D (26:58)
Okay, so to answer this question, we have to look at what America's major imperial innovation was. Okay, so the Britain Wits Conference 1944 was to establish the US dollar as the world's reserve currency, something called the exorbitant privilege. And America did this to the benefit of Europe, because what this meant was that America was basically financing the reconstruction of Europe and Japan, right? Because Europe was devastated by war and they needed to rebuild the factories and manufacturing, but they needed, needed an outlet, needed consumers, right? So Americans agreed to buy from Europe and America would also sell to Europe, okay? And the point was to very quickly build the manufacturing capacity of Europe as well as America. And this is all made possible because of the US Dollar. The problem is that when you have fiat currency, there's always a risk that you print too much money, that you lose financial discipline. So the agreement was that US Dollar would be pegged to gold. So at any time the Europeans could reimburse the US dollars for gold. And so the US Dollar basically became a contract between the Europeans and the Americans. And this worked out really well for the first 10 years, and it led to tremendous post war prosperity. But over time, the Americans started to overreach, started to abuse this exuberant privilege in Vietnam, right? So basically America was financing this silly war in Vietnam that served no strategic purpose. Then you had the space race where America was spending billions of dollars to send a man to the moon. And then there was a great society of Lyndon B. Johnson, which was tremendous for the American people, but it made the Europeans question how much gold Americans actually had at Fort Knox. So the French famously sent a frigate, a ship to New York to pick up their gold and take it back to France. And after that, that led to something called the Nixon shock in 1971, where Richard Nixon said that the US dollar would no longer be pegged to gold. Now you have a problem, like if you're not paid to gold, then how do you determine the value of your currency? And so Nixon did two things which was crucial and basically, which basically established the world order that we live in today. Okay, the first thing he did was he signed a deal with Saudi Arabia, where Saudi Arabia would only sell its oil in US dollars. And that led to something called the petrodollar, right, which is now the basis of the US dollar. The other thing that, that Nixon did was also, that was also very important, which people don't really discuss, is he went to China and he made a deal with China to become trading partners where China would basically export its cheap labor and return, they would get U.S. dollars, right? So this, these two deals, okay, the petrodollar, as well as China becoming the factory of the world, became the basis of the new global economy. And in 1991, when the Soviet Union fell, this system then became the global financial order. And this was fine. The problem is that there was excess capital being produced around the world and it all went to America. Now at this time, America was shifting its manufacturing to China. So the economy of America became very unbalanced. And, and it became, it shifted from a focus on manufacturing to a focus on financing. So Wall street started to, you know, explode in both financial and political power. And that, that led to hubris. And then Wall street, because it had to create financial vehicles to absorb all this foreign capital, started to invent all these risky derivatives as such, as, you know, CDOs, collateral debt obligations. And this, of course, led to the 2008 subprime crisis. And at this point in history, essentially the entire global economy should have collapsed. Why? Because Wall street had basically bundled the entire global economy together so that if one part of the system collapsed, the entire system collapsed. And I know that you've shared this very well with your audience, so I won't go too much into it. The system didn't collapse because something happened which is that China bailed out the world by printing all this money to build infrastructure throughout China. Okay? So China basically became the consumer for the world, probably of all these raw materials in order to build its skyscrapers, its high speed rail. And that worked out really well for, for the world. But then China Said, well, you know what? Before we were exporting our cheap labor and now we are financing the global economy. So we want to have a greater say over global affairs. We want our companies like Huawei to go to Africa and sell our products and compete against Apple. And the Americans didn't like that. And that's what led to the Trump tariffs. And when he came to office in 2016, right. The first thing he did was to sanction these Chinese companies. And that's what led to the trade war. And so you have all this instability now in the system because China's trying to contribute heavily to the global economy, but it wants more political power because of this. And Americans are, no, we are still ahead to mind. You have to listen to us. So the 2008 great financial crisis was I heavy blow. Then his trade war of China was also not a heavy blow. But the, but the next heavy blow was of course, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.