Citizen of the World

Summary

Podcast Summary: 99% Invisible – "Citizen of the World"

Host: Roman Mars | Reporter: Scott Gurion | Date: April 28, 2026

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Episode Overview

This episode of 99% Invisible, titled "Citizen of the World," explores the profound and provocative story of Gary Davis—a man who radically rejected the concept of nationality by renouncing his American citizenship in 1948 and dedicating the rest of his life to promoting the idea of "world citizenship." The episode, produced in collaboration with Scott Gurion of the Far From Home podcast, traces Davis’s journey from privileged beginnings, through the trauma of World War II, to becoming a tireless advocate for global identity beyond borders. Along the way, it examines what it means to belong, the power and limitations of documents like passports, and the contemporary impact of Davis’s vision, as his "World Government" continues to operate today.

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Key Discussion Points & Insights

1. The Anxiety and Power of Passports (00:31–02:32)

• Roman Mars reflects on the universal anxiety of presenting one’s passport crossing borders and the arbitrary power these documents wield:
  • “There is something inherently fraught and maybe even a little ugly about the ritual of presenting your passport... that this little booklet... confers so much power.” (01:00)
• Billions lack powerful passports, and 850 million people lack documents to prove basic identity.

2. The Nationalism vs. Globalism Debate (02:32–04:12)

• Via archival audio, Scott Gurion relates contemporary anti-immigration rhetoric in America to the enduring power nations hold:
  • E.g., Stephen Miller: “America is for Americans and Americans only.” (02:53)
• Contrasts the resurging grip of nationalism with global issues (pandemics, climate change) and borderless tech realities.
• Introduces Gary Davis, who foresaw these contradictions decades ago by voluntarily becoming stateless.

3. Gary Davis’s Story: From Privilege to Pacifism (05:30–07:10)

• Born to wealth and fame in Philadelphia, Davis was a rising star on Broadway before World War II changed him:
  • “How dare they put me in this role?... my moral character, my profession. Everything you learn in kindergarten is being thrust aside. Now you're a killer in the name of the nation.” (06:17, Gary Davis)
• After losing his brother in the war and participating in bombing missions, Davis’s conscience drove him to “not play the game” of nations anymore.

4. The Dramatic Renunciation (07:29–09:53)

• At 26, Davis entered the US Embassy in Paris and formally severed ties to his nationality, refusing to claim another:
  • “I walked into the US embassy on May 25, 1948, and I asked to renounce my nationality.” (07:29)
  • Embassy response: “Okay, Mr. Davis, now you're a stateless person... the United States passport, please give it to us.” (08:03)
• Gained instant international media attention as "the citizen of nowhere."
• Davis addressed the accusation of publicity-seeking: “This guy is giving up United States citizenship. That's not a publicity stunt... What's his motivation? We want to find out more who he is.” (09:19)

5. The Philosophy Behind World Citizenship (10:00–12:23)

• Davis saw the lack of a supranational authority as “naked anarchy,” blaming sovereign states for endless war:
  • “I should like to consider myself a citizen of the world.” (10:00)
• While “world citizenship” wasn’t new (Socrates, Chaplin, Obama), Davis took it literally, living without any passport.
• After France ordered him out, Davis relocated to the newly international territory of the UN General Assembly in Paris and proclaimed, “I’m your first citizen!” (11:45)

6. Activism, Arrests, and the UN Incident (12:23–13:39)

• Davis and allies camped at the UN, demanding world citizenship and drawing historic press attention.
• Publicly interrupted a General Assembly session:
  • “The nations you represent divide us... and lead us to the abyss of World War Three. What we need is one government for one world.” (12:49)
• Won support from intellectuals like Camus, Wright, and Einstein.

7. The Birth of World Government and World Passport (14:26–19:36)

• Davis created a registry for world citizens, eventually formalizing the "World Government of World Citizens" in 1953.
• The organization issued documents—including the now-famous "World Passport":
  • “We think [national] passports are stupid. In fact... our passport is a joke. It's a joke on them.” (19:10)
• The documents were intended for both activists and refugees in desperate need of identification.

8. Real-world Impact and Mixed Success (20:36–25:43)

• Examples of documents working:
  • Passports enabled Nigerian Ogoni refugees and expelled Ugandan Indians to cross borders and obtain visas.
  • “The captain accepted that [the world birth certificate]. And the plane flew to Heathrow. And that was the document upon which that baby got into UK with the mother.” (21:34, Gary Davis)
• Criticism follows as many document holders face rejection:
  • “Does it work? No, it doesn't work. I work. I'm the citizen. The documents do nothing. It's a tool.” (24:09)

9. Living as a Legal Fiction (25:43–29:26)

• Davis endured 34 imprisonments in nine countries for his activism and use of non-national passports.
• Upon seeking legal advice, he was told by a civil rights lawyer: “You have been recognized by the United States government as a sovereign... you're not really here legally” (15:26) and later, “Gary Davis is a legal fiction.” (27:44)

10. The Modern "World Government" and Legacy (34:49–43:13)

• Posthumously (Davis died 2013), the movement continues as the "World's Citizen Government" under president David Gallup.
• Organizational focus has broadened—now advocating for a World Court of Human Rights and engaging youth through campus clubs.
• Over one million world passports issued; anecdotal evidence (border stamps, testimonials) shows periodic recognition in 189 countries.
• Most applicants: a mix of activists, those seeking symbolic protest, and refugees/stateless people needing documentation.
• Legal advocacy for denied applicants is provided.

11. Nation States, Borders, and the Value of Identity (39:24–42:16)

• Questions remain about the practicality and desirability of a world government, but there's admiration for the provocative nature of Davis’s stance:
  • Mars: “I could not give less of a [care] about your documentation and immigration status as a human.”
• Americans’ travel privilege is acknowledged.
• The shifting global landscape (travel bans, increased restrictions) gives new importance to Gary’s message.

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Notable Quotes & Memorable Moments

• “I hereby... renounce my nationality in the United States... and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to the United States of America.”
  — Gary Davis, reading his renunciation oath (05:08)

• “Our world politically is now a naked anarchy... There can be no order on a planetary level.”
  — Gary Davis, statement after renunciation (10:00)

• “My position was outside the framework of the laws of the nations. It was very exciting...”
  — Gary Davis (11:18)

• “We had screaming headlines. Eleanor Roosevelt, you know, with their headphones... The nations you represent divide us and lead us to the abyss of World War three. What we need is one government for one world.”
  — Gary Davis, on storming the UN (12:49)

• "Does it work? You know, I have to say to you, no, it doesn't work. It doesn't work. I work. I'm the citizen. The documents do nothing. It's a tool."
  — Gary Davis (24:09)

• “Gary Davis is a legal fiction. That means I don't exist if that's not proof of the power of an individual.”
  — Gary Davis (27:44)

• “Why are you putting more value in this document than this is a human being in front of you, and you're putting way too much importance on the papers they have.”
  — Scott Gurion (40:53)

• “I can't stand the idea that your value as a person could be determined by the fact of where you were born.”
  — Roman Mars (01:18)

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Important Timestamps by Segment

| Timestamp | Segment | |----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 00:31–02:32 | Opening reflections on passports and national identity | | 02:32–04:12 | Introduction to Gary Davis and setting up the episode's theme | | 05:08 | Davis’s renunciation ceremony (iconic quote) | | 09:19 | Media reaction to Davis’s renunciation | | 10:00 | Davis’s philosophical justification | | 12:49 | The UN interruption and international impact | | 14:26–16:36 | Founding of the World Government and World Passport | | 19:36–21:34 | Refugee stories: Ogoni tribe and Uganda expulsion | | 24:09 | Davis on what "works"—the importance of personal consciousness | | 27:44 | Legal limbo—“Gary Davis is a legal fiction” | | 34:49–36:12 | Posthumous update on the World Citizen Government | | 37:08 | Examples of the World Passport in use, including stories from applicants | | 39:24–40:53 | Broader reflections on world government, identity documents, and activism | | 42:16–43:13 | Closing remarks on Americans' travel privilege and the contemporary climate |

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Tone and Language

• Gary Davis conveys passionate idealism, moral conviction, and sometimes dry wit about bureaucracy and nation-states.
• Scott Gurion reports with curiosity, empathy, and a clear admiration for Davis—even as he acknowledges doubts and controversies.
• Roman Mars brings a reflective, sometimes skeptical, but ultimately supportive perspective, emphasizing the profound design questions around national identity.

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Conclusion

Through Gary Davis’s radical choices, "Citizen of the World" poses timeless questions about identity, borders, and the true meaning of belonging. Davis’s life is both an inspiration for borderless idealism and a cautionary tale about the practical power of bureaucracy. Ultimately, the episode champions the idea that the most powerful documentation is our shared humanity—and the courage to live by it.

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For further exploration:

• Listen to Gurion’s full reporting at Far From Home
• Visit World Service Authority for information or to request a world passport
• Read more about the history and impact of Gary Davis’s movement in the show notes at 99pi.org

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(Advertisements, sponsorships, and non-content material were omitted in this summary.)

Transcript

[Roman Mars]

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[Gary Davis]

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[Roman Mars]

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[Gary Davis]

But.

[Roman Mars]

But the minute you're asked to show your passport, it's obvious that's how the world works. Especially when billions of people live in countries whose passports grant them little to no meaningful access to the rest of the world, While an estimated 850 million people do not even have the documents necessary to prove their nationality or legal existence. Which is why we wanted to share this story from the podcast Far from home by frequent 99pi contributor Scott Gurion. A while back, Scott sat down with someone who deliberately surrendered his official nationality, including his passport, and began issuing what he believed was a better form of identification. We'll let Scott take it from here.

[Scott Gurion]

Back In October of 2024, on the eve of the presidential election, Donald Trump held a giant political rally at Madison Square Garden in New York City, and one of the warm up speakers was his soon to be political advisor, Stephen Miller. In a fiery speech, Miller expressed what would soon become the through line of the Country's new anti immigration policy.

[Gary Davis]

America is for Americans and Americans only.

[Scott Gurion]

The rise of people like Stephen Miller shows that we are living in an era when nationhood and national identity seem to matter more than ever. But it's kind of strange because at the same time that fascists in America and elsewhere are trying to get us all to think in terms of nations, we're dealing with all these global problems like Pacific pandemics, climate change, and AI. Meanwhile, technology in the 21st century often makes it easy to ignore things like nationality and national boundaries altogether. Therefore, I know this might sound sort of radical, but if it ever made any sense, the entire concept of the nation state can sometimes seem kind of quaint and outdated for the modern world. This is the story of one man who reached all these conclusions himself, but more than 75 years ago, way ahead of his time. His name was Gary Davis, and I went to interview him back in 2009, when he was 88 years old. According to my directions, Gary's house was in South Burlington, Vermont, in the United States of America. But as soon as I pulled into his driveway, I noticed a sign next to his front door proclaiming it Sovereign World Territory. Hi, it's good to meet you.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Sorry, I'm running a few minutes behind here.

[Scott Gurion]

He came up to me, pointed out that I was standing on Planet Earth, and asked me to present my World Citizen card. I didn't have one, so thankfully he decided to waive the requirement. Then he led me into his living room, where we'd sit for the next five hours talking about a choice he made when he was 26 years old in 1948. It was a simple act that took just a minute to perform, but it would make the rest of his life really complicated. Over the next six decades, he'd be detained and imprisoned countless times, dragged off the floor of the United Nations General assembly, and gain millions of followers, all while confronting bureaucrats who had absolutely no idea what to do with him. What set this chain of events into motion was Gary's decision to stand before a guy in a gray suit at the US Embassy in Paris, put his hand on a Bible, and read a couple of lines off a sheet of paper.

[Gary Davis]

I hereby swear that I desire to make a formal renunciation of my American nationality, and pursuant thereto, hereby absolutely and entirely renounce my nationality in the United States and all rights and privileges thereunto, and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to the United States of America.

[Scott Gurion]

Gary's life journey that led him up to that point was pretty unexpected. You see, growing up in the 1930s and 40s, he had a lot going for him. He was born into privilege to a wealthy Philadelphia family whose car was a chauffeured Rolls Royce. His father, Meyer Davis, was a famous bandleader at the time. This is his orchestra you're hearing right now. Family friends included Ethel Merman and Bob Hope. As a young man, Gary was a rising Broadway star who once performed as an understudy to the famous actor Danny Kaye. Then came World War II. Gary was drafted into the Army Air Corps and trained to pilot a B17 bomber. The experience had a profound impact on him.

[Gary Davis]

That was a whole reassessment of my role in life. How dared they put me in this role? How humiliating to my soul. My moral character, my profession. Everything you learn in kindergarten is being thrust aside. And now you're a killer in the name of the nation. But you're not prepared for that. You're not prepared to even think about that. There's no education for that. At least there wasn't for me.

[Scott Gurion]

Flying bombing raids over Brandenburg and losing his older brother Bud to a German torpedo caused him to re evaluate not just his participation in the war, but his identity as an American citizen.

[Gary Davis]

I said, there is something intrinsically wrong with society, and I'm not going to play this game anymore. So that started me in a whole wave of thinking about how not to play the game without going to a desert island, you know, and canceling out.

[Scott Gurion]

He started reading about philosophy and history and studying the law. Eventually, he concluded that the only way to prevent future wars was for people to remove themselves from the system that creates the us versus them mentality. So after a year of planning and strategizing, Gary decided to act.

[Gary Davis]

I walked into the US embassy on May 25, 1948, and I asked to renounce my nationality. Well, everybody was appalled. Of course. We're here to protect you, you know. I said, no, you can't protect me. You know, you didn't protect my brother, and you didn't protect anybody outside that I killed and so forth. So finally I convinced them.

[Scott Gurion]

The U.S. state Department says just a few thousand Americans a year give up their citizenship. So Gary's action was kind of unusual to begin with. What made it even stranger was that he wasn't becoming a citizen of any other country.

[Gary Davis]

They said, okay, Mr. Davis, now you're a stateless person and you have something that belongs to us. I said, what was that? The United States passport, please give it to us. So then the fun began.

[Scott Gurion]

Gary left the embassy and went to the local office of the Associated Press to tell his story to the world. Then he went back to his hotel room to try to get some rest. But word had gotten out, so the phone began ringing constantly. First it was United Press, then Reuters, then the International News Service, all asking him for interviews. As I sat in Gary's living room listening to his stories, I asked him to show me his scrapbook of press clippings from the days that followed.

[Gary Davis]

These are US stories, Philadelphia News, May 27, 1948. This went all over the press.

[Scott Gurion]

What does this headline here say?

[Gary Davis]

Young citizens of nowhere must live there too. See, the journalists had a lot of fun with me. I mean, here was a big story. It was unique, it was personal, it was political, it was active. The guy was on the line himself. It wasn't just a theory.

[Scott Gurion]

Did people see it as a publicity stunt?

[Gary Davis]

The publicity stunt didn't come into play simply because of the renunciation. This guy's giving up United States citizenship. That's not a publicity stunt. It threw in a counter light the so called theory that everybody wanted to be a United States citizen. Everybody was trying to get into the United States after the war. Here's a guy who gives up his United States citizenship. What is he is a crackpot? Is he a clown? What's his motivation? In other words, we want to find out more of who he is and what his real reasons are.

[Scott Gurion]

Gary attempted to answer some of these questions by releasing a statement explaining his action.

[Gary Davis]

In the absence of an international government, our world politically is now a naked anarchy. Two global wars have shown that as long as two or more powerful sovereign nation states regard their own national laws supreme and sufficient to handle affairs between nations, there can be no order. On a planetary level. This international anarchy is moving swiftly toward a final war. I no longer find it compatible with my inner convictions to contribute to this anarchy and thus be a party to the inevitable annihilation of our civilization. By remaining solely loyal to to one of these sovereign nation states, I should like to consider myself a citizen of the world.

[Scott Gurion]

To be clear, this wasn't an entirely new or original concept. Many notable individuals throughout history, including Socrates, Charlie Chaplin, and more recently Barack Obama, have called themselves world citizens. But Gary took this idea to another level. For the rest of his life, he'd be a free agent operating by his own set of rules and without any sort of roadmap or instruction manual being neutral.

[Gary Davis]

My position was outside the framework of the laws of the nations. It was very exciting, you know, wondering what's going to happen now? What's the French government going to say?

[Scott Gurion]

The answer came quickly, given that he was now undocumented. French officials gave him a deadline to get out. But without a passport, where could he go? Traveling anywhere was sure to be difficult. But just as Gary was considering his options, he had a stroke of luck.

[Gary Davis]

The day that I was supposed to be out of France was September 11, 1948. That was the day that the General assembly of the United nations took over a little part of Paris at the Trocadero. And it was declared international territory. It was the only place I could go actually without going to jail or without going to another nation and facing the same problem that I faced in France. So I went to the United Nations. I made a press statement saying, I'm your first citizen. You know, I have to live here.

[Scott Gurion]

Gary and some friends camped out on the front steps calling for world citizenship as a path to lasting peace, something the UN's predecessor, League of nations, had failed to uphold. Officials didn't know quite what to do with them. Then, that November, Gary managed to gain access to one of the General Assembly's meetings. And he used the opportunity to draw attention to his cause.

[Gary Davis]

An incident that reflects the mood of an impatient world interrupts proceedings at the United Nations Assembly. All the press was there and we had huge lights and we had the balcony box wired up so that it could take our speech. I interrupt. I interrupted. All the delegates were on the floor. Eleanor Roosevelt, you know, with their headphones. They were wondering where this voice is coming from. Mr. Vensky looks on as the interrupter. Gary Davis, self styled first citizen of the world, is hustled out. Speak to the people. Shall I speak? Can you let me? I said I interrupted. The name of people not represented here. The nations you represent divide us, separate us, and lead us to the abyss of World War three. What we need is one government for one world. And if you don't do it, step aside. We're going to do it ourselves. We had screaming headlines.

[Scott Gurion]

The next day those headlines were seen by people around the world. Authors and intellectuals like Richard Wright, Albert Camus, and even Albert Einstein spoke out on Davis behalf. And he began receiving letters from supporters near and far. Remember, the war had just recently ended and memories of the Nazi occupation and the Holocaust were still fresh in people's minds, especially there in Europe. So folks were eager to hear what Gary had to say. Less than two weeks after his storming of the UN, he gave a speech in a Paris auditorium and 20,000 people showed up. Many of them expressed interest in his movement. So he got to work creating something they could actually join.

[Gary Davis]

We set up a registry of world citizens. We hired a whole, and we started issuing a world citizen card. And that was the first thing we were IDing a whole new constituency, a world constituency. It was a new language.

[Scott Gurion]

Though Gary Davis no longer had a nationality, he still considered New York his home. So he returned to the US Embassy and managed to convince authorities to let him migrate back to his native land. After arriving, he got married, had a kid, went back to acting and tried returning to his pre war life. But his heart just wasn't into it.

[Gary Davis]

I was making good money in show business and I had so many offers, and I gave it all up. I left the top show in Broadway after three days of rehearsal. And I told the producer, I'm sorry, Horace, I can't be in this show because I got to work for world peace.

[Scott Gurion]

Unsure of what to do next, he struggled with how to navigate life as a stateless individual.

[Gary Davis]

So I went to the top civil rights lawyer in New York. I told him, I said, I'm not a citizen here. I'm not an immigrate, I'm not a visitor. What is my status? And they had a full staff meeting on that. And they said, you're not really here legally. You're not here physically. You're here, and the government has recognized you physically. Therefore, not being within the framework of the United States law, you have been recognized by the United States government as a sovereign, like the Iroquois Indians. So you've got nationhood within you. You call yourself a world citizen, and you have all these people out there as world citizens. How can you be a citizen without a government? They said you gotta declare your government. Once you declare the world government, then you can do a lot of things. First of all, you can issue your own documents, your own money. You can declare war on the United States, and then the United States will beat you, and then it has to take care of you for the rest of your life. They had a field day. You know, these were lawyers kind of having fun. This was a new problem which they never had.

[Scott Gurion]

Gary gave this some thought and decided to follow their advice. On September 4, 1953, he formalized that registry of supporters he had created while he was in Paris and founded the world government of world citizens. He opened an office in New York and hired some staff and interns to carry out the day to day running of the government via a nonprofit organization called the World Service Authority. And they started issuing documents including birth and marriage certificates, international residence permits, and Political asylum cards for people who contacted them requesting help. So at this point, I had to ask Gary the question that's probably on your mind right now, which is some variation of can they do that? I mean, here you have this guy who decided he wants to form a new government that anyone can join, and he's printing official looking credentials for people to present to border guards and bureaucrats. Were these documents actually legitimate?

[Gary Davis]

Well, is the United States legitimate? Is war legitimate? You know, turn it around. The question around, who is to say what is legitimate is not my claiming to be who I am legitimate? If you're in a desert island alone, are you legitimate? You're the government, you're the citizenry, you're alone, do whatever you want. But you see me coming along in a raft and you say, well, we're together now, we form a community that then we legitimize the community. How do governments start in the first place? They don't start with governors. Government started by people deciding to have a government to legitimize themselves within a community.

[Scott Gurion]

But enough with the philosophizing from a legal perspective. Gary told me that, yes, he said the work of his new world government was entirely legitimate because it was based on the articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a UN document describing the rights and freedoms of all people.

[Gary Davis]

Now, the first article that we've taken is the Article 13, Section 2, which is an article on freedom of travel which says everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. But what is a country? Tom Paine said, my country is the world. And when you think that you can get around the world in two days today, you could say, well, really, the world is a country at this point, so we need a document based upon freedom of travel.

[Scott Gurion]

Hence the creation of the world passport, printed in seven languages, including the made up universal language of Esperanto.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

So it's made to look like any other passport, typically issued by a nation state that someone would have.

[Gary Davis]

Yeah, yeah, it's a document which they can look at and it IDs you completely, but it's just not a national passport. This is all important for the guy on the frontier because this is the way they operate. You see, it's for him, it's not for us. We don't believe in passports. We think they're stupid. In fact, many times I say, look, our passport is a joke. It's a joke on them. Whereas your passport, your national passport's a joke on you.

[Scott Gurion]

Gary said he thinks the whole process of making someone get a stamp and a little book in order to cross an imaginary border is really dumb. But by creating his own passport, and he was basically thumbing his nose at the establishment and saying, see, I could play this game too. Now, in case you're thinking that Gary just started the world government as a form of political feeder, I should explain that he saw his organization as serving a real need. You see, many of the letters he and his colleagues received, especially in those early days, came from refugees who were stateless themselves. But unlike Gary, they didn't choose to

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

end up that way.

[Gary Davis]

They needed a document to say who they were. They couldn't get it from the nation. There are huge refugee camps outside of Djibouti or in the Sudan and so forth, and the people are families living under tents in the heat. Now, the United nations is not issuing them documents, but the World Service Authority is.

[Scott Gurion]

And believe it or not, these passports and other documents that Gary and his team of ragtag visionaries created actually worked some of the time. Gary told me the story, for example, about the time members of the Ogoni tribe from southern Nigeria reached out asking for help after protesting the Shell oil company's environmental destruction of their land. They had to flee across the border to a refugee camp in the neighboring country of Benin. They didn't have any identity documents, though, so the world government made passports for close to 2,000 of them, which they were then able to use to obtain visas to get out. There was also the young conscientious objector who successfully avoided registering for the draft through some clever letter writing claiming that his citizenship in the world government forbade him from joining the American military. And the woman in Uganda, caught in a bind when her country's dictator decided to expel her and other members of the country's Indian minority.

[Gary Davis]

We received a urgent telegram saying that one of the mothers of the Indian mothers had given birth at Uganda airport. So what the baby needed was an immediate birth certificate because they were going to be picked up the next day by a British plane. And I got on the typewriter, wrote out the first world birth certificate, and went to a stationary store and put a seal on it and so forth. And I got it in the mail at 5:00 and got down to that airport the next day and the plane came in. The captain of the plane said, where's the baby's documents? We can't take anybody without documents. And the mother handed him the document that I had just typed out on my typewriter. Well, the baby was in the mother's arms, of course. So the captain accepted that he had to accept that. And the plane flew to Heathrow. And that was the document upon which that baby got into UK with the mother.

[Scott Gurion]

In the decades that followed, the world government has continued its work, issuing more than 5 million legal documents, including nearly 1 million passports. They say that Ecuador and five African countries have offered official recognition at one point or another, and according to copies of passport stamps and visas people have sent them, nearly every other country in the world has also accepted these passports for travel on at least a few occasions. While some of these might be instances where the border guards simply weren't paying close attention to the pieces of paper in front of them, the world government contends that the fact that their passports have been honored thousands of times over the years is proof that these can't just all be mistakes. But I'd be remiss if I didn't mention that for every instance where people have had success using these documents, there are many other times when they haven't worked as intended. Some critics have charged over the years

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

that the world government is in the

[Scott Gurion]

business of selling false hope to undocumented individuals, given that the legal recognition and acceptance of world passports and ID cards is unpredictable and by no means guaranteed. An organization spokesman said, however, that simply providing people with papers gives them some degree of human dignity. Gary, for his part, had little sympathy for anyone who said his documents, like the world passport, were little more than novelty items.

[Gary Davis]

Does it work? You know, I have to say to you, no, it doesn't work. It doesn't work. I work. I'm the citizen. The documents do nothing. It's a tool. A hammer does nothing unless you pick it up and know how to use it. My consciousness works and I'm conscious of who I am. That's the only thing that works. We say that to everybody who calls us. We're not doing anything really, except giving testament to who you are.

[Scott Gurion]

In other words, he said, people can't simply present a world passport at a national border and expect to breeze through immigration the way they might with a national passport. They need to stand up for their rights and know the right things to say to convince the border guard to let them through.

[Gary Davis]

Did you claim to be a world citizen? Do you know anything about the Declaration of Human Rights? Have you read any of my books? You're on that front line. You're the guy who gets out there and talks to these idiot officials. If you ever learn how to talk back to them, then they're going to put you down. They're going to humiliate you every time. Then you're going to write to me or call me and say, I paid for that passport and it doesn't work. When people say your passport doesn't work, you say, well, I went to India with the first passport number, 00001, and I left India three months later with 17 visas on my first passport. Don't tell me that passport doesn't work.

[Scott Gurion]

But even Gary, who was well versed in international law and had all the best legal arguments at his disposal, had mixed success over the years. By his own account, he was imprisoned 34 times in nine different countries for trying to exercise what he saw as his right to freedom of travel as a citizen. Sometimes it was because his passport was outright rejected. Other times he was initially allowed to enter a country, but then later arrested since he disagreed with the concept of nation states. There were also instances where he crossed the border by riding a bicycle on a path through the woods instead of going through an official crossing. So he'd get in trouble for that. When I first learned about Gary Davis

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

a number of years ago, I was intrigued.

[Scott Gurion]

So I actually sent away for one

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

of his world passports, but it's been

[Scott Gurion]

sitting in a drawer ever since, and I've never tried using it myself. Because, I'll be honest, while I really appreciate the concept of a world without borders, I'm not an activist for the cause. I mean, it's not something that I feel so strongly about that I'd be willing to risk being detained for hours or even days in some foreign country's airport and missing my flight. When I'm traveling, I usually just want to get to my final destination without engaging in political and philosophical arguments with border guards. Along the way, I mentioned to Gary that I had one of his passports but never used it, and he called me a coward. I understand why he sees it that way, because for him, this was a cause worth devoting his life to.

[Gary Davis]

I've taken my case up to the Supreme Court. They didn't hear the case. But when the Supreme Court denies your writ, that means the lower court decisions prevail. But all the lower court decisions were that I was an excludable alien, but they couldn't exclude me.

[Scott Gurion]

There's nowhere they could send you to

[Gary Davis]

where they could send me.

[Scott Gurion]

So Gary was basically in a stalemate with the US Government, living out his life in his humble home there in South Burlington, Vermont. Despite existing in a sort of legal

[Gary Davis]

limbo, one journalist went to the immigration department. She asked, what is Gary Davis status. And his answer was, gary Davis is a legal fiction. That means I don't exist if that's not proof of the power of an individual. That according to the United States, according to all the nation states, you claim to be a world citizen, you become a legal fiction that they can't deal with you, but you're still existent.

[Scott Gurion]

In addition to issuing passports, birth certificates and ID cards, Gary's world government has created a legal department to provide support for document holders whose paperwork is denied. They've established a Sovereign order of World Guards that anyone can join. And they've even printed their own stamps and world money.

[Gary Davis]

This is our world treasury.

[Scott Gurion]

Here he pulled out a box.

[Gary Davis]

As a world citizen, I decided that we need a new currency. The currency is called the Mondo M O N D O. And this money is based upon energy. Where is the greatest source of energy? It's the sun, obviously. Buckminster Fuller says there's more energy poured on the earth by the sun in five minutes than humanity uses all year. These are kilowatt dollars. This is a peace currency. You can't fight wars with it. So look at the immediate trust that it'll have. I get a lot of letters for people to donate money. I always put this money in and I explain it with a sheet. This is world money. You want a donation from a world citizen? This is what you're going to get. Now, I haven't gone into the markets and started using it at this point, but that'll come.

[Scott Gurion]

Gary passed away in 2013 at the age of 91, and he was active until the end. Shortly before his death, he mailed a world government passport to WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange when he was holed up in the Ecuadorian embassy in London. And also to fugitive national security contractor Edward Snowden, who's been living in Russia since his US passport had been revoked. Gary Davis view of political boundaries was not that they shouldn't exist, but rather that they don't exist. He said, they're a legal fiction we've all come to believe in. And by placing himself outside the realm of the nation state, he'd thereby rendered them obsolete. For Gary, the idea of world government was not some far out utopian vision, but rather an idea rooted in pragmatism. He said, we're all world citizens, but it's up to each of us whether we want to recognize that fact. When I first met Gary at his home there in Vermont, he told me about a recent trip he had taken to visit his kids who lived in Montreal. Coming back. He arrived at the US border as usual, with only his world government passport. At first, Immigration refused to let him pass. It was the same bureaucratic showdown he'd faced many times over the years. Gary told them that their borders were ridiculous. He said that the sun shined the same on both sides of their imaginary line and that he was just going from one part of the world to another. Eventually, they relented. Get out of here, they said. Go home.

[Roman Mars]

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[Scott Gurion]

Great.

[Roman Mars]

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[Scott Gurion]

Thanks so much for having me, Roman.

[Roman Mars]

So this is all from an interview that you did with Gary nearly 20 years ago, so I wanted to get a bit of an update from you. You mentioned that the organization that Gary founded, it's still around. What is their mission today? Like, how has it changed since Gary's death?

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

So I actually spoke to David Gallup, who's the president and general counsel of what they're now calling the World's Citizen Government, and he says the organization has kind of broadened their focus a little bit since Gary's death. When he was around, they were just kind of very insular. And Gary, in retrospect, was really opinionated. He could be difficult to work with at times. He just wouldn't have patience for people who didn't exactly agree with his vision of how the world should work. So, yeah, I think in some senses, Gary's death kind of freed up the organization to kind of pursue things a little bit differently. You know, nowadays they're working with other organizations more in specific terms. Some of the things that the World Citizen government is focusing on nowadays, they're working on advocating for the creation of a World Court of Human Rights, and they're also trying to expand the movement to a younger audience. They're creating these World Citizen Clubs at a Bunch of high schools and college campuses all over the place.

[Roman Mars]

Nice. Are they still making World Government passports?

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Oh, yes, definitely. Yeah. They've now issued about a million of them as well as a number of other identity documents. So there is still a demand and they're still fulfilling that need.

[Roman Mars]

And do they work? I mean, do they work without the power of Gary behind them, you know?

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Yeah, yeah, that's interesting question and I touched on this a little in my piece, but they. So the World Citizen government says that one hundred and eighty nine countries have recognized the passport on a case by case basis. And they say there's a small number which at one point or another have given like de facto recognition. They've sent letters saying that we officially recognize this, though in many of those cases it's been years ago and it's unclear whether they still do. The World Government says the only way that they have of knowing for sure, like if their passports are working is when users of the passports send them back stamps. Well, they send photos.

[Roman Mars]

Oh, oh, okay.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Yeah, yeah, it really does work, believe it or not. I know it's hard to believe, but no, people send back stamps and they say they've collected thousands of these over the years of border guards, like issued, you know, passport stamps as well as like work permits and visas and, you know, in the World Government passport. So these documents are honored in many cases. Like they told me this one case of this businessman who had been traveling all over Latin America with his world passport. He sent it into the World Citizen government because he was so successful using it that he had run out of space. He needed more pages. They were just really impressed.

[Roman Mars]

That's amazing. So who are the people who are applying for World Government passports today? Is it all people like you that are just like, oh, this would be a fun thing to have, or people who really need some kind of documentation?

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

From what I hear, it's a mix. As always, there are just people who are uncomfortable with the current system who want a second form of id, like people from certain nationalities who might face hostility in certain parts of the world because of where they're from, or people serving in some kind of role, like working with an ngo, you know, international aid workers, where they, you know, their primary identity is helping people around the world not to their individual nation state. So they want this kind of World Government passport. But then, you know, there are also people who really desperately need it, who need some form of id, like refugees and stateless individuals fleeing persecution, violence or natural disasters. You know, after the war broke out between Russia and Ukraine. The world citizen government tells me they got tons of letters and emails on both sides of the conflict, people trying to escape and, you know, didn't want to be conscripted to fight in the military. They've also heard from lots of people in the Palestinian territories. And then we should mention, in addition to issuing identity documents, they also provide

[Scott Gurion]

free legal advocacy to refugees and stateless

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

people around the world.

[Roman Mars]

Oh, wow. So, you know, listening to Gary, you know, his vision of a world without nation states, it sounds pretty fanciful. And I think one of the things that also comes to mind is a one world government also sounds like maybe that might be worse. Yeah, I don't know for sure. I've never seen it. I mean, at some point, if you have a world government, you have to decide how that government functions. And do they have a concept of that? Like, is it democratic? Is it autocratic?

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Yeah, it was definitely democratic, they would say, but they didn't. Yeah, but Gary, he himself didn't really focus on, like, the actual what form the government would take and the elected representatives and how, you know, he kind of left that to others.

[Roman Mars]

Yeah, you know, he was just a provocateur. And just like, this is not working, but we'll figure out something else. But, like, figuring out, like, how many electors are brought to a thing.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Right?

[Roman Mars]

Like, who wants to do that?

[Scott Gurion]

No, they.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Then they clearly said, Gary was not a communist, he was not an anarchist. I mean, it wasn't like a political ideology behind it that. Like an ism, you know, that you would think of.

[Roman Mars]

I mean, there's this way in which the lack of specifics can be really useful. Like, we're recording this in the immediate aftermath of the ICE surge in Minneapolis, and there's a border patrol secret police of masked people without warrants who are violently detaining and at sometimes killing people. There's, like, broader waves of mass deportations in the United States and travel restrictions. And I love how Gary's attitud kind of like, resets the conversation a little bit. Like, the common rhetoric is that the border is broken. We have to do something to fix it. And no matter if you're, like, a Democrat or Republican, you still say those kind of talking points and that there's these nuances to approach these things. And I just love that there's someone standing there saying a statement that I completely agree with, which is like, I could not give less of a. About your documentation and immigration status as a human. Like, I can't even imagine caring about it. And I like that there's someone out there just saying that.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Yeah, yeah. I mean, we're so used to having identity documents and passports that we just take them all for granted. And Gary's just totally outside of that framework. Just saying we need to just get rid of this whole system. And why are you putting more value in this document, that this is a human being in front of you, and you're putting way too much importance on the papers they have.

[Roman Mars]

I love that he's asking the question.

[Scott Gurion]

Yeah.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

I think the other point I'll make is that, you know, as Americans, we've historically been pretty spoiled when it comes to travel. I mean, there's, I think, close to 200 countries in the world, and our American passports allow us to go to a large portion of those without having to get a visa ahead of time.

[Roman Mars]

Yeah, yeah. I mean, we've had the privilege of having our own world passport most of the time.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Yeah.

[Roman Mars]

Like, effectively, like, we can travel the world just that other people cannot.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Yeah, yeah. But President Trump recently signed this ban for dozens of countries seeking to visit the United States. And so in response, some of those nations have actually started making it more difficult for Americans to visit. And several countries in Africa now completely prohibit ordinary Americans from visiting.

[Roman Mars]

Yeah.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

And I think Americans are kind of getting a taste of what it's been like for people in the rest of the world. And I guess you could say that Gary's notions of being world citizens are, you know, more important now than ever.

[Roman Mars]

So I have one final and most important question. Do you still have your world passport? Have you ever tried to use it?

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Like, yeah, yeah, it's, it's. It's expired now. I haven't gotten a new one. But this, this is my world. Oh, yes.

[Roman Mars]

It looks like a passport.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

I mean, this was issued a number of years ago, so it looks a little hokey. This is the way they used to do it, where it's actually written in calligraphy and with. With a photo stamped in here. They tell me that the newer ones, they ass are much more professional looking, where everything is printed on the plastic and they have scannable RFID chips and everything. And the passport actually came with a little booklet of the UN Declaration of Human Rights, because, as Gary would say, the passport by itself is meaningless. It's like a hammer. You need to know how to use it. So you just can't take the passport. You bring this with you to make all the right arguments to the border guards, so hopefully they'll accept it.

[Roman Mars]

That's awesome. Well, Scott, it was such a fun story. It was such fun talking to you. I really appreciate it.

[Scott Gurion (Interviewing/Reporting)]

Thank you so much, Roman. I appreciate it as well.

[Roman Mars]

99% invisible was reported this week by Scott Gurion for his podcast Far From Home. Other versions of the story also appeared on the program's B side Radio and Backstory Radio, with additional editing respectively by Tamara Keith and Jess Engelbretson. Our version was edited by Joe Rosenberg, remixed by Martin Gonzalez, intro and outro music by Swan Rhiou. If you found Gary Davis's story interesting, we'll have a link to the Far From Home website where Scott has provided show notes including videos of Gary, more information about the world government, as well as many other stories from around the world. Honestly, it's hard to think of anyone who has put the power of the American passport to more use than Scott. So go check it out. Kathy Tu is our Executive producer. Kurt Kolsted is the digital director. Delaney hall is our senior editor. The rest of the team includes Chris Perube, Jason De Leon, Emmett Fitzgerald, Christopher Johnson, Vivien Leigh Lashma, Dawn Kelly Prime, Jacob Medina, Gleason Talon and Rayne Stradley, and me, roman Mars. The 99% invisible logo was created by Stefan Lawrence. We are part of the SiriusXM podcast family now headquartered six blocks north in the Pandora building in beautiful uptown Oakland, California. You can find us on all the usual social media sites as well as our new Discord server. There's a link to that as well as every past episode of [e-mail].

[Scott Gurion]

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