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Steve Brown
Welcome to the American Family Physician podcast for part two of the February 2026 issue. I'm Steve.
Elena Kelly
I'm Elena.
Chisung Okuagu
And I'm Chisung.
Steve Brown
We are residents and faculty, mostly residents, from the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix Family Medicine Residency. Today on the podcast we're going to talk about long term use of obesity management medications, cervical cancer screening, tinnitus, low back pain, impetigo and CT scans, and lifetime cancer risk.
Elena Kelly
The opinions expressed in the podcast are our own and do not represent the opinions of the American Academy of Family Physicians. The editor of American Family Physician or Banner Health do not use this podcast for medical advice. Instead, see your own family doctor for medical care.
Steve Brown
We're on a mission to Living the
Chisung Okuagu
Best from American Family Physician On a mission Delivering the best from American Family Physician
Steve Brown
all right, let's start with an editorial. This is a good one. Long term use of Obesity Management Medications, Challenges and Discontinuation Strategies from doctors Rajo Benchinati, Hoyos and Shaw from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, the new generation of
Chisung Okuagu
obesity management medications are highly effective in promoting weight loss.
Elena Kelly
These include GLP1 receptor agonists, liraglutide and semaglutide and dual receptor agonist tirzepatide.
Steve Brown
However, nearly 65% of patients discontinue these medications in the first year due to cost, adverse effects and loss of muscle mass.
Chisung Okuagu
And this can often lead to weight regain.
Steve Brown
Yeah, up to 40% of the weight lost is lean mass and weight regain is primarily fat mass which can worsen cardiovascular outcomes.
Elena Kelly
These authors propose three discontinuation dose de escalation, interval dosing and the add on strategy.
Chisung Okuagu
In dose de escalation, patients taper off the medication with a gradual lowering of dosage, similar to the way the patients gradually increase the medications when starting. Preliminary data shows tapering off semaglutide from full dose helped sustain weight loss for 20 weeks.
Steve Brown
In interval dosing, the interval between injections is progressively extended, initially every 10 to 15 days and then up to 21 days. One study showed every other week dosing, patients can maintain prior weight loss for 32 weeks.
Elena Kelly
Finally, we can add oral obesity medicines such as phentermine, topiramate, bupropion, naltrexone or phentermine during de escalation or interval dosing.
Chisung Okuagu
Any discontinuation strategy must be paired with a renewed commitment to lifestyle modification, including exercise and healthy food intake.
Elena Kelly
With these strategies and shared decision making, we can help our patients maintain their weight loss goals.
Steve Brown
Next, cervical cancer screening. This is from Drs. Weiser and Quinlan from Iowa City, Iowa.
Chisung Okuagu
Yes, arguably my favorite topic. One of the things that stood out immediately was how evidence is increasingly shifting toward risk based screening with heavier emphasis on HPVI identification.
Elena Kelly
Exactly. The goal isn't just detecting abnormalities, but preventing invasive cancer while minimizing harm from unnecessary testing and procedures.
Steve Brown
Based on the 2024 draft of the USPSTF guidelines on cervical cancer screening, cytology alone is recommended every three years in 21 to 29 year old individuals. Primary HPV based screening is recommended every five years and in 30 to 65 year old individuals with female reproductive organs.
Chisung Okuagu
These screening tests have solely been performed by clinicians for decades until Drum roll.
Elena Kelly
Whoa.
Steve Brown
This is vague.
Chisung Okuagu
One hand here. May 2024 when the FDA approved implementation of self collection swabs.
Steve Brown
Dang.
Elena Kelly
Which has been a game changer in helping clinicians provide care for patients with a history of trauma, are a gender or sexual minority or or experience severe discomfort with pelvic examination. The interval for self collection is every three years.
Chisung Okuagu
Interestingly enough, I personally feel like the American Cancer Society guidelines don't get enough love. A major highlight is the endorsement of primary HPV testing as the preferred screening strategy for average risk patients age 25 to 65. When available evidence is showing that HPV testing is more sensitive than cytology for detecting high grade disease. And this guideline would help allow for longer intervention intervals and fewer lifetime colposcopies.
Elena Kelly
Estimates based on modeling studies commissioned by the USPSTF concluded that primary HPV testing from 25 to 65 years of age requires a lower number of total lifetime tests 10,954 versus 19,806 per 1,000 people, a more sensitive exam and less Pap smears. That sounds like a great deal. Yes.
Steve Brown
Also, we still have to acknowledge the reality of clinical practice. Cytology alone and HPV Pap co testing are still acceptable options, particularly where primary HPV testing isn't accessible. What matters most is adhering to the correct intervals and not mixing strategies in ways that leads to over screening.
Chisung Okuagu
Right? Common pitfalls include continuing to screen patients over 65 who meet criteria to stop or or screening patients who've had a total hysterectomy for benign disease. These practices don't improve outcomes and can increase anxiety, cost and downstream harm. On the flip side, primary HPV testing should continue for patients with a history of CIN2 in the last 25 years, and we see this recommendation hold up for those who've had hysterectomies as well.
Elena Kelly
Not every abnormal result requires immediate colposcopy. Low risk findings can often be followed with repeat testing, which is a shift from older, more aggressive approaches that many clinicians were trained on. The ASCCP risk calculators are a great tool to determine next steps for an abnormal Pap smear.
Steve Brown
Special populations like immunocompromised patients may require early, more frequent and longer duration screening, though this is based on expert opinion
Chisung Okuagu
and screening during pregnancy should also continue if indicated, but treatment of precancerous lesions is generally deferred until postpartum unless invasive cancer is suspected.
Steve Brown
While cervical cancer screening has been instrumental in decreasing mortality, it doesn't come without risks. This includes potential risks of pain, bleeding and infection with the test itself, not
Chisung Okuagu
to mention the potential harms associated with abnormal results like stigma, anxiety, disrupted relationships and financial harms from repeated office visits.
Elena Kelly
And as we approach care in this patient population, providers need to be mindful that disparities in cervical cancer identification and mortality are largely reflective of reproductive health disparities. This especially affects those with disabilities and those in vulnerable racial, ethnic, sexual and gender minority communities.
Chisung Okuagu
Bottom Line Using evidence based guidelines for cervical cancer screening not only does a better job of mitigating risk but but helps us as clinicians provide better patient centered care and reduce harmful practices.
Steve Brown
NICE Next Management of tinnitus Guidelines from the Veterans Administration and the Department of Defense. This is from Dr. Arnold from the Naval Undersea Medical Institute in Connecticut and this guideline scores a perfect 8 out of 8 on the G Trust Scorecard.
Elena Kelly
A real quick summary. The bottom line here is that helpful things for tinnitus include education, therapeutic use of sound and cognitive behavior therapy, Hearing
Chisung Okuagu
aids and cochlear implants for those with hearing loss also improves tinnitus outcomes.
Steve Brown
Educational counseling includes management strategies, natural history and prognosis association with hearing loss, the effectiveness of lifestyle, the importance of hearing protection and setting realistic expectations for our patients.
Elena Kelly
Therapeutic sound can be delivered with ear level devices or external sound playing devices and can reduce the self perceived handicap of tinnitus like a tabletop sound spa.
Chisung Okuagu
Oh that sounds lovely then cognitive behavioral therapy improves outcomes and can be paired with therapeutic sound.
Elena Kelly
There is insufficient evidence to recommend neurostimulation. Acupuncture studies are limited by methodologic flaws,
Steve Brown
low level laser therapy directed at the mastoid doesn't improve outcomes.
Chisung Okuagu
Pew, Pew. Just imagining. Just mastoids. Okay. And no medication, interestingly enough, has been proven beneficial.
Elena Kelly
It's recommended to use a self report measure to track how our patients are doing like the Tinnitus Functional Index.
Chisung Okuagu
Thanks to this guideline group for an evidence based approach to this common condition, 8 out of 8 would recommend elbow, elbow, wink wink.
Elena Kelly
We'll be right back.
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Steve Brown
have a Cochrane review Non pharmacologic and non surgical treatment of low back pain in adults. This is from Drs. Leggett and Polisch from Maryland and Virginia.
Elena Kelly
This article tackles the question, are non pharmacologic and non surgical treatment options safe and effective for non specific acute or chronic low back pain?
Chisung Okuagu
This Cochrane review includes 31 systematic reviews covering more than 97,000 patients with nonspecific low back pain. Both acute and chronic low back pain is considered nonspecific when it's not linked to an identifiable cause. AMP can be classified as acute less than six weeks, subacute six to 12 weeks or chronic greater than 12 weeks.
Steve Brown
Yeah, so this comes up so much in our practices. So what are the main findings for
Elena Kelly
patients with non specific acute low back pain? Continued activity improves pain and function compared to rest. Interestingly, spinal manipulation and traction didn't improve short term function compared with placebo.
Steve Brown
Elena what about chronic low back pain?
Elena Kelly
Exercise therapy as well as multidisciplinary interventions such as combining physical therapy with psychotherapy. Reduced pain intensity compared with no treatment or usual care. Acupuncture showed moderate improvements in pain and function compared with no treatment. Psychological therapies like relaxation or behavioral approaches reduced pain but didn't consistently improve function compared with usual care.
Steve Brown
Chisum how about safety? That's often a concern with some of these treatments.
Chisung Okuagu
Well Steve, overall non pharmacologic treatments appear safe but safety data were inconsistently reported so serious adverse effects may be under recognized.
Elena Kelly
A good take home message is to start with non pharmacologic options for non specific low back pain such as exercise and multidisciplinary care before reaching for medications or procedures, which also aligns with the current ACP and VA Department of Defense guidelines.
Steve Brown
Oh, this is going to be good. Impetigo. Rapid evidence review. This is from Drs. Trang, Buck, and Shawn, her from Colorado and Travis Air Force Base.
Elena Kelly
Let's talk impetigo. It's a common superficial bacterial skin infection most often caused by group A, strep or staph aureus, including mrsa.
Steve Brown
Who's most at risk for impetigo?
Chisung Okuagu
Well, impetigo mainly affects young kids, especially ages 2 to 5. School age children and older adults are also at higher risk. Think you know grummy little children in elementary schools.
Steve Brown
Yes.
Elena Kelly
Yeah.
Chisung Okuagu
Risk factors include breaks in the skin barrier, hot and humid environments, poor hygiene, crowded living conditions, malnutrition, and chronic conditions like diabetes.
Elena Kelly
I don't feel like I see impetigo that often here in Arizona. Probably because we live in the desert.
Steve Brown
Yeah.
Elena Kelly
Can you remind me what I should be looking out for?
Chisung Okuagu
It usually starts as red papules that turn into fragile vesicles, pustules, or sometimes bullae, which rupture over four to six days. When they dry, you get those classic honey colored crusts. And there are two types, non bullous and bullous. About 70% of cases in the US are non bullous. Lesions are most common on the face and extremities, though bullous empetigo can affect the trunk and skin folds. Systemic symptoms, though, are rare.
Elena Kelly
How do we diagnose it? Should we be ordering any labs here?
Chisung Okuagu
Well, most of the time, no. Impetigo is a clinical diagnosis, and there aren't clear guidelines recommending routine cultures. But you might consider them if the diagnosis is uncertain, the infection keeps recurring, or if it's not responding to treatment.
Steve Brown
Let's talk management.
Elena Kelly
A key Update here. A 2022 systematic review found high quality evidence that topical antibiotics are as effective as or even more effective than oral antibiotics for non severe impetigo.
Chisung Okuagu
Based on this, the IDSA recommends mupirocin 2% or retipamulin 1% ointment applied twice daily for five days as first line treatment for most patients.
Steve Brown
Alaina, what about more severe cases for
Elena Kelly
severe or widespread disease, Lack of improvement after three to five days of topical therapy or outbreaks involving multiple patients. Oral antibiotics are recommended. The IDSA advises using narrow spectrum agents, targeting group A, strep and staph aureus for 7 to 10 days. First line options include cefalexin or dicloxacillin, though dicloxacillin isn't used in children. If MRSA is suspected, doxycycline, clindamycin, or trimethoprim sulfamethoxamazole are first line. However, doxycycline should not be used in children younger than eight.
Steve Brown
Anything else? We should be doing Cheesom Why yes.
Chisung Okuagu
Gently wash lesions with soap and water to remove crusts. Avoid antiseptics as they can irritate the skin and haven't shown clear benefit. Prevention matters too. Encourage good hand washing, good hand hygiene, keeping lesions covered and clean any shared objects, clothing and bedding. Kids and adults can usually return to school or work 12 to 24 hours after starting antibiotics or once they're improving.
Elena Kelly
Bottom line Impetigo is common, especially in kids ages 2 to 5 diagnosed clinically and most non severe cases can be treated with topical mupirocin for five days.
Steve Brown
Let's close out with a poem. Poems are patient oriented evidence that matters Computed tomography scans are projected to increase lifetime cancer risk from Dr. Shaughnessy, our clinical question what does repeated exposure to CT imaging mean for our patients over time?
Elena Kelly
Bear with us. We know the title sounds a little terrifying, but no one is taking CTs away anytime soon, right?
Chisung Okuagu
The headline isn't CT scans are bad, It's CT scans are powerful and with great power comes great responsibility.
Steve Brown
Nice.
Chisung Okuagu
That's my Batman Britain Pressure Sidebar Connecticut imaging uses ionizing radiation, and over a lifetime that exposure can slightly increase cancer risk, particularly leukemia, lung, colon and bladder cancers.
Elena Kelly
The authors used data from more than 140 facilities across the US and modeled radiation doses to 18 organs. In 2023 alone, about 61.5 million patients had at least one CT scan. Four percent were children, which is important because there is a longer road for cumulative risk.
Steve Brown
That seems like an insane number of CAT scans. And so when they project this out over everyone's lifetime, the estimate came out to roughly 103,000 radiation induced cancers. It doesn't mean that your next CT order is a guaranteed problem, but it means that when you add up millions of scans, the numbers stop being abstract.
Elena Kelly
One of the more eye opening projections is that if we keep scanning at the current rate, up to 5% of all new cancers could eventually be linked to medical radiation. So maybe rethink that just to be safe.
Chisung Okuagu
Scan Exactly. The key is stewardship order scans that change management and avoid unnecessary repeat imaging when possible. Send us your thoughts by emailing us@AFPpodcastafp.org
Elena Kelly
follow on Instagram @AFP journal. Please subscribe and rate us wherever you
Steve Brown
get your podcasts Escuchenos en Espanol Arrevista Medica R Fap.
Elena Kelly
Our podcast team is Jake Anderson, Puneet Barro, Steve Brown, Justin Chediak, Sarah Coles,
Steve Brown
Austin Cotter, Rachel Dunn, Emily Eisenberg, Elena Kelly, Chisum Okuagu, and Kari Staus.
Chisung Okuagu
Our sound and technical guru is Tyler Cole.
Elena Kelly
Our theme song is written and recorded
Chisung Okuagu
by family physicians Bill Dabs, Ryan Evans and Justin Jenkins.
Steve Brown
This podcast is brought to you by the residents and faculty of the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix Family Medicine Residency Programs. We'll talk to you soon for the next edition of the American Family Physician Podcast.
American Family Physician Podcast (AAFP)
Date: February 27, 2026
Facilitators: Dr. Steve Brown, Dr. Elena Kelly, Dr. Chisung Okuagu
Theme: Succinct, evidence-based updates on clinical guidelines and management strategies in family medicine, focusing this episode on obesity medications, cervical cancer screening, tinnitus, low back pain, impetigo, and the impact of CT scans on lifetime cancer risk.
This episode delivers key clinical pearls from the February 2026 issue of American Family Physician. Each topic highlights recent evidence, practical decision-making for family physicians, and mental shifts towards more patient-centered and harm-reducing care, aiming to help busy clinicians stay up to date on best practices.
[01:30–03:26]
"Any discontinuation strategy must be paired with a renewed commitment to lifestyle modification." – Chisung Okuagu [03:18]
[03:33–07:54]
"Self-collection has been a game changer in helping clinicians provide care for patients with a history of trauma, are gender or sexual minority, or experience severe discomfort with pelvic examination." – Elena Kelly [04:38]
"Using evidence-based guidelines for cervical cancer screening ... helps us as clinicians provide better patient centered care and reduce harmful practices." – Chisung Okuagu [07:54]
[08:06–09:49]
"No medication, interestingly enough, has been proven beneficial." – Steve Brown [09:30]
[10:34–12:37]
"A good take home message is to start with non pharmacologic options for non specific low back pain ... before reaching for medications or procedures." – Elena Kelly [12:18]
[12:37–15:47]
"Most non-severe cases can be treated with topical mupirocin for five days." – Elena Kelly [15:47]
[15:58–17:47]
"With great power comes great responsibility." – Chisung Okuagu [16:27]
The episode maintains a friendly, collegial, and accessible tone, mixing evidence-based discussion with a dose of humor and practical wisdom. The co-hosts keep the content fast-paced but thorough, offering memorable phrasing, clinical anecdotes, and clear bottom-line takeaways without jargon overload.
Listeners walk away with concise, actionable insights supported by recent guidelines—ideal for busy clinicians aiming to deliver updated, patient-centered care.