
Loading summary
Kate Lister
Hi, I'm your host Kate Lister. If you would like betwixt the sheets ad free and get early access. Sign up to History Hit with a History Hit subscription. You can also watch hundreds of original documentaries with top history presenters and enjoy a new release every single week. Sign up now by visiting historyhit.com subscribe.
Sleep Number Advertiser
Why choose a Sleep Number Smart Bed.
TikTok Advertiser
Can I make my sight softer?
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Can I make my sight firmer?
Sleep Number Advertiser
Can we sleep cooler? Sleep number does that cools up to eight times faster and lets you choose your ideal comfort on either side your Sleep number setting. Enjoy personalized comfort for better sleep night after night. And now max out your savings. The more you buy, the more you save on beds, bases and more. Plus get free home delivery on any smart bed with base limited time. Check it out at a Sleep Number store near you or@sleepnumber.com today.
Hannah Burner
This is Hannah Burner from Gigli Squad. Opill is the first over the counter daily birth control pill available in the us. Let's be real, getting a birth control prescription is not always easy and it's so much admin. In fact, about a third of women face barriers to access prescription birth control. Between scheduling appointments, missing work class or just trying to exist. It's a lot. But now Opill is putting birth control in our control. Opill is a daily birth control that's FDA approved, full prescription, strength and estrogen free and 98% effective when used as directed. Grab it online or at most major retailers. No prescription or doctor's appointment needed. So if you're thinking about birth control, check out Opill to see if it's right for you. Use code giggly for 25 off your first month of opill at O-P-I l l.com that's code giggly p-I l l.com birth control in your control. We love to see it.
Birch Lane Advertiser
Hey neighbor. This holiday season Birch Lane is here to help you celebrate with friends and family. From guest ready dining tables to cozy sofas that fit the whole crew, our classic furniture and decor are crafted to last and with fast free delivery you can be ready for holiday hosting in days not weeks. So you can spend time on what matters most. It's classic style for joyful living shop Birch Lane, a Wayfair specialty brand@birchlane.com.
Kate Lister
Hello my lovely betwixters. It's me Kate Lister and you are listening to bertwickster Sheets. Welcome back welcome back everyone. Let's make some space in the back. Any newbies coming in? And for any newbies, well we have to tell you, this is an adult podcast spoken by adults to other adults about adulty things in an adulty way covering a range of subjects. And you should be an adult too. We call that the fair dues warning because after we've said that to you, you can't get offended. Or at least if you do get offended, you can't be mad at us because fair dudes, we did tell you Right, on with the hello and welcome back to Betwixt the Shapes the History of Sex Scandal in Society with me, Kate Lister. Whilst we're all familiar with plastic pumpkins and the fake cauldrons of Halloween, and frankly, the less said about the costumes the better. It does offer us a chance to explore the darker and more interesting themes at this time of year, doesn't it? I like it when things get a bit spooky. And of course I always want to talk to you about witches to coincide with a brand new documentary that I have made with history hit, we are returning to an episode from last year about the 17th century Icelandic witch trials. A wild and remote place if there ever was one, where against the stereotype that a lot of us are familiar with, 93% of those killed as witches were men. And if that piques your interest, do check out the film I've made about exactly that. You get to see me in full Technicolor in the extraordinary Icelandic landscape where we are taking a deep dive into this troubling tale. The film is called Witch Men Witch Trials in the Land of Fire and Ice and It's out on October 30th on historyhit.com Also, today's episode was part of a three part miniseries we did last year on 3D different witch trials. So do scroll back and have a look at Pendle and Salem too. Without further ado, let's peer back through the mists of time to iceland in the 17th century and go inside the Icelandic witch trials. It's New Year's Day in the remote town of Selatal, 1669. Here in the West Fjord region of Iceland, a thick mist descends onto the houses from the nearby mountains. In one of them lives Helga Halsdor Doutier and her husband, the priest Pal Bjornsson, whose influential book on witchcraft and the devil has caused a stir among the locals. Helga has fallen ill with a strange disease. She appears to be possessed by an evil spirit. Her fits are uncontrollable. The noises she makes seem unnatural, otherworldly. By summer they haven't let up. If anything, they've intensified. And both her and Pal flee their house, believing it to be haunted. Their minds turn to witches. And before long, men in the local community will burn at the stake. Why were over 90% of the people killed for witchcraft in Iceland?
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Men?
Kate Lister
And how did events get so out of hand in this remote town at the edge of Europe? Joining me today is Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier to take us back to this world and tell us what Iceland was like at this period.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
In the 17th century. We belong to the Danish Kingdom. We were a part of the Danish kingdom until 1918. Iceland was a rural society at the time, had just recently reformed to Lutheran from Catholic beliefs. And we were a farming, agricultural society. And people were not, how can we say, people were not educated at the time. Only 50,000 people inhabited Iceland at the time. And there was no urbanization, so to speak. And there was no general education besides from what people heard from the Bible. And also, of course, the oral tradition that people had at the old folk tales and the old rhymes and the old sagas. But there was no general education or formal education. And the very few who got some forms of education at the time were officials and civil servants, such as priests, magistrates and lawmen who acquired education abroad, mostly in Denmark or elsewhere in North Europe. And those officials, they were influenced by the ideological currents on the mainland, bringing that impact with them to Iceland. So the conduct of those individuals determined how high the wave of which persecutions rose in the individual areas of Iceland. And one must also bear in mind that geographically, Iceland is not centrally located. So therefore it took a while for the currents of ideas that were the reasons for the witch persecutions in Europe to reach Iceland. It's also remarkable that the witch trials bursted out much stronger in some areas than others. Most of the trials took place in the Westfjords, whereas nobody was executed in the south and the east of Iceland.
Kate Lister
While Christianity had a grip on Icelandic society at this time, the country had a deep and rich tradition of folk magic that predated the witch trials, something we've seen throughout medieval Europe and something the Christian church in Iceland did not take kindly to. We explored this culture of folk magic in England in the first episode of this limited series. But what was the culture for magic like in Iceland leading up to this period?
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Magic has been practiced in Iceland since the beginning of Rhodes. The oldest forms of magic are runic inscriptions and the ancient sorcery ritual seidr, sometimes mentioned in the Icelandic sagas. And there is a prophecy ceremony performed by the sybil vlva by the assistance of those present. And we can read in old law books since the age of the Commonwealth. The age of the Commonwealth is from 930 to 1262. We can read from that time that there were penalties for witchcraft, even a death penalty for the darkest forms of witchcraft, which we called fortescapir means black magic. And so magic is deeply rooted in religious practices since long before the year of 1000 when Icelanders reformed to Christianity. And that has to do, I think, with our connection to nature and pagan ideas of divine domination of the seasons of the year and the forces of nature. So people believed in magic, they believed in magical forces of nature and divinity. Everything in daily life was linked to the dominance of divine forces as well as forces of nature. So healing, for example, was very much associated with witchcraft. And then of course, the Christianity in the year of 1000 in Iceland. That of course had its impact on this mindset. But folk beliefs and folk traditions lived on for quite a while. And as time passed, those folk rituals became a contradiction to the message of the church because the church tried to demonize old traditions and folk beliefs.
Kate Lister
By the 17th century, there were significant conflicts inside the Christian church on how its own message should be delivered. Lutheranism and a wave of other Protestant Reformations known as the Reformation, was sweeping across Europe, in some cases clashing violently with Catholicism. The evils of witchcraft and how it should be dealt with were at the centre of it all. And Iceland felt the effects of it in Europe.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
It all began with the persecution of heretics in the 12th and 13th centuries. We know that and we have a trace of heretic persecutions in Iceland. In one case that came up in 1343, when a nun was burned for having made a pact with the devil, but not least for fornicating with several laymen, as it was stated so that execution is a heretic one. But that is the only example of an execution by burning that we know of in Iceland from the Catholic time, that is from the year of 1000 to the Reformation of 1550. But shortly after the Reformation, the persecutions of heretics start to develop into persecutions of witchcraft in Europe in the late 16th century, culminating in the 17th century. So it seems that the tradition, or should I say the culture, of the Lutheran Church has brought about some socio psychological changes in Iceland. And the mass form of the church was different. Also the manner of preaching with great emphasis on the devil and the devil's work in the world, all magic and witchcraft was suddenly claimed to be rooted in the cunning of the devil. Priests preached about these threats of the devil, and they did so with such fervor that women fell into a daze during masses and were carried out of the churches moaning and groaning and half unconscious, as happened for example in Triakitlisvik in Stranded, the west side of Iceland, for example. So it's safe to say that in general there was a great fear of witchcraft. You know, all of a sudden the devil was all around. And this caused a hysterical common fear and atmosphere of mistrust and suspicion towards your fellow and your neighbor, resulting in a witchcrace in certain areas, such as the westwards.
Kate Lister
Leading the charge on this ideology of witchcraft and its threat of evil were two men whose impact and influence in the region cannot be underestimated. As with Pendle, it's an ambitious man with an agenda at the heart of these witch trials.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
One as a spiritual leader, Reverend Patbiesson in Selartaler, and the other a secular leader, Thorlev Korzon, the magistrate and a lawman of north and West. Thorlevr Korzson. He was a man of German descent who had spent his years of youth in Germany and presumably soaked up the currents of the magic fanatics in Europe. And as a magistrate and a lawman of north and west district of Iceland, he had great influence on the witch persecutions. And Reverend Pott Berson was considered to be the most educated man in Iceland at the time, besides from Bishop Brynjol Wisvensson in the south. And when those two forces combined together, the spiritual one and the secular one, we have the fact that of those 23 people that were burnt at the stake in the 17th century, all were in the jurisdiction of those two men, either living or working in the north or west, and 16 from the Westfields in particular. We can compare this to the south side of Iceland, where the main influential figures of spiritual and secular authorities were peaceful men. Bishop Brynjolur Svensson at Skahoft and the magistrate of South Iceland, Gisli Magnusson, who was called Gisli the Wise. And those two men had little interest in the ideology of witchcraft. They were not keen on persecuting their neighbors as witches. So nobody was executed for witchcraft in their jurisdiction. And the number of witch trials in the south were much less than in the Westfields. So there we see how individuals can affect the world.
Kate Lister
Yes. Why do you think that those two men were really crazy about the witch trials when nobody else was?
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Well, it can be seen from the writings of Reverend Potpiosson that he knew the witch's Hammer, Malleus, Maleficarum, Maleficus, a famous book that was written in the late 15th century by two monks. Sprenger and Kramer were giving the ideology of the devilish witchcraft and instructions about how to investigate witches. And this is a terrible book that was nevertheless in most universities and most parts of Europe. And our officials that took their education in Denmark or in north, they knew this book and they had read it. And it is very obvious from the writings of Reverend Pat Pearson that he knew the content of the Witch's hammer. And in his own writings, such as Character Bestie, which is one book he wrote, you can see long chapters verbally, the same as the Witch's Hammer. So he was obviously influenced by the ideology of mid Europe. And Vorliver Korsson, as I mentioned before the magistrate, he had been staying in Germany for quite a while. So he was influenced as well. He obviously had read this book and understood it.
Kate Lister
It's like fan fiction, but just mad fan fiction.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Yeah, yeah, yeah. And you know, they are said to. The witches are claimed to be child murderers, murdering child, boiling them, melting their flesh into remedies and medic. Fundamental idea behind this of course is the fear of women's knowledge, the folk knowledge of women. They took care of sick people, they practiced healing. They had most likely some methods to prevent birth. Child pregnant. Yeah, contraceptions. All of this was a threat to the church. It contradicted the ideology of the church. And the purpose of the propaganda of the church was of course to get power over people's minds. This was a power conflict, you know, folk traditions versus the message of the church. So the whole thing was rooted in ideological contradicts and a power game, so to speak.
Kate Lister
What's strange is that the Malleus Maleficarum hates women. It says women are going to be witches. And Bearson, if he was a big fan, I'm not sure if he hated women too. But the people that are accused of witchcraft in Iceland are mostly men. So who was the first person to be accused? Was that a man or a woman?
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Well, the first person to be accused in the 17th century was a man. But we have oral tales about a woman being executed in the year of 1580 as a witch. But the first witch trial is in 1625 and that is a man that is being executed then. So we have three women being executed before the actual era of witch trials after 1625, until it all was over in 1683. Only one woman was burnt at the stake.
Kate Lister
Fascinating.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
But you know, why didn't the ideology of the female witch, the devilish female witch. Why didn't that not get rooted in Icelandic witch trials? That has to do with the status of women. I think in Icelandic society, they were bound to the household. They were taking care of children and the older ones taking care of births and taking care of dying people. They were serving the fishermen when they came from sea, etc. Cooking, making remedies for the whole household, inventing clothes, etc. But they did not have a social status, so to speak, no formal social status, and they did not own properties. And many of the women witch trials were raised around, you know, disputes about properties and influence, and women were not so much involved in that kind of thing in the 17th century. So that can be one reason as well.
Kate Lister
Despite this being the case, there was, however, one woman who played a huge part in the Icelandic witch trials for all the wrong reasons. Enter Helga Haldorz Doutier, wife of the Reverend Pal Bjornsson.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
She was a very paranoid woman. Reverend Patel seems to have been very much in love with her, though, and very keen on how she felt and how she was doing from one day to another. But Helga seems to have suffered from some mental illness and emotional disturbance, and her illness and complaints about suffering and distress, they obviously have impact on Reverend Pout's mental state as well. And, you know, we do not know what was bothering Helga. She struggled with a strange illness that began in the 1660s, but intensified in the decades that followed. And her distress seemed to come in fits, causing both her and the rest of the household troubles.
Kate Lister
By the summer of 1669, Helga's illness hasn't shifted. Her condition is deteriorating as Pal's fervor for witchcraft is peaking. Looking for reason, Helga believes local man Jon Leifson has cursed her. She knows him because she was vehemently against him marrying one of her maids, believing he's responsible. Helga's husband, Reverend Pal Bjornson, formally charges John with witchcraft, and he's brought to trial soon after. On the day of his trial, John Leifson stands before the district magistrate, a man called Eggot Bjornsson, who just so happens to be Powell's half brother. The two have spent time in Denmark and Germany and are well aware of the witch trials. After rigorous interrogation and solitary confinement, John Leifson confesses to the crime of sorcery. Eggert doesn't hesitate and sentences him to be burnt for witchcraft, which will take place in the nearby valley just before the assembly of Parliament. But the case isn't done before he's killed. John confesses that local man Inda Ijolfsson taught him everything he knew. When it came to witchcraft, the Master for all the evil he was capable of, this case was far from closed. I'll be back after this short break.
Hannah Burner
This is Hannah Burner from Giggly Squad. Opill is the first over the counter daily birth control pill available in the U.S. let's be real. Getting a birth control prescription is not always easy and it's so much admin. In fact, about a third of women face barriers to access prescription birth. Between scheduling appointments, missing work class or just trying to exist, it's a lot. But now opill is putting birth control in our control. Opill is a daily birth control that's FDA approved, full prescription, strength and estrogen free and 98% effective when used as directed. Grab it online or at most major retailers. No prescription or doctor's appointment needed. So if you're thinking about birth control, check out OPILL to see if it's right for you. Use code giggly for 25% off your first month of opill at O P I L L.com that's code GIGL@opil.com birth control and your control. We love to see it.
Sleep Number Advertiser
Why choose a sleep number Smart bed?
TikTok Advertiser
Can I make my site softer?
Sleep Number Advertiser
Can I make my site firmer? Can we sleep cooler? Sleep number does that cools up to eight times faster and lets you choose your ideal comfort on either side your sleep number setting. Enjoy personalized comfort for better sleep night after night. And now max out your savings. The more you buy, the more you save. Save on beds, bases and more. Plus get free home delivery on any smart bed with base limited time. Check it out at a sleep number store near you or@sleepnumber.com today.
TikTok Advertiser
Calling all new TikTok users. TikTok brings together fun, inspiration and shopping all in one app. And here's a special treat for you. Download TikTok search for get tik G E T T I K and instantly get $20 no minimum spend voucher just for joining training. Search for GetTick. Use it right away on a wide range of TikTok shop products. No limits, no catch. It's quick, it's easy, and it's all yours. Download TikTok now and claim your voucher today. At Capella University, we believe accessible education can make a difference. That's why we offer scholarship opportunities to all eligible students. Un futuro diferente esta mas cerca de lo que cres con Capella University. Learn more at Capella.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Edu.
Kate Lister
With John Leifsson sentenced to be burned as a witch, he moves District Magistrate Eggert's attention to Erlenda Ijolfsson, the man who supposedly taught him everything he knew about sorcery. A master in the evil arts of witchcraft, Eggert and Pol are now compelled to snuff out this evil at its source. In a letter to two lawyers, Pall describes Earlender as the devil's cesspool from which everything evil that people might lust for flows. His influence is huge, and it's only a matter of of time before Earlenda too, is tied to the stake and the fires are lit. Before his death in 1669, Earlenda admits to witchcraft and to teaching others. How far had this evil spread in such a small community? Pall's work to rid Sel of witches is far from over.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Now. Things started to get wild like a devilish march, with strange phenomena and discomfort and illness and bad dreams of not only Helga, but the whole household. So finally, Pat and his wife fled the place with their three children, and they did not return until all of the farmhouses had been burnt down to cleanse the place of evil spirits.
Kate Lister
Wow.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Yeah. So this was quite a situation. However, this was only the beginning of the misfortune of the individuals who were eventually burned at the stake for the charges of the people of Selartaler.
Kate Lister
What was the law around witchcraft at this time? How would you be accused? How did they prove a charge of witchcraft? What was it under the law at this time?
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Well, at this time, so called oaths were the usual practice. The oaths were comparable to today's jury, such as in the United States. But the difference, however, was that in a small society like Iceland, it was impossible to choose neutral oath takers. But the arrangement was such that in witchcraft cases, 12 or seven people had to swear guilt or innocence of the defendant. And as a result, people were dependent on their neighbor's mercy. Their case was obviously influenced by slander and rumors, and it seems that there has not been much burden of proof in witchcraft cases and rarely any use of actual evidence. However, there seems to have been a lot of pressure put on the defendants to confess. And so it often happened that people confessed to witchcraft. However, the confessions did not always match the charges, and sometimes confessions came after the verdict had been made. That had to do with religious reasons, I think, because people thought they should show repentance before the death. But legal knowledge among Icelanders seems to have been limited at the time. They judged more often by the word of God than by the current law and the word of God, that is to say, the word of God in the Old Testament, which they most often expounded. The provincial burnings, that is, the execution of people in the district where they lived without being tried by the Al Thinki. Al Thinki was not only a legislative assembly at the time, but also a court. But executing people in the district without taking them to Alfinge, that was in fact illegal for the entire time the executions for witchcraft took place. Because the Danish king, who was our king at the time, he had, in the early 17th century, issued a decree that no death sentences should be given in cases of life and honor by a lower court level, but only. Only by the superior court. And this decree was not respected in Iceland for almost the entire 17th century. And people were sentenced and executed by provincial court, a lower court level, without any right of appeal until the year of 1683, when the last district burning took place.
Kate Lister
Why were they doing that? Why were they not following the law? Or why did the king not intervene and say, excuse me, I do have a law about this that you are all ignoring?
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Well, the king intervened as late as 1683. I suppose that the king was not, you know, he had many other things to do than to look to take care of Icelanders somewhere in the north, you know, a nation of 50,000 people. I suspect also that the Icelandic lawmen and those that were making those sentences, their knowledge was not as it should have been in law. Their legal knowledge was not as good as it should have been.
Kate Lister
These are small communities, small rural communities, and they're burning people to death. In Britain they hanged witches, they let them hang, but in Iceland they burnt them to death. And I'm trying to imagine what that must have been like for a small community to go and watch your neighbor being burnt to death.
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
You know, the common people were supposed to witness it. And we have descriptions of people kicking and moving from the fire, falling off the fire and being put on it again. And the writers of the Annals, the old newsletters of old times we call the Annals, some of them describe their inner feelings while witnessing this, saying that it was a horrendous thing to watch, etc. We do not see any legal ground for this method of execution, that is to burn up people to death. In some countries, people were executed before they were burnt, but in Iceland they were burned alive. But we have no legal phrase claiming that that is what you should do until the period of the witch trials was over. Then we first see it in some decree from the king that the convicted are supposed to be burned to death. So there was no legal ground for this. It was just some kind of a tradition rooted in the burning of the heretics. In the 12th and 13th and 14th centuries in Europe, how many people were.
Kate Lister
Burnt to death for witchcraft in Iceland? In total?
Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier
Well, in total, 25 people were burnt to death, but we can say that 23 of them were burnt as witches. Wow.
Kate Lister
The embers from 1669's witch burnings have long died down. Helga's health has appeared to to improve, but the threat of witchcraft hasn't gone away. Now in 1675, Helga's mysterious illness has returned. And with her husband pallet aside, thoughts once again quickly turn to witches. Who could be responsible? Who needs to pay the ultimate price? Heads turn to Magnus Bjornarson and Lassie Didrick, who are accused of causing her and others in the household to fall ill. The court moved fast in their prosecutions, with Helga ensuring that they were hit with the full force of the law. Lassie protested vehemently, but without the 12 men to vouch for his character, his fate was sealed. When the moment came and the kindling was lit and Lassie felt the first lick of flames, rain dampened the wood and the fire went out. It was relit a further two times before the district magistrate's justice was delivered. Walking home from the court, he fell and broke his foot, a sign that many thought meant that Lassie was innocent. Despite This, a further two men were killed in 1678 for using witchcraft to cause Helga's ill health. And of the 22 executed for witchcraft in Iceland, 20 were men. Thank you for listening and thank you so much to Alina for joining me. And if you like what you heard, don't forget to like, review and follow along whatever it is you get. Your podcasts Coming up, we've got an episode on the Truth about Mary Shelley and another one on husband poisoning in the Renaissance. If you want us to explore a subject, or if you just wanted to say hello, then you can email us@betwixtistoryhit.com this podcast was edited and produced by Stuart Bradley Beckwith, the senior producer with Charlotte Long. Join me again Betwixt the Sheets, the history of Sex Scandal in Society, a podcast by History hit. This podcast contains music from Epidemic Sound.
Hannah Burner
This is Hannah Burner from Giggly Squad. Opill is the first over the counter daily birth control pill available in the us. Let's be real. Getting a birth control prescription is not always easy and it's so much admin. In fact, about a third of women face barriers to access prescription birth control. Between scheduling appointments, missing work class, or just trying to exist, it's a lot. But now opill is putting birth control in our control. Opill is a daily birth control that's FDA approved, full prescription, strength and estrogen free and 98% effective when used as directed. Grab it online or at most major retailers. No prescription or doctor's appointment needed. So if you're thinking about birth control, check out opill to see if it's right for you. Use code giggly for 25% off your first month of opill at o p I l l dot com that's code giggly p I l l dot com birth control in your control. We love to see it.
TikTok Advertiser
Calling all new TikTok users TikTok brings together fun, inspiration and shopping all in one app. And here's a special treat for you. Download TikTok, search for Gettik G E T T I K and instantly get $20, no minimum spend voucher. Just for joining. Search for GetTick G E T T I K. Use it right away on a wide range of TikTok shop products. No limits, no catch. It's quick, it's easy, and it's all yours. Download TikTok now and claim your voucher today.
In this gripping Halloween episode, sex historian Dr. Kate Lister is joined by Icelandic historian Dr. Olene Karelov Thorvarthar Dotier, digging into the little-known but chilling 17th-century Icelandic witch trials. Defying the European stereotype, 93% of those accused and burned as witches in Iceland were men. The episode explores why this was the case, the role of folk magic, and how hysteria, power struggles, and personal vendettas shaped one of Europe's most unusual witchcraft panics.
[06:22] Dr. Dotier:
[08:41] Dr. Lister & Dr. Dotier:
Iceland had a longstanding tradition of folk magic, from runic inscriptions to seiðr (sorcery), embedded in sagas and law books.
Magic was often linked to nature, healing, and pagan traditions.
Although official Christianity came in the year 1000, folk rituals, beliefs, and magical practices endured, eventually clashing with church doctrine.
"Magic is deeply rooted in religious practices since long before the year of 1000 when Icelanders reformed to Christianity."
— Dr. Dotier [09:08]
[11:17] Dr. Lister & Dr. Dotier:
Post-Reformation Iceland was swept into the wider European hysteria against witchcraft, with Lutheran preachers emphasizing the devil's influence.
Incidents of mass hysteria and public fainting in church services were noted, underlining the intensity of religious terror.
"...Priests preached about these threats of the devil, and they did so with such fervor that women fell into a daze during masses and were carried out...moaning and groaning and half unconscious..."
— Dr. Dotier [11:45]
[14:20-16:21] Dr. Dotier:
Reverend Páll Björnsson (spiritual leader, author, witchcraft zealot) and Thorleifur Kortsson (secular lawman, German-educated) spearheaded the trials.
All 23 people burnt in the 17th century were under their jurisdiction.
In contrast: peaceful leaders in the south (Bishop Brynjólfur Sveinsson and Gisli Magnusson) did not engage in witch persecutions, resulting in no executions in their domains.
"...We see how individuals can affect the world."
— Dr. Dotier [16:21]
[16:29-17:59]
Icelandic clergy and lawmen read and were influenced by the notorious witch-hunter manual, the Malleus Maleficarum ("The Witch's Hammer").
Rev. Páll Björnsson copied passages and ideology directly into his own work, shaping the trials’ tone.
"It's like fan fiction, but just mad fan fiction."
— Kate Lister [17:55]
Despite the book's misogyny, the reality in Iceland was opposite: most victims were men.
[19:06-21:19]
Most of those accused and executed for witchcraft in Iceland were men.
Root causes included the social structure—women had little property or formal status, so public disputes (the spark for many witch accusations elsewhere) rarely involved them.
"They did not have social status, so to speak...and they did not own properties. And many of the women witch trials were raised around disputes about properties and influence."
— Dr. Dotier [20:13]
[21:19-24:17, 26:44-28:15]
[28:30-31:39]
Guilt was decided by "oaths"—neighbors swore on guilt/innocence, akin to a jury but far less impartial in small communities.
There was little emphasis on evidence, heavy reliance on rumors, slander, and confessions (often coerced).
Many executions were technically illegal, as the Danish king had decreed only higher courts could pass death sentences—this was largely ignored by Icelandic officials until 1683.
"There has not been much burden of proof...confessions did not always match the charges...people thought they should show repentance before the death."
— Dr. Dotier [28:42]
[32:23-34:04]
[34:23-34:54]
"The witches are claimed to be child murderers...melting their flesh into remedies...Fundamental idea behind this...is the fear of women's knowledge..."
— Dr. Dotier [17:59]
On the role of ideology:
"The whole thing was rooted in ideological contradicts and a power game, so to speak."
— Dr. Dotier [17:59]
On community trauma:
"We have descriptions of people kicking and moving from the fire, falling off and being put on it again...it was a horrendous thing to watch."
— Dr. Dotier [32:44]
On the peculiarity of the Icelandic pattern:
"Of the 22 executed for witchcraft in Iceland, 20 were men."
— Kate Lister [34:54]
| Segment | Timestamp | |------------------------------------------------|-----------------| | Opening and introduction to Icelandic trials | 06:01-08:41 | | Folk magic & pre-Christian roots | 08:41-11:17 | | Reformation and hysteria in the church | 11:17-14:06 | | Key figures: Páll Björnsson & Thorleifur Kortsson | 14:06-16:21 | | The Malleus Maleficarum’s influence | 16:29-17:59 | | Men as the main victims | 19:06-21:19 | | The case of Helga and community accusations | 21:19-22:39 | | Witchcraft law and judicial practices | 28:30-31:39 | | Burnings: method, horror, and legality | 32:23-34:04 | | The final trials and executions | 34:23-34:54 |
The episode is witty, vivid, and at times stark, with Dr. Lister's humor balancing the episode’s dark material and Dr. Dotier providing historian's rigor. The podcast makes references to modern parallels (mass hysteria, scapegoating) while always returning to the specificity and cultural context of 17th-century Iceland.
This episode is a compelling deep dive into how cultural anxieties, imported ideas, and individual obsessions fueled a uniquely male-focused witch panic – and left indelible marks on Icelandic history.