you are asking me. Anything that you come upon in the narrative that you wonder, is this her imagination or is this based on an interview with an official, based on a figure in Defense Department monographs? In the notes you can find that answer.

[A]

Did any of those people give you good recommendations for how to avoid a disaster scenario or how, at the very least, any to avoid these things proliferating?

[B]

Well, you know, the ticking clock scenario that I write has an even more urgent ticking clock, which is the public's pressure on lawmakers to. To absolutely do something about this nightmare scenario before it happens. Look, we have a world right now where you have the CEOs of the largest AI companies in the world admitting publicly that the lane of bio mixed with AI is of their top concern. You don't hear that about nuclear. You hear that about bio.

[A]

How do you keep yourself from. I don't know. How do you sleep through the night?

[B]

You know anyone who knows me personally can vouch for the fact that I am an optimist at heart. I really believe that information is king. Once you know things, it gives you a lot of power. Perhaps that's whistling by the graveyard, but that's what works for me.

[A]

Do you have a biohazard system suit?

[B]

I do not. I do not. But I do have a few gas masks. I must tell the truth.

[A]

Annie jacobson her new book is biological war a scenario avishai artsy produced today show. Miranda kennedy and jolie myers edited, gabriel dunn tov checked the facts and david tadashore and patrick boyd mixed. I'm noel king. It's today. Expect explained.

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