Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with a rich historical background dating to the 18th century. From early observations of "mental restlessness" to our current understanding as a neurobiological condition, ADHD knowledge has evolved significantly. Modern research reveals it as a highly heritable disorder affecting approximately 5% of children and 2.5% of adults worldwide, with variations in prevalence across different populations. The condition is characterized by challenges with attention, hyperactivity, and impulse control, though presentations vary widely among individuals. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach combining medication (both stimulant and non-stimulant options), behavioral interventions, and environmental modifications. Despite being one of the most well-researched psychiatric conditions, ADHD remains subject to ongoing debates regarding diagnosis rates, treatment approaches, and long-term outcomes. Recent developments include increased recognition of adult ADHD, gender differences in presentation, and the impact of modern technology. The condition has significant societal implications, affecting educational systems, workplace productivity, and healthcare costs, while emerging technologies and research continue to shape our understanding and treatment approaches.