Hundreds of thousands of kids rely on America’s foster care system.

West Virginia has the highest rate of foster care placements of any state - four times the national average. Foster care is most often needed because of parental substance use, mental health challenges, poverty and neglect. Six-thousand Mountain State kids are in foster care, but there’s a shortage of licensed foster homes and residential facilities and that’s why nearly 400 kids live in out-of-state institutions.

On this Us & Them, an encore episode finds more than half of all states have seen their number of licensed foster homes drop, some by as much as 60 percent because many new foster parents don’t stay in the system for long.

While official foster care cases are tracked and overseen by state agencies, many types of so-called kinship care are not official or included in state data.

This episode of Us & Them is presented with support from the West Virginia Humanities Council, CRC Foundation and Daywood Foundation.

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A young man, wearing a gray long sleeved t-shirt, smiles for the camera, while holding a baby wearing a gray shirt with pink polka dots. — **Dominic Snuffer** was 5 when he and his four younger siblings entered foster care.

*Photo Credit: Trey Kay/West Virginia Public Broadcasting*

“I was in several foster care situations… I think three or four. It always seemed short and seemed as if we were getting bounced around.The hard part was probably just the beginning, how much I just always try to keep my siblings in check. I felt as if, if they behaved in a way, just like the other situations we might get taken away. It feels like yesterday that I got adopted. It went by fast. The things that make me smile was definitely adoption day. ‘Cause I knew, I finally found a family and I could try and live out the rest of my childhood.”

— Dominic Snuffer

An adult, middle age man with salt and pepper hair smiles for the camera. He wears glasses and a blue polo shirt. — **Larry Cooper** is executive vice president of innovation at The Children’s Home Network (CHN) in Tampa Bay, Florida. The agency works with children in foster care and provides services to help prevent families from entering the system. Cooper has worked at CHN for more than 20 years, including eight years licensing foster homes and recruiting and training foster parents. He says the approval process is strict by design but can take more than a year, and some prospective foster parents drop out along the way.

*Photo courtesy of The Children’s Home Network*

“You might fall off because of just life experiences that you may be going through. You might have a change in jobs. You might have an illness in your family. You might have a death in the family. And so I used to see for every 100 parents that I recruited, I might get only four to six families actually get a kid into their home for every hundred that would call me and be interested in becoming a foster parent.”

— Larry Cooper

An adult couple stand side by side. A man and a woman. The woman scratches a dog's ear who is looking up at her. Both are wearing black shirts. The man has a ball cap on. — **Marc and Brandi Wilson** live in St. Clairsville, Ohio, just across the river from Wheeling, West Virginia. Brandi worked as a Child Protective Services worker in West Virginia for 20 years. In 2014, her work at the Department of Health and Human Resources and her personal life collided when they became foster parents to a baby related to Marc.

*Photo Credit: Trey Kay/West Virginia Public Broadcasting*

“ They both took the stand and said that they give up the rights to their child, I just started breaking down. She [Brandi] was sitting beside me like this and she looked over at me. She said, ‘What's wrong?’ I said, ‘I can never imagine saying that about my own child’. She was kind of numb to it because she's worked in the field. It was hard to hear somebody say that.”

— Marc Wilson

“It wasn't until he was sitting next to me in the courtroom that I realized not everybody hears relinquishment. Not everybody hears abuse, neglect. Not everybody hears that - as CPS workers [this is] just everyday language. So once I was with him and realized, okay, this isn't everybody's life. They may have drug issues, domestic violence, gangs coming in and out of their home, but these words are not everyday life for a lot of people.”

— Brandi Wilson

A woman with red hair smiles for the camera. She wears dangling earrings and a matching necklace. She wears a blue blazer over top a black shirt. — **Rachel Kinder** oversees several family support programs at Mission West Virginia, including kinship care initiatives. She has worked in the foster care system for more than two decades. Kinder says the number of children in West Virginia’s formal foster care system peaked at 7,200 in 2019 and has declined somewhat since, though many informal kinship care arrangements are not reflected in state data.

*Photo Credit: Mission West Virginia*

“I can tell you the number of kids in formal care, so if there are 6, 078 kids in foster care in West Virginia, right now 58 percent of those are in kinship relative placements. For kids in informal care, where grandma or an aunt or some type of relative or even what we call fictive* kin has stepped in, it's almost impossible to get numbers on that.”

— Rachel Kinder

*Fictive care refers to placements where a foster parent knows the child, but is not related to them. This could be a teacher, family friend, or a neighbor.

Two women stand on a porch. One woman has her arm around the other. One woman wears glasses, a gray shirt and red shorts. The other woman wears a gray shirt and jeans. Both women have dark brown hair and smile for the camera. — **Nikki and Louisa Snuffer** live in Sissonville, West Virginia, and have long considered foster parenting part of building their family. The couple has 12 children ranging in age from 10 months to 20 years old and they also breed French bulldogs.

The Snuffers say their oldest daughter welcomed a baby last fall, making them grandparents for the first time. Their son Dominic attends Marshall University and is on track to graduate soon. The couple has also welcomed another child through a kinship placement. Nikki Snuffer now works with the Mountaineer Challenge Academy, a residential program that helps at-risk teenagers pursue education, structure and career training.

*Photo Credit: Tre...*